8
Intelligence
1
Copyright Chapter 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights
Intelligence
An individuals ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt
effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to
engage in various forms of reasoning, and to overcome
obstacles through mental effort
What do you think intelligence is?
How important do you think intelligence is?
2
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
Aint Nothing but a g Thing?
n g Factor
Spearmans term for a general intellectual ability that
underlies all mental operations to some degree
n People who are bright in one area tend to be bright
in others
n s factor
Specific
intellectual abilities
n Spearmans influence seen in intelligence tests,
such as Stanford-Binet, that yield one IQ score to
indicate the level of general intelligence
3
Copyright 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights
Intelligence
n Primary mental abilities
Thurstones seven relatively distinct capabilities that,
singly or in combination, are involved in all intellectual
activities
n Verbal comprehension
n Numerical ability
n Spatial relations
n Perceptual speed
n Word fluency
n Memory
n Reasoning
All intellectual activities involve one or more of these
4
areas
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
Howard Gardners
Eight Frames of Mind
5
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
Gardners Studys of Intelligence
n Developed theory by studying patients with
different types of brain damage affecting some
forms of intelligence but leaving others intact
n Studied savant syndrome
A combination of mental retardation and unusual talent
and abilities
n Believes all forms of intelligence are
equally important
Cultures assign varying degrees of importance to types of
intelligence
Various abilities and skills have been valued differently in
6
other cultures and periods of history
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
Sternbergs Triarchic
Theory of Intelligence
7
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
Sternberg
n Argues that IQ-test performance and real-world success are
based on two different types of knowledge:
Formal academic knowledge
n Knowledge acquired in school
Tacit knowledge
n Action-oriented and acquired without direct help from
others
Educators use teaching methods designed to
tap into all three types of intelligence
n Effective with low achievers in school
n Teachers emphasize the practical relevance of formal
8
academic knowledge and help students apply it to realCopyright 2011
world problems
Pearson Education, Inc.
Measuring Intelligence
n Binet-Simon Test
The first IQ test
n Developed to aid schools in France
Used a scored called mental age
n Based on number of items a child got right compared
with the number right of various ages
n If number right equaled the average of 8 year olds, was
assigned the mental age of 8 regardless of
chronological age
9
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
Measuring Intelligence
Stern devised Intelligence Quotient
n A simple formula for calculating an index of intelligence
Terman perfected Intelligence Quotient and
published Binet-Simon Scale with items adapted
for American children
Norms
n Standards based on the range of test scores of a large
group of people who are selected to provide the bases
of comparison for those who take the test later
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
n An index of intelligence, originally derived by dividing
10
mental age by chronological age and then multiplying
by 100; now derived by comparing an individuals score
with the scores of others of the same age
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
n Flaws with scale
Modern Intelligence Tests
n Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Now known as the SB-V (fifth revision)
An individually administered IQ test for ages 2-80+ with
an overall IQ score
Four subscales:
n Verbal reasoning
n Quantitative reasoning
n Abstract visual reasoning
11
n Short term memory
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
Modern Intelligence Tests
n Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
First successful individual intelligence test for adults
Most widely used psychological test
Scores based on how much an individual deviates from the
average score for adults, not on mental and chronological
ages
Compares verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
n Overall IQ score and IQ score for each subtest area
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, fourth edition,
published for ages 6-17 (WISC-IV)
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
published for children ages 4-6 (WIPSI-III)
12 Administered to one person at a time by a psychologist or
Copyright 2011
Pearson
educational diagnosticianEducation, Inc.
Modern Intelligence Tests
n Group intelligence tests
Large numbers of
people in a short period
of time
n California Test of Mental
Maturity
n Cognitive Abilities Test
n Otis-Lennon Mental Ability
Test
13
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
Requirements of Good Tests
n Reliability
Ability of a test to yield nearly the same score when the
same people are tested and then retested on the same test
or an alternative form of the test
n Validity
Ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure
n Aptitude test
Designed to predict a persons achievement or performance
at some future time
n Standardization
Establishes norms for comparing score of people who take a
test in the future and a set procedure for administration
14
n Culture-fair intelligence test
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
The use of questions that will not penalize those whose
Culture-Fair Test Example Item
Test takers select the
patch that completes the
pattern
15
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
Requirements of Good Tests
n Bell curve: the normal curve
The majority of scores cluster around the mean
The further away from the mean score, the fewer
there are
n Less than 2% are classified as genius or mentally
retarded
n Probability Theory & Central Limit Theorem
n Any particular trait should be normally
distributed in a sufficiently large sample
16
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
17
Giftedness
Terman (1925) studied 1,528 children in the
genius range
Average IQ = 151 (135-200)
Studied intellectual, physical, emotional,
moral, and social areas
Group performed better on mental health measures
than general population
Earned more academic degrees
Higher occupational status and salaries
Higher levels of physical health
18
Copyright 2011 Pearson
Did not support the compensation myth
Education, Inc. All rights
Mental Retardation
Subnormal intelligence is reflected by an IQ below 70
and by adaptive functioning severely deficient for
ones age
Mildly retarded:
IQ 55-70
Moderately retarded:
IQ 40-55
Severely retarded:
IQ 25-40
Profoundly retarded:
IQ below 25
Inclusion or Mainstreaming
n Educating mentally retarded students in regular rather than
special schools
19
n them Placing in regular classes for part of the day
Copyright 2011
n Having special classrooms in regular schools
Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Disabilities
Score in the average or gifted range on IQ tests but
have difficulty in mastering a specific skill most often
reading
Legal requirement for learning disability
Student must be at least 2 years behind others their age in
academic achievement
Response to intervention (RTI)
A three-tier plan aimed at preventing learning disabilities and
timely treatments for students with them
1.
2.
Assigns children to small pull-out groups in subject-areas to help catch up
3.
20
Schoolwide efforts to prevent learning problems and intervene when
problems occur
Services of school psychologists and special education teachers including
comprehensive assessment and assignment to special classes
1.
Used if tier one and 2 do not help
Copyright
2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
The Heritability of Intelligence
To what degree can genetics, biology,
and inheritance account for variations in
intelligence?
Nature-nurture controversy
n The debate over whether intelligence and
other traits are primarily the result of
heredity or environment
n Sir Francis Galton initiated the debate and
concluded that intelligence was inherited
n Environmentalists insist that intelligence is
influenced primarily by ones environment
The
results of nurturing by parents,
teachers, friends, etc.
21
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
The Heritability of Intelligence
Heritability
An index of the degree to which a characteristic is
estimated to be influenced by heredity
Some research using the adoption study method
supports the notion that genes/heritability influence IQ
scores
Adoption study method
22
Some research using the adoption study method
supports the notion that genes/heritability influence IQ
scores
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
Intelligence: Fixed or Changeable?
AdoptionStudies
Earlychildhoodinterventions
IQscoresofadoptedchildrenresemblethoseof
biologicalparents
Differentpatternwhenbiologicalandadoptive
parentshavedifferentraceandsocioeconomic
status
Earlyeducationexperiencescanaffectintellectual
functioning
Changesinstandardofliving
Flynneffect
23
ConsistentimprovementinIQscoresaccompaniesan
increaseinstandardoflivingaccompanies
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
Race and IQ
Herrnstein and Murray (1994)
The Bell Curve
Response to African American Children scoring
approx. 15 points lower on standardized IQ tests
Jensen in 1969 said it was genetic
Book theorizes that we breed feeblemindedness
(return to Eugenics)
Argue that it holds true across the globe
Counter Arguments
Dynamic testing suggests that familiarity with
24
testing is a factor
Copyright 2011 Pearson
They ignore the
Education, Inc. All rights Flynn effect and adoption studies
Culture and IQ
Richard Lynn
Found that the highest IQ scores were in
Hong Kong, Japan, and Korea
U.S. Europe, and Canada were close behind
Culture values
Asian families emphasize hard work over
potential
American families instill an idea of aptitude
setting upper limits
25
Teaching Methods
Copyright 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc.focus on Mastery
Asians All rights
Creativity
n
The ability to produce original, appropriate, and valuable
ideas and/or solutions to problems.
n
Weak to moderate correlation between creativity and IQ
High intelligence does not necessarily mean high creativity
n
Genuine creativity rarely appears in sudden flashes
n
Four stages in creative problem-solving process:
1.
2.
Incubation - letting the problem sit while the relevant
information is digested
3.
26
Preparation searching for information to help solve the
problem
Illumination - being suddenly struck by the right solution
4.
Translation - transforming the 2011 into useful action
Copyright insight
Pearson Education, Inc.
Creativity
n
Divergent thinking: the ability to produce multiple ideas,
answers, or solutions to a problem for which there is no
agreed-upon solution
Is novel, original, and involves the synthesis of an unusual
association of ideas
Is flexible, switching quickly and smoothly from one stream of
thought or set of ideas to another
Requires fluency, the ability to formulate an abundance of ideas
High degree of divergent thinking demonstrated by creative
thinkers
Both brain hemispheres highly active during creative thinking
n
Convergent thinking
The type of mental activity measured by IQ and achievement
tests
27
Consists of solving precisely defined, logical problems for which
Copyright 2011
there is a known correct answer
Pearson Education, Inc.
Creativity
n
Measuring Creativity
Tests emphasize original approaches to arriving at
solutions for open ended problems or for producing artistic
works
Unusual Uses Test
n
Asks respondents to name as many uses as possible for an
ordinary object (such as a brick)
Consequences Test
n
Asks test takers to list as many consequences as they can
that would be likely to follow some basic change in the world
(gravity being reduced by 50%)
Remote Associations Test
28
n
The essence of creativity is the thinkers ability to fit together
ideas that, to Copyright 2011
the noncreative thinker, might appear remote
Pearson Education, Inc.
Creativity
Creative Individuals
nHighly creative thinking is associated with activity in both
hemispheres, but with significantly higher levels in the right
hemisphere (a).
n During thinking that is not creative, activity is largely restricted
to the left hemisphere (b).
29
Copyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
Creativity
n
Exceptionally creative individuals
Have a great deal of expertise in a specific area built up by years
of discipline and practice
Open to new experiences and ideas even those that seem odd
to others
Inherently curious and inquisitive
Independent thinkers less influenced by the ideas of others
More likely to be motivated by the anticipation, excitement, and
enjoyment of their work than by a desire to please others.
Creative endeavor requires hard work and persistence in the
face of failure
30
Albert Einstein published 248 papers on theory of relativity
Copyright 2011
n Mozart createdearson Education, Inc.
P 609 musical compositions before his death at
n
Creativity
n
Savant syndrome
A condition that allows an individual whose level of general
intelligence is very low to perform highly creative or difficult
mental feats
Derived from French Term idiot savant
n
Idiot means poorly informed or untutored
n
Savant means wise one
Absolute pitch
n
Ability to identify musical tones merely by hearing them
Calendrical savants
n
31
Enhanced abilities to calculate and associate all kinds of verbal and numerical
stimuli
C skills are not adaptive to help them function
General enhanced opyright 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.