to Introduction Race and Ethnicity in American Life
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Do you believe that we live in a colorblind society where people are judged "not by the color of their skin but by the content of their character?" No Reasons to be optimistic Legally enforced racism no longer exists Institutional integration, diversity seen as an asset Barack Obama Today's youth Reasons to be concerned Hate crimes Between 1995 and 2004, the FBI documented 80,279 hate crimes, more than half motivated by racial hatred This represents only those hate crimes that were reported Employment inequalities In 2006, 4% of whites, 5.6% of Hispanics, 9.2% of blacks were unemployed Since 1940, the unemployment rate of blacks has been nearly twice that of whites Over half of Native Americans on some reservations are unemployed Poverty Incarceration disparities Timeline Native Americans were here first European settlers from 1620 onwards
African slaves 1680s Western European immigrants until 1870 Two Waves of immigration Southern and Eastern European immigrants 18801930 Post 1965 to present--largely Latin and Asian--contemporary immigration 2008 Survey The survey asked a national sample of adults why "blacks have worse jobs, income, and housing than white people." 13% said black Americans have less inborn ability to learn Broken down by level of education Do we tend to form casual conclusions about blacks and other people of color while we tend not to form such conclusions about whites? Why are the majority of NBA players black? Why are the majority of NHL players white?
Race in America Today
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American Racism in the 21st century 5 fallacies about racism individualistic fallacy racism is assumed to belong to the realm of ideas and prejudices legalistic fallacy assumes that abolishing racist laws effectively abolishes racism tokenistic fallacy assumes that the presence of people of color in influential positions is evidence that racism no longer exists ahistorical fallacy assumes history is inconsequential fixed fallacy assumes racism is fixed and constant across time and space Racial Domination Domination: political, social, and economic power, as well as the symbolic power to classify one group as "normal" and other groups as "abnormal" Intersectionality: racial domination intersects with gender, class, sexuality, religion, nation; overlapping systems of advantages and disadvantages Whiteness Pat Buchanan, political commentator on MSNBC: "This has been a country built, basically, by white folks." On the contrary: America was built on the land of Native Americans and Mexicans--on the backs of enslaved Africans The power of whiteness Presented as simply normal or neutral Think of the things that are associated with the word "white"
Race in America Today
Various Definitions of "White" Pure snow Fortunate Pure, innocent Without malice, harmless Slang Various definitions of "Black" Absence of light Gloomy
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Morbid Without moral quality "black Friday" "black market", "black economy" Colorblind Privilege A majority of whites believe that racism is a thing of the past and that blacks have as good a chance as whites in procuring housing and employment or achieving middle class status Rubin--Is this a white country or what? 28 year old white single mother who believes she lost her job as a bus driver to a black woman. (p. 231) colorblind society? Did you believe it as a kid? Or are we more conscious of color than ever before? Skin color crayons
Race in America Today
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Keywords Institutions: things that have major significance in the social structure Economy Inequality: the difference among people; money, prestige, and power; why some have more of these? Stratification: different layers of society; Weber's dimension of stratification Ethnicity and Nationality are overlapping symbolic categories Ethnicity: a shared lifestyle informed by cultural, historical, religious, and/or national affiliations Nationality: membership in a specific politically delineated territory controlled by a government Racism Institutional racism: systematic white domination of people of color, embedded and operating in universities, corporations, legal systems, political bodies, and other social collectives Interpersonal racism: racial domination manifest in our dispositions, interactions, and practices Having you ever spoken slowly to an Asian person assuming they speak poor English? What is race? Is race a biological reality? Genetics We share 99.9% of the same genes with other human beings There is more genetic variation within racial groups than between them Racial difference does not exist on the genetic level Race If not biological/genetic, what is race? Is it something fixed? Mere illusion?
Major Sociological Theories
Key Points in Race and Ethnicity
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Major Sociological Theories
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Race: definition imposed by others and cannot be changed by individual Hierarchy establishes unequal economic, social, and political power Ethnicity: definition determined by members of the group and voluntarily accepted by them Not generally used as a basis for economic, social, and political power Symbolic Ethnicity White people have the option of selecting a symbolic ethnicity Identify with an ethnic group without suffering any negative effects Major Sociological Theories Functionalist Perspective Centers on the view that society is made up of intertwined parts that all serve the purpose so that society can function effectively Purpose to racial division Assimilation: to make similar A+B+C=A What is A? The dominant groups (white America) Need for shared identity and basic values Amalgamation (melting pot) A+B+C=D What is D? A mixture not closer to one or the other Cultural Pluralism A+B+C=A+B+C
Major Sociological Theories
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US Cultural pluralism? Switzerland=Germans, French, and Italians Conflict Perspective Theorists believe that society can be viewed as a constant struggle between groups to gain economic, social, and political power Race and ethnic relations can lead to abusive relations marked by racism Belief that ones' race is superior to that of others The dominant class takes consistent actions to maintain its control Stages Segregation Expulsion Extermination Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Focuses on individuals rather than groups and how each person constructs and reacts to the social environment How individual's interpretations of symbols recreates race and the patterns of inequalities between groups MOVIE: Race: the power of an illusion
The Invention of Race
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Richard Dyer: The Matter of Whiteness "There is no more powerful position than that of being just human. The claim to power is the claim..." LOOK UP FILM SCRIPT The word white as we use it today did not exist until around the time of slavery and the Civil War Things to know from the movie Whites of lower class began to identify more with the wealthy slave owners than with the black slaves that they shared lives and jobs with "science" was used to show the inferiority of Blacks and Native Americans. If America just said we need their labor, then that would have been better. Then when slavery was over, you could start over. But by adding science to it, they made it something that was neverending. The rationalization of slavery was never really over. What is Race? Race is neither an innocent nor obvious part of humanity but a European invention forged by colonization and slavery. We are all products of this history. The invention of whiteness and blackness Power versus powerless Freedom versus slavery Good versus evil White versus nonwhite Colonization of the Americas Colonialism: occurs when a foreign power invades a territory and establishes enduring systems of exploitation... To exploit the new world, English settlers needed an exploitable people: indentured service From indentured servitude to slavery As colonization pushed forward, indentured servitude transformed into chattel slavery
The Invention of Race
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Bacon's Rebellion, 1676 Bonded laborers of African, English, and Irish descent collectively rose up against wealthy plantation owners and colonial government They were crushed by armed English soldiers Military offered freedom to white servants by joining Freedom versus slavery The US constitution secured whites freedom, granting then life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, even as it But why not Native Americans? They had refuge; could be farmers. The wealth of white Americans rests on 250 years of free labor Both races, black or white, were formed out of diverse roots that had very little in common. Blacks were limited from many things Owning land Skilled work Movement Criminalized disobedience/disrespect Society consciously made the racial divide Who are poor whites more likely to identify with today?
Understanding Racism
Quote: page 128 Four Basic Types of Feeling Present in Race Prejudice A feeling of superiority A feeling that the subordinate race is intrinsically different and alien A feeling of claim of privilege A feeling that the subordinate race is threatening Subordinate race is thankful they are allowed in society Blame the other races for the social vices
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Not equal enough to be a marriage partner BonillaSilva Racism without Racists Four major story lines of colorblind racism The past is the past. Get over it. No laws to support racist attitudes I didn't own any slaves. If Jews, Italians, and Irish have made it, how come blacks have not? I did not get a job because of a minority. Laissezfaire racism Opposition to addressing any racial problems due to the belief in the selfregulating capacity of the market and the notion that everyone can make it with hard work Blames blacks (and other minorities) for their poorer economic standing, seeing it as a function of perceived cultural inferiority--assumes that opportunity structure is open to all Denies societal responsibilities for minorities
Understanding Racism
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Invisible Knapsack Definition: taken for granted and usually unanalyzed privileges that most white Americans in our society assume. I can be late to a meeting without people thinking I was late because "That's how they are." When I go shopping, store clerks won't follow me. If a traffic cop pulls me over, I can be sure that it isn't because I'm white. I can take a job with an affirmative action employer without people thinking that I got the job because of my race. To protect my children, I do not have to teach them to be aware of racism. Can you think of other "unearned privileges" of everyday life that come to whites because of their skin color? Why are whites seldom aware that they carry this "invisible knapsack'? Normalcy White neighborhood is normal while black neighborhood is racially segregated Your school experience? Racial integration? White Habitus "Habitus": physical or constitutional characteristics of an individual in sociology, "habitus" is a set of acquired thought, behavior, and taste due to structural conditions whites' high levels of residential and social segregation and isolation from minorities creates a white habitus white habitus conditions and creates whites' taste, perceptions, feeling, emotions, sense of beauty, views on racial matters... white habitus geographically and psychologically limits whites' chances of developing meaningful relationships with blacks and other minorities. Paradox between whites' commitment to the principle of interracialism and their mostly white pattern of association The Continuing significance of Race Does middleclass status insulate African Americans from being the target of discriminatory behavior? Can class advantage reduce the significance of race?
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Economic Stuff
Accumulation vs. Distribution
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Economic Stuff
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Accumulation America's gross national income is 9.7 trillion dollars Distribution Top 20% of households hold 65% of the country's net worth, 87% of its not financial assets How is this equality maintained? Capitalism and racism What role does racial domination play in maintaining such inequality? When affirmative action was white The New Deal FDR's response to the Great Depression Social programs dealing with welfare, work, unemployment insurance, minimum wage, workday limitations, and veteran assistance Many nonwhites were denied benefits as their professions were not covered by the New Deal World War II As women and nonwhites entered manufacturing jobs, the TaftHartley Act diminished the power of unions. Nonwhites often were denied military enlistment until the final throes of war, excluding them from the GI Bill of Rights The GI Bill forged the American middle class US spent $95 billion in social benefits Veterans bought homes, financed businesses, bought farmland, and went to college Distribution of funding was left to (white) state and local authorities When Affirmative action wasn't white
Economic Stuff
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SLIDE (193 Desmond) Does affirmative action hurt white men? By some accounts, white women have been its biggest beneficiaries According to one poll, 40% of Americans believe that whites being disadvantaged by affirmative action at work is a bigger problem than blacks being disadvantaged by race based discrimination Is affirmative action an affront to the American ideal of meritocracy? Meritocracy is the notion that one succeeds only on the basis of her or his own abilities What is your opinion of affirmative action? Do you believe it's unjustified? Do you believe affirmative action benefits everyone, bringing us closer to the ideal of American meritocracy? How do you feel about affirmative action in admissions on your campus? The Value of Inconvenient Facts In a recent poll, 50% of whites thought that the average black American is as financially welloff as the average white American Affirmative action doesn't threaten meritocracy; it strives to build the meritocracy we think we have Affirmative action replaces a system rife with race and gender biases with a system that rewards skills, abilities, and education The End of Industrialization Manufacturing jobs disappeared from the Northeast and Midwest in the 1980s Factories gave way to a service economy--hourglass economy This hurt minorities more than whites This was particularly hard for blacks and Puerto Ricans The Idea of TrickleDown Economics SLIDE
Economic Stuff
Income vs. Wealth SLIDE Why the difference? The income gaps narrow considerably when we take into account Education Employment experience Immigrant status Hours worked but the gaps do not disappear completely For every dollar a white man earns today, a black man earns 75 cents. Asian man: 89 cents Income Inequality SLIDE
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Economic Stuff Part 2
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Harlon Dalton: Failing to See The curse of rugged individualism "All of us, to some degree, suffer from this peculiarly American delusion that we are individuals first and foremost..."SLIDE Review from Lecture 7 Segregated labor force: wages lower in majoritynonwhite jobs than in majoritywhite jobs The Split Labor Market It is a market with at least two groups of workers whose price of labor differs for the same work Wealth Gaps $1 wealth for white middle class 15 cents wealth for black middle class white poverty and black poverty are not the same William Julius Wilson The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass, and Public Policy What is an underclass? Watch the interview. Underclass (SLIDE) Poverty and Affluence The Poverty Line (SLIDE) Could you live on about $10,000 per year? 4 reasons Onethird of breadwinners make less than $10 an hour
Economic Stuff Part 2
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US devotes a smaller percentage of its wealth to antipoverty programs than any other developed country Labor Market Dynamics Nonwhite unemployment rate is consistently double that of whites What do you think explains these racial disparities in unemployment? Employers are 34 times more likely to offer jobs to whites than equally qualified people of color. Explanation is threefold Opportunity hoarding Racial discrimination at point of hiring Institutional racism Power and Privilege in the workplace In middle class occupations, blacks are twice as likely to be laid off as whites Whites are twice as likely to hold positions of authority as blacks or Latinos. Women and nonwhites experience Glass ceilings Homosocial reproduction
Absent
Review Slides
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The Rise of the American Prison
Thinking Rationally About Crime Resisting prepackaged assumptions, statements, and beliefs we commonly attached to issues of illegal behavior and punishment Rethinking the very essence of crime and evaluating why, although many things inflict harm, only some are outlawed Evaluating and denaturalizing the way we fight crime; uncovering how society's problems are embedded in the legal field Midterm Define terms and give example (2030%) One you can skip Should not include laws and acts Short answer (56 questions) 1 short paragraph One you can skip 1 Essay question maybe a choice, maybe not Use charts, acts, laws, etc. to make arguments but not for definitions. Know trends more than details 1:20 long Bring a Blue Book and drop them at the front MONDAY: Movie and Quick Review Q&A with the TAs _____________________________________________________________ The Rise of the American Prison Early conceptions and practices of justice, crime, and punishment were formed...
The Rise of the American Prison
The Lynch Mob Slide Justification for Lynching White publics argued that lynching "kept white women safe from the black male rapist" Lynching Spread Inequality Slide The Prison Labor Camp Slide The Prison Boom Slide Incarceration World Leader America does not have higher crime rates than other industrialized countries but the US incarcerates more of its citizens than any other nation on earth Prison Explosion Slide Women Incarcerated Women are the fastest growing segment of the prison population Between 1977 and 2044, the number of women behind bars increased by 750% Doing time in your lifetime A white man born after the civil rights movement who later dropped out of high school has an 11% chance of doing time in jail or prison For black it is 60% What's Behind the Prison Boom?
The Rise of the American Prison
Did crime rates increase? No. overall Crime rates remained the same, and even decreased, during the boom. Only 12% of the rise in incarceration between 1980 and 1996 was driven by a rise in crime rates The remaining 88% was driven by changes in sentencing policy Tough on Crime Mandatory minimum sentences Threestrikes laws Parole limited severely or abolished Drug Arrests Between 1965 and 2001, drug arrests increased by 4 fold, hitting blacks and Puerto Ricans especially hard But between 1979 and 2000, drug use decreased among young adults Crime Race as a definer of Crime: Dorothy Roberts, a criminal law theorist Race is built into the foundation of the criminal law, meaning we use race to determine what conduct is criminal Drug Trafficking Each tear, 4 out of 5 americans buy something through the underground economy 20 million Americans under age 12 use drugs each month, 72% of them smoking only mj the underground economy emplys between 15 and 20 percent of the labor force White Collar Crime Slide Murder Rates by race
The Rise of the American Prison
Slide Punishment American Police State Nationally, 13 blacks in 100 are arrested annually, compared to 5 whites in 1000 The difference is exaggerated in some states; in Wisconsin, 6 out of 100 whites are arrested each year, whereas 41 out of 100 blacks are Slide Police Police are more likely to use force on black and Hispanic citizens than white citizens Between 1941 and 1996, 20 black undercover cops were killed by their white colleagues. Unjust Sentencing For the poor The disadvantaged are arrested at higher rates relative to whites and are forced to rely on public defenders Crack vs. Cocaine Most arrested for possessing or distributing crack are black; most for powder cocaine are whites and Latino Repeat drug offenses sentencing From 199095, 573 people were sentenced to life under this law; only 13 of them were white Death penalty Exoneration by DNA violence: since 1989, 223 people found innocent; 138 were black, 59 white and 19 Latino Profiling Slide Life chances
The Rise of the American Prison
Slide Poverty and Prison Prisoners are poorer and less likely to be employed than the rest of Americans. They are less educated Of all the US prison inmates, 41% did not graduate from high school compared to only 20% of the US adult population The poor were represented by public criminal defense lawyers Do prisons make us safer? Ninetenths of the decline in crime in the 90s would have happened without the prison boom Prisons have abandoned their original mission to rehabilitate those who have committed crimes There is good reason to believe that prisons actually produce more crime: crime schools Prisons extract children, mothers, and fathers from communities, reinforcing disadvantages LA Juvenile Court Ethnography Race vs. Class Wealthier have it better Whites have it better
Movie and Midterm Review
Terms: only 5 of 7 Give an example From Desmond, Lecture, and Films 20 points total (4 points each) Short answer: only 5 of 6 50 points total 35 sentences each Essay: only 1 of 2 23 pages Studying Know the terms Brainstorm essay themes for B and C
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Midterm
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Education
Is education the great equalizer? Two Perspectives on Education The functionalist perspective Looks at the benefit of education Teach knowledge and skills Credential society Cultural transmission of values The conflict perspective The educational system reproduced the social class structure--elite maintain their
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dominance Educational Attainment % with College Degree Brown's Legacy Because Americans' neighborhoods are segregated and because where you live determines where you go to school, schools remain separate and unequal even though legalized segregation is no more Residential segregation school segregation Discussion How segregated was your high school? Within your high school, did you notice a pattern of separate and unequal? That is, were some students overrepresented in the accelerated, honors, AP, or IB classes? Tracking The practice of sorting students into different tracks, ostensibly according to their ability Disproportionately, Asians and whites are assigned to higher tracts Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans are assigned to lower ones
Education
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Eurocentric History Eurocentric accounts consider the stories and experiences of Americans of European descent to be central to American history, while marginalizing the stories of non Europeans Whiteness in Education Literature Anthropology Discussion Is whiteness normalized in your current classes? If so, what are the consequences of this normalization? Whiteness on College Campuses Nationally, 1 in 4 students of color report having been a victim of racially motivated verbal or physical attacks during their college career The Crisis of Latino Education What is happening? Drop out of high school is the highest Least likely to apply to college Hispanic college attendance remains the lowest in the country Gender and Intraracial Differences Women are graduating from college at higher rates than men Disparities are prevalent within racial groups What explains educational inequality? Economic inequality Family dynamics
Education
Cultural dynamics School dynamics The Role of Economics Economic inequality and educational inequality are wound tightly together How? Financial capital Human capital Cultural capital Social capital
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The Role of the Family Cultural capital: the sum total of one's knowledge of established cultural activities and practices Social capital: the sum of all resources one accrues by virtue of being connected to a network of people How did your family prepare you for college?
Education Continued
High School Drop Out Rates 14% of Asians 17% of Whites 24% of Blacks 28% of Mexican Americans 29% of Native Americans Adults between the ages of 16 and 24 7% of whites and 13% of blacks are high school drop outs 29% of Hispanics are high school drop outs
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The Role of the Family Cultural Capital: the sum total of one's knowledge of established cultural activities and practices Social capital: the sum of all resources one accrues by virtue of being connected to a network of people Two hyperlinks: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tPQxOLSSE&feature=channel and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ND7UgjXHenY&feature=channel Familism Familism is a special variant of social capital having to do with one's attachment to, and reliance on, familybased relationships The Role of Culture The Fallacy of Undifferentiating Difference: Takes hold of all the extremely diverse histories and social experiences of nonwhite groups and flattens them Involuntary versus Voluntary Minorities: Historically, certain racial groups were brought to the US against their will, while others voluntarily migrated here Oppositional Culture A collection of linguistic, behavioral, aesthetic, and spiritual attitudes and practices formed in direct opposition of mainstream white culture Immigration Laws
Education Continued
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1946 TydingsMcDuffie Act Philippine Commonwealth and Independence Act 1952 McCarrenWalter Act quota for European Immigrants 149,667 quota for Asian immigrants 2,990 quota for African immigrants 1,400 During this time, the US border with Mexico was loose--pay for train ticket and visa and you can live in the US Racist Laws Against Asian Americans 1790 Naturalization Act 1882 Chinese Exclusion Law 1907 Gentlemen's Agreement 1913 Alien Land Law 1923 US Supreme Court rules Asians and Indians ineligible for citizenship 19411945 Internment of Japanese Americans in internment camps including native born citizens of Japanese ancestry 1965 Immigration Act 170,000 each from Eastern and Western Hemisphere with no more than 20,000 per country family unification labor needs immigration policies affecting Asian Americans are cycles of rejection and acceptance Labor Shortage--Pull Factor 18701930 Immigration policy was unrestricted for Mexicans
Education Continued
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the Great Depression created resentment for Mexican immigrants repatriation movement of Mexicans, both foreign and Americaborn were sent back 19291935 half million Mexicans sent back 1940s agriculture labor shortage during WWII Immigration Policies for Latinos 1942 Bracero Program (guest worker) labor contract system that granted temporary visas to Mexicans 19421964 5 million Mexican workers entered as legal seasonal workers some decided to stay permanently 1954 Operation Wetback 3.8 Million undocumented Mexicans were sent back Immigration Control and Reform Act: IRCA 1986 required employers to attest to their employees' immigration status made it illegal to knowingly hire or recruit unauthorized immigrants granted amnesty to certain seasonal agricultural illegal immigrants granted amnesty to illegal immigrants who entered the US before January 1, 1982 and had resided there continuously
Immigration
When did your family immigrate to America? Why did your family immigrate to the US? What allowed them to immigrate? Why do people immigrate? Neoclassical model Takes into account economic pros and cons Rational and economical Relative deprivation You are worse off relative to your neighbors Reference group I'm never going to be _____ if I stay here Racist Laws Against Asian Americans Slide 1882 law is the very first exclusion law Why pass the 1965 Immigration Act that abolished the national origin quotas? Why reopen the gates? Civil Rights movement The Cold War Kennedy Administration wanted more Europeans
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Immigration
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Chain/Pyramid migration: inviting family over Brain Drain from Asian countries Latino Population The Latinos in the US are increasing at over four times the rate of the total population and six times the rate of white Americans Any time a population's numbers increase relative to another population, a sense of threat--rise to ethnic tension and conflict Due to immigration and natural birth Labor Shortage Slide More on IRCA Balance the huge amnesty by Enforce immigration laws including sanctions for employers who knowingly hire undocumented immigrants Increase border controls Verify immigration status of people applying for certain welfare benefits Enforcement of employers has been weak 2000 Census 31.1 million foreign born population California New York Texas Florida Illinois
Immigration
New Jersey Top 12 sending countries in 2006 Mexico China Philippines India Cuba Colombia Dominican Republic El Salvador Vietnam Jamaica South Korea Guatemala Other Countries Labor Migrants Labor migrants (legal and illegal) represent the bulk of immigration in recent years EWIs--entry without inspection Visa abusers Family Unification Contract laborer (temporary)
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Immigration
H1B Visa H2 Visa Professional Immigrants "brain drain" represents 13% of legal total immigrants since 2000 Examples of professional immigrants Seldom cluster in visible ethnic communities More dispersed throughout the country Rely less on the assistance of preexisting ethnic communities Rapidly assimilate 1 generation are often "transnational" Entrepreneurial Immigrants Settle in large urban areas Usually settle where there is a coethnic community Ethnic Enclave What is an ethnic enclave? Examples of an ethnic enclave? Advantages? Disadvantages? Slows assimilation Ethnic Enclaves First condition
st
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Immigration
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Presence of a number of immigrants with substantial business expertise "acquired in the home countries**" (not always true) Second Condition Access to sources of financial capital Ethnic banks and rotating credit associations Third Condition Access to labor--coethnics such as the Chinese garment industries in New York In Koreatown as well as other ethnic enclaves many of the workers (doing labor intensive jobs such as in grocery stores and restaurants) are Latinos Refugee and Asylees The Refugee Act of 1980 The two major refugee groups Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, and Hmong refugees Cuban refugees Public Opinion Today 46.7% of whites and 56.8% of blacks said they would have less economic opportunity if immigration continues at present rate groups rated as being good... Nativist Fears 18801920 Use of languages other than English threatens nation unity People charges immigrants with having belowaverage intelligence Congress enacted the literacy test for immigrants in... Threats to Political Order Plus to our economic system
Immigration
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Minus When the economy is bad, middle and lowerclass accuse immigrants of taking jobs away from natives Threats to social and cultural components of American ways Too many cultures differ from American mainstream Charge that immigrants poverty and social needs place too large a burden on society Threats to the Environment Pollution, traffic congestion, resource depletion, cultural defragmentation, overcrowded schools, and welfare dependency... Propositions 187 and 227 California passed two props 1994--Proposition 187 stopped illegal's from using social services (health care and public school) 1998--Proposition 227 stopped bilingual education what are these? Why pass these? What happened since?
Immigration...
Segmented Assimilation--Zhou Generation and length of residence in the US sometimes does not affect education Children of highly educated immigrants did better in school than 45 th generation What about Vietnamese children in New Orleans? Their parents have low SES. Utilize Social Capital Establish group solidarity--use common ethnicity to their advantage Ethnic networks become social capital Get children involved in immigrant networks Social monitoring
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Questions to think about concerning Latino Americans With the growing Latino population, what will be the pattern of assimilation? If the assimilation pattern is different from other European minority groups in the past, will Latinos be able to carve out a social niche within the AngloSaxon core? Mexican Immigrant Replenishment and the Continuing Significance of Race--Jimenez The Importance of Race and Ethnicity for white ethnics declined with time Movement out of ethnically concentrated neighborhoods College attendance Occupational status Intermarriage Mexican Americans (US before 1940s) exhibit significant signs of structural assimilation What is the effect of immigrant replenishment on the boundaries that distinguish ethnic groups? Ethnic Boundaries
Immigration...
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1. Mexican Americans experience indirect effects of nativist sentiment aimed at immigrants. Thus boundaries are sharpened between Mexican Americans and nonMexicans. 2. Refreshes the salience of race in the loves of Mexican Americans skin color and last names mark them as foreigners. 3. Intergroup boundaries sharpened Mexican Americans face high expectations about group authenticity from Mexican immigrants and 2nd generation When they are unable to live up to the criteria for group membership that coethnics impose, they are treated as outsiders Second Generation Today, one in every five of every American age 18 and younger is an immigrant or a child of immigrants 2005 data shows that 30 million second generation persons (defined as a native born person with at least one foreign born parent)--live in the US immigrant parents--human capital and context of reception are important second generation--we need to add a third variable "family structure"--such as living with both parents 75% vs. 66% (immigrant vs. native families 4080% within immigrant families Asian immigrant families most intact Three challenges to second generation adaptation Racial discrimination Bifurcation of the labor market Social context in schools and neighborhoods Drug use and street gangs 2nd generation MAs
Immigration...
four factors that interact to create special barriers to upward mobility for Mexican American youth disproportionate number of those in poverty largest minority group history in the US racist stereotypes Is Mexican Americans' pattern of assimilation different from that of white European ethnics a century ago? 3 generation was normal pattern
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Why is there such a concern for explaining low achievement? Today's MA second generation are growing up alongside the truly unusual Asian American second gen groups Many of the poor AsAm 2nd gen are doing well academically--even when we statistically control SES effects, there remains a gap between MA and AsAm students Hourglass economy and the second generation Today's hourglass economy 1st generation take menial jobs--children have no way of climbing the social ladder and are thus stuck with no opportunities to better their lives Race Factor Evidence that the older Mexican American third generation did not experience the same levels of upward mobility and social and structural assimilation as those experienced by other European immigrants Educational Aspirations and Achievement of 2nd gen Mexican Americans Mexican American 8th graders in San Diego High aspirations Family responsibilities Scarcity of resources Future of second generation Mexican Americans What economic role will the 2nd generation play? Immigrant jobs? High status service jobs? Entrepreneurs? Professionals? How does it feel to be a problem?