world The outside and the picture in our heads Keep in mind that Lippman does not directly discuss propaganda, but Lippman's theoretical ideas about public perception and the role of the media in our time, are the basis of the future research on propaganda. Objective and subjective worlds: Is there a world outside us, or just the one produced by us? And is the knowledge of the world possible? How is our indirect knowledge of the world formed and constructed? - It seems like it is the world that is produced by us that is the true world. The way we act and give power to things is the reason that things exist the way we do. We create meaning. The force of symbolic power in human communities. Creating heroes and creating devils - We create these personalities and they are the symbol for millions of people. They are all regular people at the heart of it, but so much power is given them through the creation of the people. The role of subconscious and the dominion of feelings and the spirit: psychoanalytic scheme - The psychoanalyst assumes that the environment is perceived and readable. - What does an adjustment do? Can it change much once people already have feelings about a certain subject? How should we analyze the relation between scene, reactions to pics and pics in our mind, and then human response? - Public Opinion - Social Order Any solutions for the formation of a reliable Public Opinion?- Press, elite, governments, parties etc. - Political science - Must be organized for the press in a way that is real. Besides the face that we cannot really recognize reality, but the people who give real life to the images are the masses. There is no real possibility for the masses to perceive reality as it is because of the images from both sides. Its hard to separate the good from the evil--because if you like the evil character, then they are your hero, and vice versa. If there's a need for fiction, its taken as truth Can reach truth thru the mind, reality
Propaganda Bernays
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Definition of propaganda: the conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Democratic society is organized by the people that we have never heard of who shape our ideas, mold our minds, and tell us what to like. Our choices as consumers are dictated by propaganda. If we didn't have propaganda, we would probably price compare a little bit more. Committees of "wise men" would be more effective and less sneaky than propaganda- but this cannot happen because we have an open market Changing times have given more power to the person, which changes the need for propaganda. Propaganda is here to stay, because people are learning more and more ways in which to use it. The propagandist should be candid in his dealings. People don't want to feel like they are being fooled (46) No serious sociologist believes anymore that the voice of the people is truly the voice of the people... it is the voice of the propagandist. Politicians do not need to know how to please the public, but they do need to know how to sway the public. Propaganda will never go away, it will just get more finely tuned.
Readings in Propaganda and Persuasion- New and Classic Essays The Characteristics of Propaganda- Jacques Ellul Propaganda: or scientific not? Why does this matter? - Yes, modern propaganda is scientific. - It is an expression of the branches of science. - Based on the sciences of sociology and psychology. o Without these sciences, there would be no propaganda. o Sciences must be utilized. - Needs to establish a set of rules - Need an analysis of the masses and the individual to fully understand how to use propaganda. - Scientific nature of propaganda... an attempt to control people. Which are the features of effective propaganda, and how does it work with the individuals and the group? Describe step by step what should a propagandist keep in mind and do, to complete his propaganda goal. What is Ellul's concept of the `factuality' or 'veracity' of propaganda: fact-truth-lies. - The individual and the masses o It is hard to separate the two elements, but the propagandist cannot just address the individual if he wants to be affective. - Utilizing all different mediums to reach the masses and propagandize them. - Continuity and duration of propaganda
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o Must totally consume the individual all day, everyday o Must have a consistent message. Organization o Must be organized to keep up the illusion. Knowledge of the psychological terrain o Know how to reach the people. o Must create something out of nothing Timeliness
Which are the main types of propaganda according to Ellul, and how are they different from each other? (these are spread along the whole paper) - Total propaganda- Utilizing all different mediums to reach the masses and propagandize them. - Political propaganda - Sociological propaganda- the penetration of an ideology by means of its sociological context o Expresses itself in advertising - Propaganda of Agitation- widespread, needs all of the attention o Most subversive propaganda - Propaganda of Integration- aims at stabilizing the social body, at unifying and reinforcing it. o The preferred instrument of government. - Vertical propaganda- classic propaganda - Horizontal propaganda- political and sociological propaganda - Rational propaganda- addresses facts - Irrational propaganda- addressing feelings and passions Ten Things from Ellul and Laswell - Knowledge of psychology s very important. This is how you really reach the people. - Continuity is so important, in the message and the way that it is presented. - There is a scientific component- need to know how to control people - Need to make it seem like you are reaching to the individual, while you are really reaching to the masses. - Success of propaganda depends on the stereotypes in the society. - Statements have to be built on something more substantial than mistrust. - Want to nullify inconvenient ideas. - Don't lie. - Propaganda is a passive and contributory weapon. - More can be won be illusion than coercion.
Conditions and Methods of Propaganda 1.Which are the main conditions a propagandist should keep in mind in a propaganda campaign? 2.Which are the tasks for every propagandist in a war situation, and how are the conditions used to fulfill these tasks? 3.Techniques and strategies for success and the use of fact-info-lie (state of veracity in propaganda) 4.Conclusions and results on the way propaganda works, the role of propagandist, the importance of propaganda and its occurrence in the modern world.