Journalists
1. American Lincoln Steffens
- Faith in the educational power of the press drove the muckraking magazine
writers to uncover and report on the social evils in cities, states, national
government, business monopolies, patient medicines, and the quality of food
- A famous muckraker, felt that once people were informed theyd demand progress
and reform
- Job reporting for New York Evening Post, a respectable old-fashioned
conservative paper that avoided crime and scandal stories unlike Pulitzer and
Hearst papers
- Fit in as a gentleman reporter covering financial news on Wall Street
- Later switched to police beat
- Followed in Jacob Riis footsteps he looked for human-interest stories behind
crime, reporters needed to investigate more rather than report on crime
- Became editor of New York Commercial Advertiser
- Enlivened paper by hiring young reporters,
- Joined Mclures Magazine, new printing technology made inexpensive masscirculation magazines targeting new national audiences, it investigated the
conditions of cities
- Encouraged to take action and reform against political leaders, corporate bosses
after uncovering scandals, helped Roosevelt
- Roosevelt began to worry about steady stream of negative criticizing articles, he
took the steam out of the muckraking movement
- Published book Upbuilders inspiring profiles of business and civic leaders who
were joining forces to build a better world
- Worked with American Magazine
2. Tarbell
- Worked for Mclures Magazine
- Researched economic growth and business monopolies etc. based on her
childhood specifically about the Standard Oil Company
- Editorial assistant at Chautaquan magazine which reflected issues of movement,
wrote about famous women in history
- Shifted interest from science to human beings
- Contributed series on the life of Napoleon Bonaparte spurring the magazines
circulation and helping it survive the economic depression
- Findings and publishing on Oil accused Rockefeller
- Stung by charges, socialists like Tarbell and other muckrakers were trying to
destroy capitalism by focusing on negative America
- She felt that muckrakers put passion before facts
- Bought stock in American Magazine
- Turn in Tarbells writing good trusts bad trusts
3. Henry R. Luce
- Publisher of the Times Magazine which was a snappy opinionated newsmagazine
primarily condensed newspaper articles for business executives too busy for daily
papers
4.
-
Cut costs by moving headquarters from NYC to Cleveland, Ohio where he read
Cleveland Plain Dealer
Realized how little national or international news reached readers other than New
Yorkers
His magazines would inform, educate and lead his readers forward in the
American Century
Attracted to journalism because of its possibilities of exerting influence for good
Editor of Hotchkiss Literary Magazine and joined Yale Daily News later joined
army for WW1
Hired as a reporter for Chicago Daily News then joined Hadden at Baltimore
News
Believed newspapers were filled with too much material and would give their
readers the heart of the news
Magazine spoke with a single voice and point of view condensing and
refashioning news to keep the stories neat and orderly, an approach that would
appeal to readers, also had anonymous writers
Started another magazine, an illustrated monthly magazine aimed at business
executives, The Fortune, the magazine covered the depression
Times launched a weekly radio program and series of newsreels to be shown in
motion picture theaters The March of Time drawing large audiences
Created a weekly pictorial magazine, Life, the suggestion for which emerged from
his personal life divorced his wife and married editor of Vanity Fair magazine
Life would make photographs the central focus and would arrange the
photographs to form photoessays that told the story with captions and a brief
text
Life was more profitable than expected
War shifted attentions form publishing to public affairs
Through magazines behind Wendell Willkie, the republican candidate for
president who advocated the U.S. take on a more active international role
Magazines appealed to college-educated suburban readers an increasing portion
of the American population
He launched Sports Illustrated magazine covering major league professional
sports, golf, fishing, hunting
The more popular television became the more readers were drawn away from his
magazines
Edward R. Murrow
Conducted radio broadcasts on rooftops describing the German air attack
Spoke in a thoughtful way people would understand and enjoy
Wartime London forged Murrows public image becoming the most respected
American news commentator with a refined, stylish tailored appearance
Born in North Carolina, lived in a cabin then moved to Washington and attended
Washington State college because couldnt afford to go to West Virginia
Influenced by Ida Lou Anderson
Attended a meeting of the National Student Federation of America, which
propelled him to take national stage
Ran NSFAs national office
5.
-
Brought him into contact with Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) producing a
radio program called University of the Air
Married Janet Huntington Brewster
First hired to find speakers, then to direct its educational programming
Wrote his own material to be heard spoke with a calm personal style
One of the first radio foreign correspondents
Organized news round up of live radio transmissions on the same program
which lead to him putting together a team of foreign correspondents
THIS is London Janet also broadcasted about homefront
War correspondent broadening his coverage to all of European front
British Broadcasting Corporation asked to rebroadcast
Nightly radio news program Edward R. Murrow with the News mixed reporting
and commentary on events
Produced weekly radio documentary series Hear It Now then changed it to See
It Now because of television influenceseveral stories on current issues
See it Now broadcasted during Cold War
Red Scare spread to media blacklisted many stations devoted entire episode to
expose McCarthy
See It Now tackled controversial issues
Person to Person celebrity interview show
Retired to work for U.S. Information Agency (JFK)
Walter Cronkite
CBS anchorman broadcasted a special report from South Vietnam
Usual policy of reporting the news without commentary
Declared American people had been deceived by the false optimism of leaders
CBS Evening News with Walter appeared on more than 200 stations each night
and 26 million American viewers
Ranked most trusted (about war reporting than government even)
Roots in print journalism
Covered state politics in Austin for Houston Press
Hired by KCMO radio station for sports and news announcer in Kansas City
Station named him Walter Wilcox to own his name preventing listeners from
leaving
Fired for not reporting an exaggerated story
Job at United Press, a wire service that provided news to papers across the
country
Learned how to sort stories from local and world and trim stories
Sent to London to cover World War II
Murrow hired him as a radio news broadcaster turned it down
Went back to radio in 1948 as Washington correspondent for a group of
Midwestern radio stations
Murrow offered him a CBS assignment in Korea
CBS asked him to set up a news department for its new television station in
Washington DC
It was before satellite linkage existed so he had no film to show on the program he
used charts and a blackboard to explain to viewers the daily reports
-
Years as a wire service editor helped him sift through issues and make sense of it
for viewers
CBS News featured Cronkite on Sunday morning public affairs programs and
made him anchor for its broadcasts of Republic and Democratic National
Conventions in 1952
Served as narrator of program You Are There which dramatically re-created
historical events
Hosted Air Power The 20th Century The Morning Show and Eyewitness to
History
Became anchor for CBS nightly national news program only 15 min long giving
affiliated stations the other 15 min for local news
Short amount of time made news programs a series of headlines with no analysis
In 1963 expanded the news to 30 min
Murrow thought broadcasters shouldnt suppress their personal convictions and
speak out against injustices versus Cronkite reporting like journalist without
taking sides
Replaced Cronkite with two-person team of correspondents after lost ratings to
NBCs popular Huntley-Brinkley Report about Kennedys assassination
Cronkite came back Walter-to-Walter Coverage
Fought against Nixon for freedom of speech
CBS Evening News became the New York Times of television
He thought programs were for show, tabloids
Mass Communication: Living in a Media World
Chapter 5
1. Magazine a periodical that contains articles of lasting interest. Typically
magazines are targeted at a specific audience and derive income from advertising,
subscriptions, and newsstand sales
2. Photojournalism the use of photographs to portray the news in print
3. Halftone an image produced by a process in which photographs are broken
down into a series of dots that appear in shades of gray on the printed page
4. Postal Act of 1879 legislation that allowed magazines to be mailed nationally at
a low cost. It was a key factor in the growth of magazine circulation in the late
19th century
5. Consumer Magazines publications targeting an audience of like-minded
consumers
6. Trade Magazines magazines published for people who work in a particular
industry or business
7. Literary Magazines publications that focus on serious essays and short fiction
8. Muckrakers progressive investigative journalists typically publishing in
magazines in the early years of the 20th century
9. Service Magazines magazines that primarily contain articles about how to do
things in a better way; such articles include health advice, cooking tips
employment help, or fashion guides
10. Plus-sized Model a female fashion model who wears average or larger clothing
size
11. Advertorials advertising materials in magazines designed to look like editorial
content rather than paid advertising
12. Coverlines teaser headlines on magazine covers used to shock, intrigue, or
titillate potential buyers
Chapter 7 Audio: Music and Talk Across Media
1. Phonograph an early sound-recording machine invented by Thomas Edison; the
recorded material was played back on a cylinder
2. Gramophone a machine invented by Emile Berliner that could paly prerecorded
sound on flat discs rather than cylinders
3. High Fidelity (hi-fi) a combination of technologies that allowed recordings to
reproduce music more accurately with higher high notes and deeper bass than was
possible with previous recording technologies
4. Non-Notated Music music such as a folk song or jazz solo that does not exist in
written form
5. Telegraph the first system for using wires to send messages at a distance;
invented by Samuel Morse in 1844
6. Wireless Telegraph Guglielmo Macronis name for his point-to-point
communication tool that used radio waves to transmit messages
7. Radio Music Box Memo David Sarnoffs 1915 plan, outlining how radio could
be used as a popular mass medium
8. Network a company that provides common programming to a large group of
broadcast stations
9. Golden Age of Radio a period from the late 1920s until the 1940s, during which
radio was the dominant medium for home entertainment
10. Soap Operas serialized daytime dramas targeted primarily at women
11. Social Music music that people play and sing for one another in the home or
other social settings. In the absence of radio, recordings, and later, television, this
was the means of hearing music most readily available to the largest number of
people
12. Rock n Roll a style of music popularized on radio that combined elements of
white hillbilly music and black rhythm and blues
13. Race Records a term used by the recording industry prior to 1949 to refer to
recordings by popular black artists. It was later replaced by more racially neutral
terms such as RB, soul, or urban contemporary
14. Covers songs recorded (or covered) by someone other than the original artist. In
the 1950s it was common for white musicians to cover songs originally played by
black artists, but now artists commonly cover all genres of music
15. Girl Groups a musical group composed of several women singers who
harmonize together. Groups such as the Shirelles, the Ronettes, and the ShangriLas, featuring female harmonies and high production values, were especially
popular in the late 1950s and early 1970s
16. British Invasion the British take on classic American rock n Roll, blues, and
R&B transformed rock n roll and became internationally popular in the 1960s
with groups such as the Beatles and, later, the Rolling Stones and the Who
17. Concept Album an album by a solo artist or group that contains related songs on
a common theme or even a story, rather than a collection of unrelated hits or
covers
18. Producer the person who puts together the right mix of songs, songwriters,
technicians, and performs to create an album; some observers argue that the
producer is the key catalyst for a hit album
19. Disco the name of the heavily produced techno club dance music of the 1970s,
which grew out of the urban gay male subculture, with significant black and
Latino influences. In many ways, disco defined the look and feel of the 1970s pop
culture, fashion, and film
20. Country Music originally referred to as hillbilly or old-timey music, this
genre evolved out of Irish and Scottish folk music, Mississippi blues, and
Christian gospel music, and grew in the 1950s and 196-s with the so-called
Nashville Sound
21. Rap Music this genre arose out of the hip-hop culture in New York City in 1979.
It emerged in clubs with DJs playing and remixing different records and sounds
and then speaking (or rapping) over the top
22. Long-Playing Record (LP) a record format introduced by Columbia Records in
1948. The more durable LP could reproduce twenty-three minutes of high-quality
music on each of the two sides and was a technological improvement over the 78rpm
23. 45-RPM Disc the record format was developed in the late 1940s by RCA. It had
high-quality sound but held only about four minutes of music on a side. It was the
ideal format for marketing popular hit songs to teenagers, though
24. Compact Disc (CD) a digital recording medium that came into common use in
the early 1980s. CDs can hold approximately seventy minutes of digitally
recorded music
25. Digital Recording a method of recording sound for example, that used to
create CDs that involves storing music in a computer-readable format known as
binary information
26. Analog Recording an electromechanical method of recording in which a sound
is translated into analogous electrical signals that are then applied to a recording
medium. Early analog recording media included acetate or vinyl discs and
magnetic tape
27. MP3 short for Moving Picture Experts Group audio layer 3; a standard for
compressing music from CDs or other digital recordings into computer files that
can be easily exchanged on the Internet
28. Payola payoffs to disc jockeys in the form of money or gifts to get them to play
a particular record
29. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) the original
organization that collected royalties on musical recordings, performances,
publications, and airplay
30. Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) a competitor of ASCAP that has generally licensed
new composers and artists who had not been represented by ASCAP, including a
lot of what was known as minority music including blues, country, Latin, and
unpublished jazz compositions
31. Format Radio a style of radio programming designed to appeal to a narrow,
specific audience. Popular formats include country, contemporary hits, all talk, all
sports, and oldies
32. Shock Jocks radio personalities, like Howard Stern, who attract listeners by
making outrageous and offensive comments on the air
33. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) the federal agency charged with
regulating telecommunications, including radio and television broadcasting
34. Terrestrial Radio AM and FM broadcast stations
35. HD Radio sometimes also referred to as high-definition radio, this technology
provides listeners with CD-quality sound and the choice of multiple channels of
programming but is not yet commonly available in mass-market outlets nor as
standard equipment cars
36. Satellite Radio the radio service provided by digital signal broadcast from a
communications satellite. This service covers a wider area than terrestrial radio, is
supported by subscribers, offers programming that is different from corporateowned terrestrial stations, but is costly and doesnt provide local coverage, such
as traffic and weather reports
37. Podcast an audio program produced as an MP3 compressed music file that can
be listened to online at the listeners convenience or downloaded to a computer or
an MP3 player. Podcasts sometimes contain video content as well
Chapter 8 Movies: Mass Producing Entertainment
1. Kinetoscope an early peepshow- like movie projection system developed by
Thomas Edison that could be seen only by an individual viewer
2. Feature-Length Film a theatrical movie that runs more than one hour
3. Studio System a factory-like way of producing films that involved having al of
the talent, including the actors and directors, working for the movie studios. The
studios also had almost total control of the distribution system
4. Block Bookings requiring a theater owner to take a whole series of movies in
order to get a few desirable, headliner films. This system was eventually found to
violate antitrust laws
5. Synchronized Soundtrack sound effects, music and voices, synchronized with
the moving images in a movie
6. Talkie a movie with synchronized sound; these quickly replaced silent films
7. House Un-American Activities Committee the congressional committee, chaired
by Parnell Thomas that held hearings on the influence of communism on
Hollywood in 1947. These activities mirrored a wider effort to root out suspected
communists in all walks of American life.
8. Hollywood Ten a group of ten writers and directors who refused to testify
before the House Un-American Activities Committee about their political
activities. They were among the first people in Hollywood to be blacklisted
9. Blacklist a group of people banned from working in the movie industry in the
late 1940s and 1950s because they were suspected of being communists or
communist sympathizers. Some of them, such as a few screenwriters, were able to
work under assumed names, but others never worked again in the industry
10. Multiplex a group of movie theaters with anywhere from three to twenty screens
that share a common box office and concession stand. Largely a suburban
phenomenon at first, they replaced the old urban Art Deco movie places
11. Blockbuster Era a period from the late 1970s to the present day when movie
studios make relatively expensive movies that have a large, predefined audience.
These movies, usually chock full of special effects, are packaged with cable deals
and marketing tie-ins, and can be extremely lucrative if they are able to attract
large, repeat audiences
12. Production Code the industry-imposed rules that controlled the content of
movies from the 1930s until the current movie ratings system came into use in the
1968
13. Ancillary, or Secondary, or Markets movie revenue sources other than the
domestic box office. These include foreign box office, video rights, and television
rights, as well as tie-ins and product placements
Chapter 9 Television: Broadcast and Beyond
1. Community Antenna Television (CATV) an early form of cable television used
to distribute broadcast channels in communities with poor television reception
2. Big Three Networks the original television broadcast, networks: NBC, CBS,
and ABC
3. Videocassette Recorder (VCR) a home videotape machine that allows viewers
to make permanent copies of television shows and, thus, choose when they want
to watch programs
4. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) a low-earth-orbit satellite that provides
television programming via a small, pizza-sized satellite antenna; DBS is a
competitor to cable TV
5. High-Definition Television (HDTV) a standard for high-quality digital
broadcasting that features a high-resolution picture, wide-screen format, and
enhanced sound
6. Standard Digital Television a standard for digital broadcasting that allows six
channels to fit in the broadcast frequency space occupied by a single analog signal
7. Television Network a company that provides programs to local stations around
the country; the local affiliate stations choose which programs to carry
8. Public Broadcasting System (PBS) a nonprofit broadcast network that provides
a wide range of public service and educational programs, which is funded by
government appropriations, private industry underwriting, and viewer support
9. Big Four Networks the broadcast landscape we know today: the Big Three
networks plus the Fox Network
10. PeopleMeter an electronic box used by the ratings company Nielsen Media
Research to record which television shows people watch
11. Sweeps the four times during the year that Nielsen Media Research measures
the size of individual television station audiences
12. Rating Point the percentage of the total potential television audience actually
watching a particular show. One rating point indicates an audience of
approximately 1.14 million viewers
13. Share the percentage of television sets in use that are tuned to a particular show
14. Telenovelas Spanish-language soap operas popular in both Latin America and
the United States
15. Public Access Channels local cable television channels that air public affairs
programming and other locally produced shows
16. Video-on-Demand television channels that allow consumers to order movies,
news, or other programs at any time over the fiber-optic lines
Chapter 10 The Internet: Mass Communication Gets Personal
1. Internet a diverse set of independent networks, interlinked to provide its users
with the appearance of a single, uniform network; the internet is a mass medium
like no other, incorporation elements of interpersonal, group, and mass
communications
2. Packet Switching a method for breaking up long messages into small prices, or
packets, and transmitting them independently across a computer network. Once
the packets arrive at their destination, the receiving computer reassembles the
message into its original form
3. ARPAnet the advanced research projects agency network; the first nationwide
computer network, which would become the first major component of the Internet
4. TCP/IP tcp stands for transmission control protocol, which controls how data
are sent out on the Internet; IP stands for Internet protocol, which provides the
address for each computer on the Internet. These protocols provided common
rules and translations so that incompatible computers could communicate with
each other
5. Electronic Mail (e-mail) a message sent from one computer user to another
across a network
6. Instant Messaging (IM) e-mail systems that allow two or more users to chat
with one another in real time, hold virtual meetings that span multiple cities or
even countries, and keep track of which of their buddies are currently logged
onto the system
7. Listservs internet discussion groups made up of subscribers that use e-mail to
exchange messages between as few as a dozen people to as many as several
thousand
8. Usenet the Users Network is the original Internet discussion forum that covers
thousands of specialized topics. It is a worldwide bulletin-board system that
predates the World Wide Web
9. Hypertext material in a format containing links that allows the reader to move
easily from one section to another and from document to document. The most
commonly used hypertext documents are Web pages
10. World Wide Web a system developed by Tim Berners-Lee that allows users to
view and link documents located anywhere in the world using standard software
11. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) one of the three major components of the
Web; the address of content placed on the Web
12. Hypertext Transfer Protocol a method of sending text, graphics or anything else
over the Internet from a server to a Web browser
13. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) the programming language used to create
and format Web pages
14. Mosaic the first easy-to-use graphical Web browser, developed by a group of
student programmers at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana
15. Narrowband Service a relatively slow Internet connection using a modem and
conventional copper phone lines. Although it is acceptable for viewing text and
graphics, it is generally considered too slow for video and audio service
16. Broadband Service a high-speed continuous connection to the Internet using a
cable modem from a cable television provider or a digital subscriber line from a
phone company. Broadband service is also available in many offices through
Ethernet lines. Broadband connections are typically ten or more times faster than
dial-up services using a modem
17. Aggregator Site an organizing Web site that provides surfers with easy access to
e-mail, news, online stores, and many other sites
18. Weblog (Blog) a collection of links and commentary in hypertext form on the
World Wide Web that can be created and posted on the Internet with relatively
little effort. Blogs can be public diaries, collections of photos, or commentaries on
the news
19. Citizen Journalism journalism created by people other than professional
journalists, often distributed over the Internet
20. Hacker Ethic a set of values from the early days of interactive computing that
holds that users should have absolute control over their computer systems and free
access to all information contained on those computers. The hacker ethic shaped
much on the development of the internet
21. Cookies tiny files Web sites create to identify visitors and potentially track their
actions on the site and the Web
Chapter 11: Advertising; Selling a Message
1. Advertising defined by the American Marketing Association as any paid form
of nonpersonal communication about an organization, product, service, or idea by
an identified sponsor
2. Industrialization the movement from work done by hand using muscle or water
power in small shops to mass production of goods in favorites that used energy
sources such as steam power or electricity. It was part of the modernization
process
3. Modernization the process of change from a society in which peoples identities
and roles are fixed at birth to a society where people can decide who they want to
be, where they want to live, what they want to do, and how they want to present
themselves to the world
4. Economy of Abundance an economy in which there are as many or more goods
available as people who want to or have the means to buy them
5. Brand Name a word or phrase attached to prepackaged consumer goods so that
they can be better promoted to the general public through advertising and so that
consumers can distinguish a given product from the competition
6. Local Advertising advertising designed to get people to patronize local stores,
businesses, or service providers
7. Direct Action Message an advertising message designed to get consumers to go
to a particular place to do something specific such as purchasing a product,
obtaining a service, or engaging in a behavior
8. National Advertising advertising designed to build demand for a nationally
available product or service that is not directing the consumer to local retail and
service outlets
9. Indirect Action Message an advertising message designed to build the image
and demand for a product, without specifically urging that a particular action be
taken at a particular time and place
10. Advocacy Ads advertising designed to promote a particular point of view rather
than a product or service. Can be sponsored by a government, corporation, trade
association, or nonprofit organization
11. Public Service Ads advertising designed to promote the messages of nonprofit
institutions and government agencies. The messages are typically produced and
run without charge by advertising professionals and the media. Many of these ads
are produced by the Ad Council
12. Business-to-Business (trade) Ads advertising that promotes products and
services directly to other businesses rather than to the general consumer market
13. Open Contract an arrangement that allows advertising agencies to sell space in
any publication (and eventually broadcast outlets as well) rather than just a
limited few
14. The Big Idea the goal of every advertising campaign an advertising concept
that will grab peoples attention and make them take notice, remember, and take
action
15. Brand Image the image attached to a brand and the associated product that gives
the product a personality or identity that makes it stand out from similar products
and stick in the mind of the consumer
16. Media Planning the process central to a successful ad campaign of figuring out
which media to use, buying the media at the best rates, and the evaluating how
effective the purchase was
17. CPM cost per thousand exposures to the target audience a figure used in
media planning evaluation
18. Zoned Coverage when a newspaper targets news coverage or advertisements to
a specific region of a city or market
19. Drive Time the morning and afternoon commute in urban areas; the captive
audience makes this a popular time to advertise on radio
20. Targeting the process of trying to make a particular product or service appeal to
a narrowly defined group. Groups are often targeted using demographics,
geographics, and psychographics
21. Clutter the large number of commercials, advertising, and other
nonprogramming and messages interruptions that compete for consumer attention
on radio and television, and now also on the Internet
22. Subliminal Advertising messages that are allegedly embedded so deeply in an
ad that they cannot be perceived consciously. There is no evidence that subliminal
advertising is effective
23. Integrated Marketing Communication an overall communication strategy for
reaching key audiences using advertising, public relations, sales promotion, and
interactive media
24. Mobisodes short video episodes designed to be viewed on the small screens on
mobile phones or personal digital assistants (PDAs). These can be brief
entertainment, news, or commercial programs
25. Product Integration the paid integration of a product or service into the central
theme of media content. This is most common in television programming or
movies, but it can be found in books, magazine articles, Web pages, or even songs
Chapter 2: Mass Communication Effects How Society and
Media Interact
1. Opinion Leaders influential community members who invest substantial
amounts of time learning about their own area of expertise, such as politics. Less
well-informed friends and family members frequently turn to them for advice
about the topic
2. Geographics the study of where people live; a method typically used to analyze
potential markets for products and programs
3. Demographics the study of audience members gender, race, ethnic background,
income, education, age, educational attainment, and the like; a method typically
used to analyze potential markets for products and programs
4. Psychographics a combination of demographics, lifestyle characteristics, and
product usage; a method typically used to analyze potential markets for products
and programs
5. Surveillance how the media help us extend our sense to perceive more of the
world surrounding us
6. Status Conferral the process by which media coverage makes an individual gain
prominence in the eyes of the public
7. Correlation the process of selecting, evaluating, and interpreting events to give
structure to the news. The media assist the process of correlation by persuasive
communication through editorials, commentary, advertising, and propaganda, and
by providing cues that indicate the importance of each news item
8. Socialization the process of education young people and new members about
the values, social norms, and knowledge of a group or society
9. Entertainment media communication intended primarily to amuse the audience
10. Agenda-Setting Theory a theory of media effects that says that the media dont
tell the public what to think but rather what to think about thus the terms of
public discourse are set by what is covered in the media
11. Uses and Gratifications Theory an approach to studying mass communication
that looks at the reasons why audience members choose to spend time with the
media in terms of the wants and needs of the audience members that are being
fulfilled
12. Social Learning Theory the process by which individuals learn by observing the
behaviors of others and consequences of those behaviors
13. Symbolic Interactionism the process by which individuals produce meaning
through interaction based on socially agreed-upon symbols
14. Spiral of Silence a theory that suggests that people want to see themselves as
holding a majority opinion and will therefore remain silent if they perceive that
they hold a minority opinion. This tends to make the minority opinion appear to
be less prevalent than it is
15. Media Logic an approach to studying the mass media that says the forms the
media use to present the world become the forms we use to perceive the world
and to create media messages
16. Cultivation Analysis an approach to analyzing the effects of television viewing
that argues that watching significant amounts of television alters the way an
individual views the nature of surrounding the world
17. Mean World Syndrome the perception of many heavy television watchers of
violent programs that the world is a more dangerous and violent place than facts
and statistics bear out
18. Resonance Model a model of political campaign effects that attributes a
candidates success to how well his or her basic message resonates with the
reinforces voters preexisting political feelings
19. Competitive Model a model of the effects of a political campaign that looks at
the campaign as a competition for the hearts and minds of voters
Magazines
-
A periodical that contains articles of lasting interest. Typically magazines are
targeted at a specific audience and derive income from advertising, subscription
and newsstand sales (timely aspect)
Magazines are also intended for a broader geographic area than newspapers, and
in the 19th century they increased both in number and circulation as the demand
for nationwide advertising grew
Newspapers wont admit that they are targeting certain demographics (middle
class, businessmen etc.)
1704 Review 1821 The Saturday Evening Post 1830 Fodeys Ladys Book 1923
Time (considered republican) 1936 Life 1954 Sports Illustrated era of mass
circulation
Differences between magazines and newspapers didnt become apparent until the
20th century
Luce had a vision of what people needed, in terms of magazines
Idea of a bigger community didnt exist until newspapers
Magazines, national circulation base, created a sense of the country
Time magazine told people what they needed to know, not present day republican,
closer to center of country, did it with Life too, through photojournalism
New York Magazine related to Tribunethe last big newspaper to die in NYC
Newspaper publications used to have a Sunday weekly magazine, now only New
York Times, gave writers chance to write more
Magazines as a vehicle for journalistic work great writing and photos
Prior to internet, reached small specific demographics and interests
Not timely getting news out to public
Photojournalism
-
In 1839, Louis Dagurre discovered a method to store images on metal plates
Magazines are the first source of photojournalism
-
1880s invention of the halftone, a process that improved the process to translate
images onto the printed page
The photographer Mathew Brady is often credited with inventing photojournalism
in mid 19th century (civil war)
World War II and Photography
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Changed the role of the American photographer. A war on five continents and
multiple fronts challenged those trying to document events. Both professionals
and amateurs called into service
Enhanced the status of photojournalists, moving them forward in move toward
professionalization and forcing print journalists to treat them as serious reporters
By 1942, wartime photography was featured in most uses of the ranking
photographic journals
Emphasis on photography enhanced the status of photojournalists, move toward
professionalism (suffered that it wasnt as serious as another platform, consistent
cycle)
Photojournalists
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The move to professionalize photographic journalists in the United States took on
distinct momentum in 1942 when the dean of the Journalism School at the
University of Missouri, Frank Mott, coined the term photojournalism for his
schools sequence of academic training
- Training sequences in photojournalism were set up in journalism schools across
the country, and journalism schools held special seminars that taught the
rudiments of good photography in the news
- 1946 the first national organization for newspaper photographers the National
Press Photographers Association (NPPA) was established
- Rosenthal (worked for associated press) took wartime photography
- Pictures featured in Life magazine
- Vietnam-Eddie Adams (1960s) very different war was depicted in photographs in
a very different way
- Troubling and complex photographs, war is not pretty
- Evacuation Hubert Van Es photo
- Bang Bang Club South African war photographers
- Ethics of photojournalism
Kent State Photo
- John Filo, a 21-yar-old photography major, takes iconic image
- Submits photo to local newspaper
- Local paper submitted photo to associated press
- Photo runs in newspapers nationwide (New York Times)
- Filo awarded Pulitzer Price
Letting the World Know
- Slain Iranian protester, Neda Agha-Soltan. June 2009
- Video shot on cell phone by another protestor
- Video sent by email to yet another protestor
- Protestor sent video to online friends
- Video sent to old media, the guardian and voice of America
- Text message please let the world know
- Protesters friend in Netherlands posted it on Facebook
- Video then posted on YouTube
- Video aired on CNN
- Utilizing mainstream media
McClures Magazine
- Ida Tarbell
- Lincoln Steffens
- Upton Sinclair
- Muckraking
- Exposes
- Plays huge roll in magazine history
- Esquire Magazine
o Tom Wolfe
Memo
o Gay Talese
#1 story?
o Michael Herr
War reporting for Vietnam
Wrote about it in very different way, portrayed war in realistic
manner
- The New Yorker
o Joseph Mitchell
o Truman Capote
o John McPhee
o Susan Orlean
- Not writing straight news stories, trying to be inventive
- Magazines
o Rolling Stone
Hunter S. Thompson
Gonzo journalism
Center of story
People portrayed him in movies
Very original ex/: covering the Kentucky Derby
o Harpers Magazine
Joan Didion
Amazing early pieces
Influenced by Ernest Hemmingway
Writing is in books white album and scotching towards
o The Atlantic Monthly
Tracy Kidder
Wrote Pulitzer
o Sports Illustrated
Frank Deford
Gary Smith
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Magazine covers shape popular opinion
Trying to be provocative, engaging in controversy
Sound and Radio
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1844 Samuel Morse invents the telegraph
1877 Thomas Edison invents the phonograph. First recordings: Sarah Josepha
Hales childrens rhyme, Marry Had a Little Lamb
1888 Emilie Berliner devised a way to record sound on flat discs that can be
played on a device called the gramophone
Record players called phonographs allowed musical records to be reproduced
much like printers reproduced books
1894 Guglielmo Macroni begins work on wireless telegraph
1901 Reginald Fessenden starts sending voice signals over a radio, and four years
later, he broadcast poetry and Christmas carols that wireless operators on the
Atlantic coast could hear
1915 David Sarnoff writes Radio Music Box memo, to American Marconi,
which outlined radios potential as a popular mass medium and essentially
invented radio as a social institution (eventually became the founder of NBC
radio and TV) (key visionaryradio potential as mass medium, social institution)
William Paley, founder of Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), is credited
with seeing radios potential as an advertising medium (radio and TV)
1920 October 27 Pittsburghs radio station KDKA was licensed for broadcast
1923 more than 600 radio transmitters broadcasting in the United States
1920s-1940s Golden Age of Radioradio became the main form of entertainment
in households
1926 July 22 RCA establishes the National Broadcasting Company NBC the
nations first major broadcasting network
British Broadcasting Corporation BBC is created in 1920s and offers primarily
reports involving news and culture
KDKA provides a 1920 nighttime broadcast of the Harding-Cox presidential
election results, beating newspapers and showing the power of the new medium
(beat newspapers because why wait until the next day to read about something
while they could listen instantly)
Newspapers reacted in the 1930s by threatening to cut off radio stations access to
Associated Press news and stop running radio program listings (realized that
people would want some more context and analysis the next day that couldnt get
from radio)
Radio eliminated the need for extra editions of newspapers, but newspapers
suffered only a slight circulation decline
Radio established superiority over newspapers in reporting live news
World War II when Germany invaded Austria in 1938, CBS provided live reports
from Europe
Live from London: Edward R. Murrow
o When Germany declared war on England in 1939, Edward R. Murrow, of
CBS, reported it from London
o During the bombing of London, Americans listened to his Murrows live
reports
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o Murrow spoke directed to listeners so that they felt they were with him as
he reported from London rooftops
o WW2 had a key role in advancing radio, people really want to know
whats going on and he was broadcasting live and the other key thing is
that Murrow proved that there was something more than reporting news
instantly, medium can transport you to the time and place and a
broadcaster could tell the story in a way where audience can identify with
broadcaster and he had a sense of ethos, people trusted him not just
telling us something is going on, feeling like we are there with them and
heightens experience of listening to broadcast
Talk Radio News/Talk remains a top radio format with talk radio becoming a
mainstay in 1985 only 200 stations carried talk radio; by 1995 more than 1000
stations carry format devote a lot of time to talking about issues, and talk radio
could do one thing that TV wasnt good at, which was listening to the audience
(what the internet is all about)
Talk radio has favored conservative hosts like Rush Limbaugh
All sports radio has also become popular
(Radio had to respond to next medium: TV, trumped newspapers, but TV could
broadcast live and provide images)
Public radio
o Provides an alternative to about 11000 commercial stations
o 1967 Pubic Broadcasting Act designed to create educational television.
Stations at the lower end of the FM dial designated for noncommercial
broadcasting, with many station licenses going to colleges and universities
o 1971 National Public Radio (NPR) airs its first program, the evening
newsmagazine All Things Considered
o Government funding broadcasting is now in danger
o Give universities a way to broadcast
Public radio network remained relatively small until the growth of satellite
delivery of programming and standard installation of FM radios in cars
1979 NPR launched the two-hour news program Morning Edition, which
becomes the nations most popular morning news show with 7.6 million listeners
daily about 1/3 larger than the Today Shows television audience
From Radio to Television
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Ethos and Broadcasting
o Ethos has been considered a key factor in assessing the credibility of the
speaker
o The broadcasters matter, there is an integrity
o Listeners are more likely to trust someone who sounds intelligent and of
good character
o Most Americans listened to news before they read it
The federal communications commission had no authority over network radio
Radio networks did not require licensing since they did not broadcast programs
they relayed their signal to local affiliates
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Consequently network radio replaced neutral voices of local radio announcers
with strong personalities of radio commentators
- Network radio heightened the human element, as commentators added their
personalities to the news
- The 1923 Canons of Journalism applied to newspapers: touched on areas such as
responsibility, freedom of the press, the obligation to remain independent,
sincerity, truthfulness, accuracy, impartiality, fair play and decency
- Radio had no common ethics code
- Ethos has been considered a key factor in assessing the credibility of the speaker
since Aristotles Rhetoric in the fourth century B.C.
- Listeners are more likely to trust a person who sounds intelligent and of good
character
- After September 1939, most Americans listened to the news before they read it
- Edward R. Murrow, who did not have a newspaper background, was not
hampered by standards of professional journalists, thus allowing him to capitalize
on dramatic opportunities offered by radio
- Murrow later admitted that his goal was to promote American intervention in
WWII
- Listeners did not question objectivity of his reports because he conveyed a high
ethos that enhanced the credibility of all broadcast journalism
- Murrow, Olberman, Affleck, Cronkite
- Difference between the medias
Moving Pictures
- Thomas Edison is generally credited with developing the American motion picture
industry
- In the 1870s and 1880s at least two people
- British photographer Eadweard Muybridge was
- The first movies were not projected on a scree instead they were viewed by an
individual viewer on a peepshow-like device that Edison called
Television
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Philo T. Farnsworth
1927 September 7 Farnsworth successfully transmitted an image of straight line
using an all electronic system for transmitting an image using radio waves
Farnsworth develops central concepts at age 14 while an Iowa farm boy
1939 NBC conducts the first significant television broadcast using all-electronic
systems from New York Worlds Fair
1942 American involvement in WWII halted the manufacture of television sets
and most stations went off the air (when it matters to Americans and news
business)
War played with television slowing it down
1945 WWII ends
1946 RCA had television sets back on the market
1948-1952 the licensing of new television stations was frozen to give the Federal
Communications time to make sense of it/rules
Television news started with brief coverage of the 1940 republican national
convention on an experimental NBC television station in NYC (just 20 years after
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radio, similarities between radio and TV starting out) (small audience because at
beginning of technology not a lot of people out there)
By 1948 both democratic and republican conventions were covered extensively
for the still-tiny television audience
Documentary programs such as See It Now hosted by Edward R. Murrow took on
lightweight topics as well as intensely controversial issues such as Wisconsin
senator Joseph McCarthy
Walter Cronkite
o Born in St. Louis, Mo
o Worked as news and sports announcer for KCMO in Kansas City
o Hired by UPI: went to London to cover WWII
o 1948 Joined CBS after Edward R. Murrow offers him assignment in Korea
o Public opinion polls find him to be most trusted man in America
o Pioneer of evening news, a new thing across America, no cable tv or
internet, anchors were extremely powerful people was and is different
then print
o Objectivity is the reporting of reality, of facts, as nearly as they can be
obtained without the injections of prejudice or personal opinion
o Key Reports: political conventions, Vietnam, moon landings, Watergate
scandal
o Human element to conveying news which was new and frowned upon by
print people supposed to be attached but audience like that he showed
emotion
1960 Presidential debate Nixon vs. Kennedy
60s huge period for TV and news (technology and politics and events)
Vietnam War becomes the Living Room War
Color TV introduced in late 60s and it had a tremendous affect on people
interacting with media
1968 Sept. 24 Debut of 60 minutes
1968 debut of eyewitness news Happy Talk format on WABC-TV in NYC
between anchors in between stories, for the first time the TV crew was diverse
key was to have people who reporting the news as those you could identify with
more diverse workforce and talkative
1972 Munich Olympics
1979 Nov. 29 Nightline, born out of hostage (iran) crisis, production value similar
todays cable TV elements of future of news (reporting from different
locations), different kind of ethos Ted Koppel was smartest guy in the room new
development in news
1980 Death of John Lennon
News started to come to us from television in ways we didnt usually get news,
because news kept happening, TV became almost became a gathering place for
people to make sense of what was going on
Aldridge (spelling?) TV sports, Munich, behind the scenes, head of ABC news,
point cameras at crowds not just fields to give sense of being there, started
Monday night football and Nightline, told stories, type of reporting that shadows
today everybody is involved in the newsaudience is important
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Starting to get news from unlikely places, become more typical of cable tv
Cable TV
o Cable TV begins as community Antenna Television, means to distribute
broadcast channels to rural areas
o 1975 FCC loosens rules on cable channels
o 1975 Home Box Office requests FCC permission to send nationwide
program by satellite
o Networks didnt see any competition, didnt do what regular TV did
o 1976 RCA sitcom 1 satellite launched
o 1979 ESPN debuts
o 1980 CNN debuts, nothing flashy just the news
o 1981 MTV going after young people, cultural significance
Ted Turner and CNN
o Ted Turner after his fathers suicide in 1963, the 24-year-old Turner
inherited a billboard company that was in financial trouble
o 1970 he bought channel 17 in Atlanta. The UHF channel was in financial
trouble, located on part of the broadcast band that many television sets
couldnt receive
o Renamed the station WTCG, Turner Communication Group
o Bought Atlanta Braves and Atlanta Hawks, which gave him the rights to
show with more than 200 episodes a year
o When RCA launched a television satellite in 1976 Turner realized that he
could send his station nationwide and provide programming to the
growing number of cable stations
o On December 27 1976 WTCG became Superstation WTBS (Turner
Broadcasting System) Turner became one of the first of a new breed of
television entrepreneurs who were turning local stations into national
powers
o Next he created Cable News Network CNN the first 24-hour news channel
Cable TV
o BET
o CNBC
o Fox News Channel
o MSNBC
o Comedy Central
o (piggy-backing on Turner, ESPN, and CNN, saw potential where others
didnt)
o Just like magazines focusing on key groups of individuals
The Rise of the Internet
o 1964 engineer Paul Baran designs a military communication network that
could survive a nuclear strike (technology developed for cold war, time of
paranoia)
o 1968 contract to build the network awarded to a Boston-based firm by the
Pentagon
o 1969 first message sent from UCLA to Stanford Research Institute
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The World Wide Web
o The internet initially belonged primarily to university and military
personnel
o Internet mainly used for e-mail
o 1991 Tim Berners-Lee released the World Wide Web as an easy and
uniform way to access material on the internet
o Limited to certain computers and only displayed text only
- Growth of the Internet
o 1993 more than 1 million users download for free Mosaic, a graphical web
browser, created by a group of student programmers led by Marc
Andressen at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana
o Netscape Communications was cofounded by Andressen
o Netscape Navigator becomes first commercial Web browser, and within
two years, has 65 million users
- Internet and News
o Newspapers begin to go online in 1990s
o Internet becomes reporting tool
o Internet allows readers to connect with media
Ways the Internet Changed Journalism
o Powerful reporting tool
o Became means of production
o Internet empowered the audience, give feedback
o Social networks, creating content
Convergence Journalism
o Early online efforts by newspapers constituted electronic photocopies of
the print edition
o With time newspapers made efforts to become producers of so-called
convergence journalism, where the online product included audio, video,
and other graphic content in addition to text
- Web 2.0
o One-way communication: Producer-Distributer-Consumer
o Web 2.0 two-way communication - consumers are also producers
o Citizen journalism: people out there doing reports and writing about things
who are not employed by mainstream media outlets (through the use of the
web)
o Social networks
- 1990s and Rise of Cable TV
o Gulf War CNN Bernard Shaw
o OJ Simpson created this huge infrastructure
o JonBenet Ramsey
o President Clintons Impeachment
o Death of JFK, Jr.
o Death of Princess Diana
o 9/11
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o Cable TV go-to destination, internet was still new, networks that just
focused on certain areas
Jon Stewart and Satire
o The New York Times asked: Is Jon Steward the Most Trusted Man in
America?
o Use of satire (been in media, publications, for years)
o A 2007 Pew Research Center for the People an the Press poll to determine
Americas most admired journalist showed that Stewart tied for 4th place
with then CBS anchor Dan
o Distinct Ethos
o 1999 replaces Craig Kilborn on the daily show
o 2004 Stewart appears on CNN crossfire and confronts hosts. Crossfire is
cancelled soon after
o 2009 Stewart faults CNBC for role in political meltdown
o Daily Show correspondent Stephen Colbert and the Colbert report
Evaluating News
o Opinions
o Facts
o Sources
o Credibility
o Bias
o Target Audience
o News Outlet
From News to Entertainment
o What is news and what isnt
o Thin line between news and entertainment
o Influence of technology
o Internet: videos and other information
o Growing influence of user-generated content
o Lines blurred between mainstream publications covering stuff other than
hard news
o Internet allows people to access the news that they wantand what they
want is entertainment news
o A ranking of the top-ten viral videos of 2008 revealed that the number one
video of the year with 57.7 million views was actually a news programCBS news anchor Katie Courics interview of Vice Presidential Candidate
Sarah Palin
o Learmonth writes that (t)he gaffe-filled interview which exposed Palins
lack of expertise in foreign policy, became a viral phenomenon and likely
the single most damaging blow to the McCain campaign
o Saturday nigh live version of the interview was largely verbatim (blurring
between reality and entertainment)
o 1508- a news book is published focusing on the proxy marriage of Mary,
the 12-year-old daughter of Henry VII of England to Prince Charles of
Austria, the 8-year-old heir to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire
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o technology is crucial in the development of news and entertainment
news
o 1829 Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, a French painter, captures images
on metal plantes called Dagurreotypes, each photographs
o 1020 westinghouse launches the first commercial radio station
o Sensational news stories throughout history
1921 Comedian Fatty Arbuckle arrested on rape and murder
charges in connection with death of actress. Found not guilty
during three publicized trials
1932 infant son of aviator Charles Lindbergh kidnapped and killed
1996 JonBenet Ramsey, a 6 year old beauty pageant queen found
dead in the basement of her boulder, Colorado home
Cable news networks and tabloids deluge boulder
Emerge as internet story in 1997 her name drew close to 2000
entries on the web
Autopsy report ransom note and home video posted online
User-generated content: Little Miss Center of the Universe site
links JonBenet to world leaders interview with her guardian
spirit
First big internet story entire community connected through
cyber space, part of it was access too information that wasnt
available before the Internet
o Potential of Internet media and communication
o Less then 1% of worlds population had internet access at time of JonBenet
compared to 2009 when Tiger crashed his car 25% of world had Internet
access explains why story became what is was
Audience played a big part
Tiger Woods and Viral News
o Had idea of who he was because of media publicity before scandal
o Bob Hope and Jimmy Stewart
o Through Mike Douglas show Tiger becomes known as prodigy at age 2
o Becomes the most storied amateur golfer in Cable TV era
o Turns pro, went to Stanford, the year the Golf Channel debuts
o Signs $40 million endorsement deals with Nike. Public image shaped by
corporate sponsors Tiger never really gave an interview
o Became greatest golfer of his generation and one of the top corporate
pitchman in the world
o Restricts press access after 1997 interview leads to controversial story
o Fame grows during Internet era
o Uses personal website to communicate with public
o Barrier to media, no one will talk to reporters
o Rumors fueled story grows with more stories posted on Internet
potential of the internet events tied together
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o Mainstream media begins to cover it because everyones talking about it
makes it a news story critical mass
Story Goes Viral
o Because of the Internet we have access
o Entertainment magazine breaks story
o Woods uses his own website to issue an apology
o New York Times publishes front page about withdrawing from tournament
o Multiple websites and publications pick up on stories, and comments
because its all published on the web
o Internet traffic involves videos and parodies
o Becoming increasingly irrelevant what actually happened because of
public perception
o Media forms converging with news conference
EXAM REVIEW
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Photography and Magazines
Radio
Television
New Media (Internet)
Magazines
o A periodical that contains articles of lasting interest. Typically magazines
are targeted at a specific audience and derive income from advertising,
subscription, and newsstand sales
o Magazines are also intended for a broader geographic area than
newspapers, and in the nineteenth century they increased both in number
and circulation as the demand for nationwide advertising grew
o 1704 Daniel Defoe founds the Review, a weekly periodical and the first
magazine in England
o 1821 the Saturday Evening Post, considered the first real national
magazine in the U.S. (magazines and newspaper on a parallel course,
penny press started shortly after)
o 1830 Godeys Ladys Book first womens magazine
o Henry Luce and partner start Time magazine 1923
o 1936 Luce starts life magazine
o 1954 Luce starts sports illustrated magazine
PhotoJournalism
o In 1839 Louis Daguerre discovered a method to store images on metal
plates
o Magazines are the first source of photojournalism
o 1880s invention of the halftone, a process that improved the process to
translate imaged onto the printed page
o Matthew Brady photographer is credited with inventing photojournalism
mid 19th century
o After Civil War concept of being a reported took holdwar has always
been important to evolution of journalism, people want to know credible
events of war
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