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ch12
Course: IS 620, Spring 2012School: UMBC
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Whatisrunningreally slow. Chapter12:Indexing n n BasicConcepts Themostcommonlyusedindexes: n n n n B+TreeIndex Createindexstatement Multicolumn(key)index Ruleofthumbofindexcreation 1 Motivation n Supposethefollowingquery can you do to make it faster withoutbuyingnewhardware? SelectP.pid,price FromproductP,ordersO WhereP.pid=O.pidandO.oid=1234 2 WhatIsanIndex? Indexisadatastructurethatspeedsupaccesstoa...
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Whatisrunningreally
slow. Chapter12:Indexing
n
n
BasicConcepts
Themostcommonlyusedindexes:
n
n
n
n
B+TreeIndex
Createindexstatement
Multicolumn(key)index
Ruleofthumbofindexcreation
1
Motivation
n
Supposethefollowingquery can you do to make it faster
withoutbuyingnewhardware?
SelectP.pid,price
FromproductP,ordersO
WhereP.pid=O.pidandO.oid=1234
2
WhatIsanIndex?
Indexisadatastructurethatspeedsupaccesstoa
table
(soeachindexistiedtoatable)
Canyoucreateanindexontwotables?
n Itallowsquickaccesstorowssatisfyingacertain
condition,withoutcheckingalltheotherrows
n
n
n
Whatwillbetheconditioninthepreviousexample?
Reallifeexampleofindexes?
3
BasicConceptsAboutIndex
n
Componentsofanindex
n
n
n
n
Searchkey
Indexentries
Indexfile
Typesofindexes
n
Primary&secondary
4
BenefitsandCostofIndexes
n
Benefits:
n
n
Speedupqueries
Cost:
n
n
Whathappenwhendataisupdated?
Howaboutdiskspace?
5
BasicConcepts
n
SearchKeyattributeorsetofattributesusedtolookup
recordsinafile.
SelectP.pid,price
FromproductP,ordersO
WhereP.pid=O.pidandO.oid=1234
Wecancreateanindexonorders.oidandanindexonproduct.pid
Searchkeyforthefirstindex?Howaboutthesecond?
6
BasicConcepts
n
Anindexfileconsistsofindexentriesoftheform
search-key
n
n
n
pointer
Pointereitherpointstodatarecords
oranotherindexentry(wewilltalkaboutthislater)
Indexfilesaretypicallymuchsmallerthanthe
originaltable,why?
7
PrimaryIndex
Eachtablemayhaveoneprimaryindexsuchthat
n Indexentriesarestoredsortedonthesearchkeyvalue,so
dotherowsinthetable.
E.g.,Createanindexonorders.oid
Ifthisindexandtheorderstablearesortedonoid,thisindexisthe
primaryindexoforders
n
Table(oid,):
(1,)
(2,)
(,)
Index:
(1,)
(2,)
(,)
Howmanyprimaryindexesatablecanhave?One
Oraclehassomethingcalledindexorganizedtable(IOT) 8
SecondaryIndex
n
n
Secondaryindex:anindexwhoseindexentriesarenotsorted
inthesameorderastherowsinthetable
E.g.,Supposewecreateanindexonorders.pid
Table(oid,pid,):
Index(pid,pointer):
(1,3)
(2,5,)
(3,2,)
(1,)
(2,)
(3,)
(,) (1000,1,)
(,)
Index:Howmanysecondaryindexesatablecanhave?
9
PrimaryIndexvs.SecondaryIndex
n
n
Howmanyprimaryindexatablecan
have,howaboutsecondaryindex?
Performance?
n
Whatifaqueryreturnsallorderswithoid
from1000to2000
n
n
Inprimaryindex,aretheseordersstoredclose
toeachother?
Howaboutinsecondaryindex?
10
SecondaryIndexvs.PrimaryIndex
Reallifeexample:yellowbook
Primaryindex:findallpeoplewitha
certainlastname
Secondaryindex:findallyourfriends'
phonenumbers
11
Chapter12:Indexing
n
n
BasicConcepts
Themostcommonlyusedindexes:
n
n
n
n
B+TreeIndex
Createindexstatement
Multicolumn(key)index
Ruleofthumbofindexcreation
12
B+treeindex
Q1:Select*fromorders
whereoid>=1234andoid<=2000;
Q2:SelectP.pid,price
FromproductP,ordersO
WhereP.pid=O.pidandO.oid=1234
WecancreateanB+treeindexonorders.oidtoevaluatethe
rangeconditioninQ1andtheequalityconditioninQ2
13
B+treeindex
n
n
n
B+treeindexcananswerbothequalityconditions
andrangeconditionsveryefficiently
Ithasatreestructure,whereleavespointstoreal
data,andaresortedonindexedcolumns
Intermediatelevelshelplocateleavessatisfying
rangeorequalityconditions
14
IndexDefinitioninSQL
n
Createanindex
createindex<indexname>on<relationname>
(<attributelist>)
n
n
Todropanindex
dropindex<indexname>
Oracle(andDB2,SQLServer)usesB+treeindex
15
IndexDefinitioninSQL
n
E.g.
Createindexidx_orders_pidonorders(pid);
n
Thereisnoneedtocreateanindexonprimarykeybecauseitis
createdautomaticallywhentheprimarykeyisdefined
16
Exercise
n
Createanindexonemp(did)
17
IndexDefinitioninSQL
n
Checkwhetheranindexexists
select*fromuser_indexes;
Manyindexeswithweirdnames(startwithsys)aresystemcreated
indexesforprimarykeys
n
Checkdetailsofanindex
select*fromUSER_IND_COLUMNS;
n
Dropanindex:dropindexindexname;
Dropindexidx_orders_pid;
18
B+treeIndexDetails
(Optional)
Reallifeexample:
Howtofindabookatalibraryifyouknowits
callnumber?
n
19
B+treeIndexDetails
(Optional)
n
n
n
n
Keyidea:createintermediatelevelofindexentries
(similarasalphabeticindexattheendoftextbook)
Supposeeachdisksectorcanstore10indexentries,wecallthesector
anindexnode
Firstlevelnodedividesoidinto11ranges:0999,10001999,,90009999,
10000moreusing10keysand11pointers
Eachkeyspecifiestheboundaryofarange,andeachpointerpointstothe
range(later)
1000
Therange
0999
2000
Therange?
10000
Therange?
20
B+treeIndexDetails
(Optional)
n
n
Thepointerinthefirstlevelpointstoasecond
levelnode(i.e.,thatnodecorrespondstothe
range)
Eachsecondarylevelnodefurtherdividesthat
rangeinto10smallerranges
1000
2000
10000
Therange
10001999
1100
Therange
10001099
1200
1300
Therange
?
1900
Therange
21
?
B+treeIndexDetails
(Optional)
n
Thelastlevel(leaf)contains(oid,pointertoorderwiththat
oid)foreachoidinthedatabase
1000
2000
10000
1200
1300
1900
Intermediate
1100
1210
Leaf(oid,)
Data(oid,)
1220
1231
1230
1232
1240
1233
1290
1234
1231, 1232,.. 1233,.. 1234,..
1241
1240
22
B+treeIndexDetails
(Optional)
n
Tofindtheorderwithoid=1234
1000
2000
Findtherangecontaining
1234inthefirstlevelnode
10000
[1000,1999]
1200
1100
1210
1220
1231
Data(oid,)
1300
1230
1232
1900
1240
1233
1290
1234
1231, 1232,.. 1233,.. 1234,..
23
B+treeIndexDetails
(Optional)
n
Findtherangecontaining
1234inthesecondlevel
Tofindtheorderwithoid=1234
1000
10000
1200
1100
2000
1300
1900
1210
1220
1231
Data(oid,)
followthepointerinthefirst
leveltoreachsecondlevel
node
Lookuptherangeinthat
node[1200,1299]
1230
1232
1240
1233
1290
1234
1231, 1233,.. 1232,.. 1234,..
24
B+treeIndexDetails
(Optional)
1000
n
2000
10000
Ifwehavereachaleaflevel
node,findtheoidvalue
(1234)andthepointertothat
orderrecord
1200
1300
1900
Wearedone!
Tofindtheorderwithoid=1234
1100
1210
1220
1231
Data(oid,)
1230
1232
1240
1233
1290
1234
1231, 1232,.. 1233,.. 1234,..
25
B+treeIndexDetails
(Optional)
n
Evaluateoid>=1234andoid<=2000,How?
1000
10000
1200
1100
2000
1300
1900
1210
1220
1231
Data(oid,)
1230
1232
1240
1233
1234
1231, 1232,.. 1233,.. 1234,..
1290
26
B+treeIndexDetails
(Optional)
n
Evaluateoid>=1234andoid<=2000
1000
1300
1900
1210
1220
1231
Data(oid,)
Firstevaluateoid=
1234
10000
1200
1100
2000
1230
1232
1240
1233
1234
1231, 1232,.. 1233,.. 1234,..
1290
1235
27
B+treeIndexDetails
(Optional)
n
Evaluateoid>=1234andoid<=2000
1000
10000
1200
1100
2000
1300
1900
1210
1220
1231
Data(oid,)
Thengetthenext
indexentryintheleaf
untilwemeettheentry
foroid=2000,follow
pointersinallthose
entriestogetorders
1230
1232
1240
1233
1234
1290
1235
1231, 1232,.. 1233,.. 1234,.. 1235,
2000
2000,
28
Chapter12:Indexing
n
n
BasicConcepts
Themostcommonlyusedindexes:
n
n
n
n
B+TreeIndex
Createindexstatement
Multicolumn(key)index
Ruleofthumbofindexcreation
29
ARealLifeExample
Lookforahouselocatedat1XXXHilltopRd,
butyoudonotknowtheexactnumber
n Thisisthesameas:
Select*fromhousewherestreet='HilltopRd'
andsnumber>=1000andsnumber<2000
n
2000
1000
HilltopRd.
30
ARealLifeExample
n
n
n
Option1:findhilltoprd1000,thendrivealongthestreet
untilyouseeHilltopcircle2000
Thisisthesameascreateanindexon(street,number),
suchthattheleavesaresortedbystreet,thenbynumber
Firstusethisindextolocatetheindexleafcontaining
1000HilltopRd
2000
1000
HilltopRd.
Startfromhereusingindexon(street,number)
31
ARealLifeExample
n
n
n
Thengothroughsubsequentleavestolocate1XXXHilltop
Rd.
Stopwhenyouhit2000HilltopRd.
Thisindexisefficientbecauseallhouseswith1XXXHilltop
Rdarestoredtogetherintheleaves.Thusyouonlyvisit
thosehousesintheanswer
2000
1000
HilltopRd.
Stopuntilyouhit
2000HilltopRd.
32
ARealLifeExample
Option2:createanindexon(number,street)
n ThisindexisNOTusefulbecauseitissortedbystreet
numberandthenbystreet
n Wecanstartat1000HilltopCircle,butthenexthousein
index?
WilkensAve
1000
2000
HilltopRd.
Starthere
1000
2000
WilkensAve
33
ARealLifeExample
n
n
Thenexthouseintheindexmaybe1000WilkensAve,
Sobeforereaching2000HilltopRd,wewillvisitmany
housesnotintheanswer(thinkofdrivingtoallhouseswith
Roadnumber1XXXinBaltimorearea)
WilkensAve
1000
2000
HilltopRd.
Nexthousehere
1000
2000
WilkensAve
34
UsingMultiKeyIndex
n
Ingeneral,ifthequerycontainequalityconditiononprefixof
amultikeyindex,thisindexisusefulbecauseallanswers
arestoredtogetherinthisindex
n
E.g.,anindexon(Street,number)isusefulfor:
n
n
n
Equalityconditiononstreetandnumber(e.g.,1000HilltopRd)
Equalityconditiononstreetandrangeconditiononnumber(e.g.,1XXX
HilltopRd)
EqualityconditiononStreetonly(HilltopCircle)
35
CreateMultiKeyIndex
n
Createindexonmultiplecolumns
Createindexhouse_idx_street_numberon
house(street,snumber);
36
Chapter12:Indexing
n
n
BasicConcepts
Themostcommonlyusedindexes:
n
n
n
n
B+TreeIndex
Createindexstatement
Multicolumn(key)index
Ruleofthumbofindexcreation
37
RulesofThumbofIndex
Creation
n
n
n
n
Indexesarenotneededfortoydatasets(nomorethan
100rows)
Indexesarealwaysneededforanyseriousapplication
WhethertheindexisusedinaSQLqueryisstilldecided
byqueryoptimizer(nextchapter)
Indexincursupdateoverheadandneedsextraspace
38
RulesofThumbofIndex
Creation
Createindexoncolumnsappearinwhereclause
Theindexwillbeusedtoevaluatewhereconditionefficiently
n
n
n
Createmulticolumnindexiftherearemultipleconditiononthesame
tableandatleastoneofthemisequality
Theorderinmulticolumnindexstartswiththethosecolumnswith
equalityconditions
E.g.selectpidfromproductwhereprice<100andptype=
'TV';
Createanindexonproduct(ptype,price)
39
RulesofThumbofIndex
Creation
n
Createindexoncolumnsappearinjoincondition
(orforeignkeycolumns)
E.g.select*fromproductp,orderso
wherep.pid=o.pid
Createanindexonorders(pid)
Theindexwillbeusedtoevaluatejoinefficiently
Doyouneedtocreateanindexonproduct.pid?
40
RulesofThumbofIndex
Creation
Createindexongroupbycolumns
E.g.selectptype,avg(price)fromproduct
groupbyptype;
Createanindexonproduct(ptype)
Theindexwillbeusedtoevaluatethe
groupbymoreefficiently
n
41
RulesofThumbofIndex
Creation
Createindexonorderbycolumns
E.g.select*fromproduct
orderbyprice;
Createanindexonproduct(price)
Theindexwillbeusedtoevaluatetheorderby
(theindexentriesaresortedonprice)
n
42
RulesofThumbofIndex
Creation
CreateindexonallcolumnsappearintheSQLif
therearemanycolumnsthatdonotappearinthe
SQLstatement
E.g.selectprice,pidfromproduct;
Createanindexonproduct(price,pid)
Theindexwillbeusedtoaccessonlycolumns
appearintheSQLstatement
n
43
AutomaticIndexTuningTools
n
n
n
n
OracleandSQLserver:Indextuningwizard
(partofenterprisemanager)
DB2:designadvisor
Theyallautomaticallyrecommendasetof
indexes
Needtoprovide
n
n
SetofSQLqueries(canweightthem)youwantto
speedup
Uptodatestatistics
44
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UNIV100Fall,2010Sections1503TheStudentintheUniversitySurvivingatUM&theCollegeofAgriculture&NaturalResourcesCourseSyllabusInstructor:TAMr. Tim Lapanne(Section 1503)0104 Symons Hall(301) 405-5308Courtney Shaycshay@mail.umd.eduOurClassroom:321
Maryland - UNIV - Univ 100
Elise KimUNIV 1009/27/2010A)I made many friends on Friday during the All Niter. They were all friends of oneof my friends from my floor and they are in Navigators, a Christian club. We playedgames together in the basement of Denton. It was very fun!
Maryland - UNIV - Univ 100
Elise KimUNIV 1009/27/2010A)I made many friends on Friday during the All Niter. They were all friends of oneof my friends from my floor and they are in Navigators, a Christian club. We playedgames together in the basement of Denton. It was very fun!
Maryland - UNIV - Univ 100
Elise KimUNIV 100Lapanne9/27/10Meetcha TeachaIt was very hard for me to pick a professor I wanted to interview, but Ichose Dr. Updike, my Animal Science 101 and Animal Science 103 professorbecause he is the teacher that Im majoring in, Animal Scien
Maryland - UNIV - Univ 100
Elise KimUNIV 1009/6/2010A) This week, I learned how to navigate through the campus by asking people fordirections. They were all surprisingly nice and I was grateful that they didnt giveme the wrong directions. Now that I can go to different places
Regis - ACCOUNTING - 401
ch01Student: _1.Taxes influence many types of business decisions but generally do not influence personal decisions.True False2.Taxes influence business decisions such as where a business should locate or how a business should bestructured.True Fal
Regis - ACCOUNTING - 401
ch02Student: _1.Corporations are required to file a tax return annually regardless of their taxable income.True False2.The tax return filing requirements for individual taxpayers only depend on the taxpayer's filing status.True False3.If a taxpay
Regis - ACCOUNTING - 401
ch03Student: _1.The goal of tax planning is tax minimization.True False2.Nontax factors do not play an important role in tax planning.True False3.Virtually every transaction involves the taxpayer and two other parties that have an interest in the
Regis - ACCOUNTING - 401
ch04Student: _1.Relative to for AGI deductions, from AGI deductions tend to relate to items that are more personal innature.True False2.Taxpayers need not include an income item in gross income unless there is a specific tax provisionrequiring the
Regis - ACCOUNTING - 401
ch05Student: _1.Gross income includes all income realized during the year.True False2.Excluded income will never be subject to the federal income tax.True False3.The all-inclusive definition of income means that gross income is defined very broad
Regis - ACCOUNTING - 401
ch06Student: _1.The profit motive distinguishes "business" activities from "personal" activities.True False2.All business expense deductions are claimed above the line.True False3.All investment expenses are itemized deductions.True False4.Ren
Regis - ACCOUNTING - 401
ch07Student: _1.Both the width (or range) of the tax brackets (the amount of income taxed at a particular rate) in the taxrate schedules and the range of the tax rates in the tax rate schedules (the difference between the lowesttax rate and the highe
Regis - ACCOUNTING - 401
ch08Student: _1.The Internal Revenue Code authorizes deductions for trade or business activities if the expenditureis "ordinary and necessary".True False2.Business activities are distinguished from other activities in that business activities are m
Regis - ACCOUNTING - 401
ch09Student: _1.Like financial accounting, most business property must be capitalized for tax purposes.True False2.Tax cost recovery methods include depreciation, amortization, and depletion.True False3.If a business mistakenly claims too little
Regis - ACCOUNTING - 401
ch10Student: _1.The amount realized is the sale proceeds less the adjusted basis.True False2.Generally, the amount realized is everything of value received in a sale less selling expenses.True False3.The adjusted basis is the cost basis less cost
Regis - ACCOUNTING - 401
ch11Student: _1.Generally, interest income is taxed at preferential capital gains rates and dividend income is taxed atordinary rates.True False2.Interest earned on U.S. savings bonds is interest received at sale or maturity but must be taxedannua