overtimeandacrosscircumstances
PsychStudyGuide#3
00:56
Personality:characteristics,emotions,thoughtsbehaviorsthatarerelativestable whatmakesyouwhoyouare?Whatmakesyouunique?Whatisthesame
overtime?
Howwemanageemotions,behavior,situation,andadventure
Personalitytraits:characteristicsoftheperson,adispositionaltendencytoactina
certainwayovertime
Relativelystabledispositiontobehaveinaparticularandconsistentway
Introversionvs.extraversion
Introversion:highstress,depression,neuroticism,pronetomorenegativeemotions
Extraversion:notquicklyoverwhelmedbystimulusseekingmorestimuli,moreproneto
dodrugs,rockclimb,skydive
Howhavescientistsstudiedpersonality
Psychodynamictheoriesemphasizeunconsciousanddynamicprocesses
dynamicrelationshipsw/otherpeople
Humanisticapproachesemphasizeintegratedpersonalexperience
o Unconditionalpositiveregardyouregoodenoughtryingto
understandhowpersonisfindingmeaninginlife
Socialcognitiveapproach:howpeoplethinkaboutsituations,butalsohowtheywould
respondinthosesituations
Typeandtraitapproachdescribesbehavioraldispositions:categorizepeopleindifferent
ways
TheFreudianorPsychodynamicapproach
Theroleofunconsciousinfluencesonpersonality(lifeisunconsciously
driven)
Id=unconscious,pleasurecenter
o Bornw/it,havetorestrainit(devilchildishimpulses)
Superego=dictatesfromsociety,parents
DoesntacceptdesiretomeetIddesire(angelorparent)
SexualinterestinoppositeparentneedtocontrolId
Ego=mediatesbetweenIdandSuperego
Senseofself,howwewanttooperate
Introducesconceptofunconsciousdefensemechanisms
Defensemechanisms:feelokayintimeofstruggle
Almosteverythingisunconscioussomethingsarepreconsciousorconscious(Freuds
topographicalmodel)
Therapistcansuggestunconsciousfeeling,andbringittopreconsciousor
subconscious
PenisEnvyTheorythefemaleacknowledgesthefactofhercastrationandw/it
toothesuperiorityofthemaleandherowninferiority,butsherebelsagainstthis
unwelcomestateofaffairsFreud
decidedthatwomanhadpenisenvyphallicsymbols=monumenttopenis
CommonDefenseMechanisms
Denial:refusingtoacknowledgesourceofanxiety(ignore,pretenditdoesnt
exist)
o EX:illpersonignoresmedicaladvice
Repression:excludingsourceofanxietyfromawareness
EX:personfailstorememberanunpleasantevent
Projection:attributingunacceptablequalitiesoftheselftosomeoneelse
EX:competitivepersondescribesothersassupercompetitive
ReactionFormation:Wardingoffanuncomfythoughtbyoveremphasizingtheopposite
EX:personwithunacknowledgedhomosexualdesiresmakeshomophobicremarks
Rationalization:concoctingaseeminglylogicalreasonorexcuseforbehaviorthatmight
otherwisebeshameful
EX:personcheatsontaxesbecauseeveryonedoesit
Displacement:shiftingattentionofemotionfromoneobjecttoother(takeemotionsout
onothers)
EX:personyellsatchildrenafterabaddayofwork
Sublimination:channelingsociallyunacceptableimpulsesinconstructive,evenpositive
way
EX:sadistbecomesasurgeonordentist
TheHumanisticexistentialapproach:personalityaschoice
Humanisticexistentialtheoristsfocusonhowhealthychoicescreate
personality(muchmorepositiveandoptimistic)
o Humanisticpsychologistsemphasizeapositive,optimisticviewof
humannature;goodnessandpotentialforgrowth
o Existentialistpsychologistsfocusontheindividualnegotiatingtheissue
ofmeaningandtherealityofdeath
Personalitiesdevelopwhentryingtounderstandlifesmeaning
Selfactualizationapproach(Maslow)
Kidswillbeokayifparentsprovidepositive(unconditional)love
HumanNeeds,SelfActualization,andPersonalityasexistence
Selfactualizingtendency:thehumanmotivetowardrealizingoutinner
potential(Maslow)
o Engagementintasksthatmatchourabilitiescauseastateoffocus
calledflow
Existentialapproach:regardspersonalityasgovernedbyanindividualsongoing
choicesanddecisionsinthecontextoftherealitiesoflifeanddeath;
Angstcanariseaswefindmeaninginlifeanddeathandtakeresponsibilityformaking
freechoices
Onemustdealwithissuesheadoninsteadofusingdefenses
Engagementintasksthatmatchourabilitiescauseastateoffocus
Thesocialcognitiveapproach:personalitiesinsituations
Socialcognitiveapproach:anapproachthatviewspersonalityintermsofhow
thepersonthinksaboutthesituationsencountersindailylifeandbehavesin
responsetothem
o Notjustaskingwhattheythinkofsituation,askingwhatyouwoulddo
inthatsituation
Personsituationcontroversy:thequestionofwhetherbehavioriscausedmoreby
personalityorbysituationalfactors
Studyingpersonality:projectiveapproaches(unconsciousthought)
Rorschachinkblottest:individualinterpretationsofthemeaningofasetof
unstructuredinkblotsareanalyzedtoidentifyarespondentsinnerfeelingand
interpretpersonalitystructure
o Notthemostreliable
ThematicApperceptionTest(TAT):respondentsrevealunderlyingmotives,concerns,
andthewaytheyseethesocialworldthroughstoriestheymakeupaboutambiguous
pictures
Usedmoreoften
Studyingpersonality:selfreportinventories
Personalityinventoriesusemultiplechoice/forcedchoice
Validityscalehelpsalleviateresponsestylebiases
SelfReport:aseriesofanswerstoaquestionnairethataskspeopletoindicatethe
extenttowhichsetsofstatementsoradjectivesaccuratelydescribetheirown
behavior/mentalstate
Tendencytopresentthemselvesinwaythatissociallyacceptable
MMPI2:awellresearchedclinicalquestionnaireusedtoassesspersonalityand
psychologicalproblems
Mostcommon
500trueorfalsequestions
notsurewhyitsaskingcertainquestionsbutitcomparesresponsesofpeople,linked
w/otheritems
sensationseekingscale:partofextroversion
newsituations,crazythings,explore,tryanythingonce
Rotterslocusofcontrolscale
Dothingshappeninternallyorexternally?
Studyingpersonality:thenarrativeapproach
DanMcadams,personalityresearch
Tounderstandpeople,needtounderstandtheirpersonalnarrativeoftheir
wholelives
o Tellmeaboutyourlife
theSearchforCoretraits
traitscanbeclassifiedbyusingadjectives(language),whichmaybe
organizedinahierarchicalpattern
o factoranalysissortstraititemsintosmalldimensions.Researchers
havearguedhowmanycorefactorsexist
TheBig5,andEysenkstwofactormodel
Eysenkpositsthreesuperordinatepersonalitytraits:
Organizedsubordinatetraitsandhabitualandspecificresponsesystems,
importanttocareaboutallthree
o Emotionalstabilityv.emotionalinstability(neuroticism)
o Extraversion/introversion
o Psychoticism(impulsivityandaggression)
Dependsonhowintroverted/extrovertedmatchw/stability,notjustalone
TheBigFive(eachtraitexistsonahigh/lowscale)isperhapsmostdominant
currentpsychometricmeasurementperspectiveinpersonalitypsychology(OCEAN)
Traitsofthefivefactormodel:conscientiousness,agreeableness,
neuroticism,opennesstoexperience,andextraversion
o Accountsforvariabilitywithoutoverlap,multipleobserveragreeability,
anditsreliableacrosscultures(maybeuniversal)
1.Opennesstoexperience:
imaginativevs.downtoearth
varietyvs.routine
independentvs.conforming
2.Conscientiousness:
organizedvs.disorganized
carefulvs.careless
selfdisciplinesvs.weakwilled
3.Extraversion:
socialvs.retiring
funlovingvs.sober
affectionatevs.reserved
4.Agreeableness:
softheartedvs.ruthless
trustingvs.suspicious
helpfulvs.uncooperative
5.Neuroticism:
worriedvs.calm
insecurevs.secure
selfpityingvs.selfsatisfyied
importanttounderstandwheresomeoneisonall5
Whatisbiologicalbasispersonality
Personalityisrootedingenetics
o Manifestationcouldmakeadifference,environmentdetermineshow
yourpersonalitywillmanifestitself
Outlettoexpresssomethingvs.nothavinganoutlet
Twinshavemanyofthesametraits(extraversionandopennesstonewexperiencesare
themostgeneticallyinfluenced)
AdoptionStudiesshow:
Adoptedsiblingsarenomorealikeinpersonalitythanrandomlyselectedpersonsare
Personalitiesofadoptedchildrenarelargelyunrelatedtotheiradoptiveparents
Temperamentsareevidentininfancycantellat4months
o Personalityisreflectininfanttemperamentthroughactivitylevel,
emotionality,sociability,shychildrenareinhibited
Personalityislinkedtospecificneurophysiologicalmechanisms
Personalityisadaptive
TraitsintheBrain
HansEysenckpostulatedthatextraversionismostrelevantto
neurophysiologicalmechanisms;variationinalertness
o Over/understimulationofthereticularformation(arousal)
JeffreyGrayproposetwobrainsystemsresponsibleforextraversionandneuroticism
Behavioralactivationsystem(BAS):moreextraverted,morelikelytoactivategostraight
toreward
Behavioralinhibitionsystem(BIS):activatedinintroverted,firsttendencyistonotdo
anythingandinsteadthinkwhatcouldgowronghere
ArousalandExtraversion/introversion
Theory:differencesincorticalarousalwhydifferencesbetweenextravertsand
introverts
CorticalarousalregulatedbyAscendingReticularActivatingSystem(ARAS)
Extravertsunderaroused
Introvertshyperaroused
Trytogettooptimallevelofarousal
Zuckermanssensationseekingsimilartoextraversionbutwithimpulsive
element
o Neurochemicaldeficit
Examplesofsometraits:
Selfefficacy(control)(bandura)
Optimismpessimism
TypeA(highstrung)vs.TypeB(laidback)personalities
Neuroticism/emotionalstability
Extraversion/introversion
Hardiness(orchidordandelion)
Shyness
Narcissism
Stressreactivity
DSMIVsperspectiveonnormalandabnormal/psychopathologicaldimensionsof
personalitytraits
DSMIVstandsforthediagnosticandstatisticalmanualoftheAmerican
psychiatricassociation(4thedition)
Itisthestandardizednomenclatureofpsychopathologyinthebusinessof
mentalhealthinNorthAmerica
Personalitydisorder:
Anenduringpatternofinnerexperienceandbehaviorthathas5
characteristics
o Deviatesmarkedlyfromtheexpectationsoftheindividualsculture
o Ispersuasiveandinflexibile
o Hasanonsetinadolescenceorearlychildhood
o Isstableovertime
o Andleadstoeithersignificantpersonaldistressorimpairmentin
socialoccupationalrolefunctioning
NarcissiticPersonalityDisorder:
Coredefinition:apersuasivepatternofgradiosity(infantasyorbehavior)
needforadmirationandlackofempathy,beginningbyearlyadulthoodand
presentinavarietyofcontextsasindicatedbythefollowing
o 1.Grandiosesenseofselfimportance
o 2.preoccupiedwithfantasiesofunlimitedsuccess,power,brilliance,
beautyorideallove
o 3.Believeshe/sheisspecialanduniqueandcanonlybeunderstood
by,orshouldassociatewith,otherspecialorhighstatuspeople
o 4.Requiresexcessiveadmiration
o 5.Hassenseofselfentitlement,i.e.,unreasonableexpectationsof
especiallyfavorabletreatmentorautomaticcompliancewithhisorher
expectations
o 6.Isinterpersonallyexploitative
o 7.Lacksempathy:isunwillingtorecognizeoridentifywiththefeelings
andneedsofothers
o 8.Isoftenenviousofothersorbelievesothersareenviousofhim/her
o 9.Showsarrogant,haughtybehaviorsorattitudes
DSMIVNarcissismvideo
Manatclinicfoundthathisgirlfriendwasinadequatenotinterestedinpeoplethat
havenothingtoofferme
sheexpectsmetofillhervoidhowallhisrelationshipsare
peopleseemeasbeingspecial,fairlyintelligent,jealousofmyabilities
whensomethingisoutstandyoudonttreatitlikeitisordinary
putsfaultsonotherpeople,canthandlenegfeedback,doesntlikebeingcalledinferior,
unemotionalaboutbreakup,arrogant,preoocupiedwithhimself,doesntchangehowhe
actsblamesitonthefactthatpeoplearejealousofhim
peoplewithnarcissismarenotalwayslikeablegoodataligningwithpeople
experiencinggreatdealofemotionalpainnarcississticbubblepsychologicallycollapse
fromnegcomment
usuallyifyoudiagnosedisorder,youcantstopitbutyoucanmitigateagainstit(stable
disorder)
AntiSocialPersonalitydisorderandpsychopathy
Bothinvolvecombinationofpersonalitytraitsandsociallydeviantdisorders
Butdistinctdisorders
AntiSocialPersonality=pervasivepatternofdisregardforandviolationoftherightof
others
Lawviolations,deceit,impulsivity,aggressiveness,disregardforsafety,
irresponsibility,lackofremorse
Behaviorbased
75%ofmaleprisonersinjailhaveantisocialpersonalitydisorder
hardertodiagnosewithoutpatternoflawinvolvement
Psychopathy:focusesmoreonpersonality
Hardcorecriminals,killers
25%ofmales,15%offemales
moreextremethanAntiSocialPersonalitydisorder
MaskofSanity(Checkley)
o criminalpsych,describespsychopathicpersonality
afundamentalincapacityforloveortruefriendship(Karpman)
o donthaveabilitytoloveorformbonds/relationships
Pictureofbrideandgroombotharepsychopathic
Dayofwedding,2ndmurdervictimfound,husbandandwifeworkedtogether
todomurder
Wifesaidshewasabatteredwoman,andgotoutafter12years,butitwas
laterfoundoutthatmoreinvolvedthanpeoplethought
Cantalwaystellhighpsychopathicpeople,easiertotellantisocialdisorder
Psychopathychecklist:beyondthebehaviorsthepersonalityitems
Glibness/Superficialcharmverylikeable
Grandiosesenseofselfworth
o dontcarewhatpeoplethinkofthem(unlikenarcissisism)
Needforstimulationillegalthings,burglary
Pathologicallying
o lyingjustforthesakeoflying,aboutthingsthatdontmatter
o Justtopulloneoveronotherpeople,dupingdelight
Conning/manipulativepretendingtobeinjured,togetpeopletohelpyouthen
whentheydoharmingthem
Lackofremorsenotsorryforwhattheydid
Shallowaffectnothingreallyphasesthem
Callous/lackofempathy
o Havetroublerelatingtoothers,andunderstandinghowpeopleare
feeling
Psychopathyvideoclip
Assessmentinterviewaboutinnerpersonalstyle,noticehowtheytalk,what
typeoflanguagetheyuse,andbodylanguage
Talksaboutdeath,shooting,rapeverycasually
Asajuvenilehegotawaywithalotofstuff
Currentlyinjailforaddictiontococaine,30months
Everythingrevolvesaroundhim,grandioseconceited,notembarrassed,he
enjoystheattentionheisgetting
Verypolite
Remorsedidntfeelguilty,eventhoughhesaidhedid
o Saidthatthepersonhadinsurancesohedidntfeelbadaboutrobbing
them
o Inordertounderstandiftheyareactuallyremorsefulyouhaveto
continuetolistentotheirstory
LykkensLowFearHypothesis
Peoplearehighinpsychopathybecausethatdonthaveanormalleveloffear,
borndifferent,anddontexperiencefearinthesameway
Poorfearconditioningamygdaladoesnotlightupinthesameway
Poorsocializationbecausenofear
Poorattachmentbecausedontneedcomfort
o Earlyattachmenthappensbecausetoddlershavefearofbeingleft
o Highpsychopathicpeopledonthavebondsunlessitservesapurpose Insensitivetopunishmentcues
o
(i.e.money,food,ahouse)
fearkeepsusfromdoingthingsthattherecouldbeconsequencesfor
o Highpsychopathicpeopledonthavefears,sotheyfinditfun
EX:seeingsirenswouldscarenormalpeoplebutnothigh
psychopathicpeople
NewmansResponseModulationHypothesis
MorespecificthanLykkensmodelnotinconsistent
Insensitivetopunishmentcueswhentheyareperipheral
o Ifnotthefocus,theywontpayattentiontofear
o Iftheyaretrainedtofocusonfearcuesthentheywillhavenormal
amountsoffear
Insensitivetoemotionalneutralcuesaswellasfear
Immediateactingonurgeslackofresponsemodulationsobehaviorisnot
regulated
Amygdaladifferencesbecausenotattendtothecues,sonotactivation
StroopTest:animalsw/names(likethecolortest)
Mostresponsetimesslowdown,highpsychopathypeopleperformbetternot
distractedbyperipheralcues
Overselectiveattentionabletoignore,emotionalcues,stress
PsychopathicBrainVideoClip
SPECT:radioactivetracersareinjectedandlookatbrainactivity
Normalpeople:processneutralandemotionalexperiencesdifferently
o Highpsychopathicpeopleprocessinthesameway,dontextract
emotionalinformation
Normalpeople,withaneutralstimulihavewidespreadactivation,andforemotional
stimulitheyhavehighactivationinrighthemisphere
Psychopathicpeopleseeaneutralstimuliandonlythebackpartofthebrainlightsup
Noaffectinassociationinpsychopath,thetaskisstraightforward
Individualisnotcapableifdeepsemanticaffectiveprocessingsuperficially
MentalDisordersareclassifiedintocategories
DSMIVmultiaxialclassificationsystem
Importanttocarefullyaddressallaxiss
o Axis1:clinicaldisordersandotherconditionsthatmaybeafocusof
clinicalattention
Treatable,changeable,notpermanent
schizophrenia,mooddisorders,anxietydisorders,sexualandgenderdisorders,sleep
disorders,eatingdisorders
Axis2:mentalretardationandpersonalitydisorders(antisocialpersonalitydisorder,
paranoidpersonalitydisorder,borderlinepersonalitydisorder)
Ifpersonalityisdiagnosedanditispermanent,butthereisawaytomaketheperson
higherfunctioning
Axis3:generalmedicalconditionsthatmayberelevanttomentaldisorders(cancer,
epilepsy,obesity,ParkinsonsDisease,Alzheimers)
Axis4:psychosocialandenvironmentalproblemsthatmightaffectthediagnosis,
treatment,andprognosisofmentaldisorders(unemployment,divorce,legalproblems,
homelessness,poverty,parentaloverprotection
TheValueandDangerofLabelsCategorizationandDiagnosis
ProblemswithDSM:facilitatesprofessionalcommunication
o Leadstoshorthanddescription,impliedmeaning(puttingageneral
label)
o Canstigmatizeandleadtoselffullfilingprophecyhowpeoplereact
andhowitaffectsabilitytobeatthedisease
RosenhanVideoClip
Onbeingsaneininsaneplaces
fakedasinglesymptom
o saidtheyheardvoices(schizophrenia)
noonetalkstoyouinside,nocontact,verydehumanizing,fewvisitors
oncetheyenteredthementalhealthcenternoonethoughttheyweresaneeverifthey
were
saidtheywereinremissionmeaningitwouldnevergoaway
notcollectionofsymptomstheyarepeoplewhoareunhappy
cantdiagnosewithjustonesymptom
CritiqueandimpactondevelopmentofDSMs
Singlesymptomsareinadequatebiasesfordiagnosis
DSMsubsequentlyarticulateddetaileddiagnosticcriteria
Mentaldisordersmustbeassessedbeforediagnosis
Assessmentusesstructuredandunstructuredinterviews
o Spendtimegettingtoknowthemfirst
Assessmentutilizesbehavioralinformation
Assessmentprofitfrompsychologicaltestinginformation
MentalDisordershavemanycauses
Familyandsocioculturalfactors
Cognitivebehavioralfactors
Biologicalfactors
Thediathesisstressmodelintegratesmultipleperspectives
o Helpstounderstandwhypeoplehavetendencyofdisorder
o Predisposingfactors:e.g,genetics;personalitytraits;environment;
earlyandprolongedstressorsandstressresponsesresultingin
emotionallyandbehaviorallymaladaptivecircuitsinthebrain
whetheryouareleftorrightbrainedmakesadifference
ifyouhaveaschizophreniagene,youaremorevulnerable
canbetriggeredinutero
Stress=precipitatingfactorsortriggeringfactors
Stressfulmajorlifeeventsassociatedwiththeonsetof
psychopathologicalsymptomsinadulthood)
Neuroticdisorders=nonpsychotic
Nodelusionsorhallucinations
Nomarkedlyimpairedrealitytesting
o Operationally,absenceofmarkedlyimpairedrealitytestisseemin
personswhoareawarethattheirthinkfeelingsaredistorted,
unreasonable,orproductsofimagination
AnxietyDisorders:Descriptions
1.Generalizedanxietydisorder
o excessiveanxietyandworrymoredaysthannotfor6months
o personfindsitdifficulttocontroltheworry
o anxiety/worryassociatedwithatleast3offollowingsymptoms:
restlessness/feelingkeyeduporonedge
beingeasilyfatigued
difficultyconcentratingormindgoingblank
irritability
muscletension
sleepdisturbance
2.Panicdisorder
withorwithoutagoraphobia
havingpanicattacks(needtoescape)morebiologicallyprone,dontknowwhyit
happens,areafraid
3.Phobicdisorders
agoraphobia:fearofpanicattacksneverlearnitsokay,avoidance
socialphobia:socialsituations,peoplearenegativelyfocusedonyou,trouble
specificphobias:claustrophobia,planes,spidersdebilitatingindailylife
4.ObsessiveCompulsiveDisorder:
obsessions:thoughtsassociatedw/disorder(toucheddoor,havegerms)
compulsions:behavior(washinghands)
5.PostTraumaticStressDisorder
anxietybecausepeopledontwanttobebackinsituation
experienceanxietyinpanic,worldbecomessmarterandhardertooperate
Panicdisorder:adisordercharacterizedbythesuddenoccurrenceofmultiple
psychologicalandphysiologicalsymptomsthatcontributetoafeelingofstarkterror;
panicattacks
Approx..22%oftheU.Spopulationreportshavingatleastonepanicattack
Agoraphobia:anextremefearofventuringintopublicplaces;correlateswith
panicdisorder
Thingsdevelopinadisorderwhenweavoidnegativereinforces
Takingcontrolofbreathingbehavioraltreatment
Cognitivetreatment:talkingselfoutofit
Bestthingtodoistoputselfbackinsituation
VideoClip:sportswriter
Discussionofsymptomatology:panicattack,anxiety,agoraphobia
Diagnoses:panicdisorder,w/agoraphobia
Etiology:avoideddealingwithit,socialstress,divorce
Treatment:wontbeeffectiveifonlydealingwithpanicattacks,helpingexpose
someonetowhattheyareafraidof
Talkingaboutdrinkingalot,wifedivorcedhim(heusedtoenjoylife)
o InBaltimorehispalmsweresweaty,heartracing,dizziness,afraid
(strongphysiologicalresponse)
o Controllednervousnessw/scotch,andsleptthroughinterview
ObsessiveCompulsiveDisorder:adisorderinwhichrepetitive,intrusive,thoughts
(obsessions)andritualisticbehaviors(compulsions)designedtofendoffthose
thoughtsinterferesignificantlywithanindividualsfunction
Roughly1.3%ofthepopulationsuffers
Moderateheritability
OCDyoungmothersstrugglevideoclip
Hastowatchoutforson,needstolookathimatallstopsigns
Setstrapuptoseeiftheyaremoveddiagnosedbeforehavingson
Knowsherthoughtsareirrational,butcantdoanythingaboutit
o Ifshelooksawayforonesecondthereisachancesomethingcould
happen
Fearofcontaminationwashedhands22timesinhalfanhour,verycomplexprocess
drieshandsup
CommoninpeoplewithOCD
Spinsincirclestomakesuresheisokayhardforhertotakeawalk
Triestostop,butcantdebilitating
CausesofOCD:
Caudatenucleusdysfunctiondifferent,abnormalstructure
Caudatenucleuspartofbasalganglia
Basalgangliainvolvedinimpulsesuppression(notabletosuppress)
Theory:impulsesleakintoconsciousandprefrontalcortexbecomes
overactive
o Sinceimpulsesarebeingwellmanaged,wehavetodosomething
aboutthoseimpulses
Strepinfection:canleadtoovernightOCDsymptoms
AnxietyDisorder
Focusonthreateningevents,content
Biologicalfactorsplayrole
o Afterbeingtoldtohyperventilate,thepanicdisorderpatientswill
actuallyhyperventilateafter
ThedoctorexaminedEmmasGrowth
ifaskedtoanonanxiouspersontheywillthinkthegrowthistalkingabouttheheight,
butifaskedtoahighanxietypersontheywillthinkitisreferringtoatumor,orsomething
bad
Inhibitedtemperamentsrelatedtoanxiety
IncreasedCNSactivationrelatedtopanicdisorder
Treatmentthatfocusonbehaviorandcognitionareimportantforanxietydisorders
Forspecificphobias,thesourcesofanxietyarebetteraddressedwith
cognitivebehavioralapproachesthanwithmedicationalone
Systemicdesensitizationusesfearhierarchiestohelppeoplelearnto
managedimensionsoffear
o Gradualprocess,learningtheory
Virtualtreatmentscanreducefearresponses
Cognitivetherapy:involveshelpingaclientidentifyandcorrectanydistortedthinking
aboutself,others,ortheworld
Cognitiverestructuring:atherapeuticapproachthatteachesclientsto
questiontheautomaticbeliefsassumptionandpredictionsthatoftenleadto
negativethinkingwithmorerealisticandpositivebeliefs
Mindfulnessmeditation:teachesanindividualtobefullypresentineach
moment;tobeawareofhisorherthoughts,feelings,andsensations;andto
detectsymptomsbeforetheybecomeaproblem
CognitiveBehavioralTherapy(CBT):ablendofcognitiveandbehavioraltherapeutic
strategies
Effectiveforaranchofdisorders
whatstheworstthingthatcanhappentalkitthroughwithpatientabouthow
realisticisit
Treatmentsthatfocusonbehaviorandcognitionaresuperiorforanxiety
SSRIshelpsocialphobia,butcognitiveandbehavioralmethodsare
treatmentsofchoice
o Addcognitivepartbecauseitisalsoalearnedresponse
o Notgoingforimmediaterelief,gradualandlongterm
PanicdisordertreatmentsarecombinationofmedicationandCBTbutrelapse
islesswithCBT
OCDtreatmentsblendmedicationandCBTwithafocusonexposeandresponse
prevention
Exposeandresponseprevention:exposepatienttowhattheyareafraidof,so
theyareunlearningtheirfear
o Exposetogerm,talkaboutvalidityofthoughts,calmdownandtryto
stopthinkingaboutit
Suicideriskandprevention
Suicideisthe11thleadingcauseofdeathintheU.Sandthirdamonghigh
schoolandcollegestudents
o 50%ofthosewhocommitsuicidedosoduringadepressiveepisode
thereexistavarietyofmotivesforsuicide
maybebiologicaland/orcontagious(Werthereffect)
predictionandpreventionisdifficulthoweverwarningsignsareabundant people
dontseeriskbecausepersonhidesit
stemsfromdepressiondontbeliefitmatterstolive,notworthanything
distortedworldview
Depression
Dark,desperatefeelingpeoplearehaving,notrational,buttothemitistheir
reality
Depressedmood
Markedlydiminishedinterestandpleasure
Significantweightlossorweightgain
Insomniaorhypersomnia
Psychomotoragitationorpsychomotorretardation(lossofenergy)
Fatigueorlossofenergy
Feelingsofworthlessnessandexcessiveguilt
Diminishedabilitytothink,concentrateandmakedecisions
Recurrentthoughtsofdeathorsuicidalideation
Psychoticfeaturesasspecifer:
Hallmarkssofpsychosisdelusionsandhallucinations(havetomatchwith
depressivethoughts)
o voiceswillsaydepressivethings,havedepressinghallucinations
presenceofpsychoticfeaturesinmooddisordersisseenin
MoodCongruentDelusions:Depressivedelusionsofutterworthlessness/repulsiveness
ofself;manicdelusionsofGrandeur,unlimitedpowerandinfluence
Hallucinations(typicallyauditory)
Depressivedisorders
Dysthymicdisorderordydthymia(neuroticdepression)
o Chronic(2yeardurationormore)lowgradedepression(doesntmeet
criteriaforMajorDepression,thoughstillveryseriousdebilitating)
o Neverfeelhappy
o indicatedby2ormoreoffollowing:
Poorappetiteorovereating
Insomniaorhypersomnia
Lowenergyorfatigue
Lowselfesteem
Poorconcentrationordifficultymakingdecisions
Feelingsofhopelessness
Bipolardisordersinclude:
Manicandorhypomanicepisodes
Bipolardisorders(includedepression)
o Oftenneedmedicationtobestable
o Comesgenetically
Cyclothymia(hypomanic+nomajordepression)
o Oppositeofdysthamia,strugglesfrommildmania
o Notinanextremeway
ManicMoodEpisodes:showasadistinctperiodofabnormallyandpersistently
elevated,expansiveandirritablemood,indicatedbythreeormoreofthefollowing
Inflatedselfesteemorgrandiosity
Decreasedneedforsleep
Moretalkativethanusualorpressuretokeeptalking
Flightofideasorsubjectiveexperiencethatthoughtsareracing
Distractibility(i.e.,attentiontooeasilydrawntounimportant,andirrelevant
externalstimuli)
Increaseingoaldirectedactivityorpsychomotoragitation
Excessiveinvolvementinpleasurableactivitiesthathavehighpotentialfor
painfulconsequences(e.g.,unrestrainedbuyingsprees,sexualindiscretions,
foolishbusinessinvestments)
Hypomanicepisodes
Restless,consumedwithconfidence,energized
Notaspronetothegloomfollowingmania
DrJamison:wroteexuberancebookaboutthis
o Hypomanicstatesgenerateburstsofcreativework
Butcanbeproblemstheviewmaybebetterontheedge,butitiseasytoloseyou
balance
Bipolardisorders
Bipolar1:Hxofmanicepisodes
o Hxofdepressiveepisodesformost
Bipolar2:hxofhypomanicepisodes
Hxofmajordepressiveepisodes
Cyclothymia:2yeardurationofnumerousalternatingperiodsofhypomanic(lowlevel
manic)symptonsanddepressivesymptons(shyofmajordepressiveepisode)
Bipolardisorder:withoutpsychoticfeatures
Presentmentalstatecanbeprincipallyamanicepisodeormixedepisodeora
majordepressiveepisode
Diagnosisisbipolaraslongastherehasbeenapasthistoryofmania
Specifically,ifcurrentlydepressedwithahistoryofmanicepisodes,thediagnosis
becomesbipolardisorder,depressed
Mooddisturbanceissufficientlyseveretocausemarkedimpairmentinoccupational
functioningorinusualsocialactivitiesorrelationshipswithothers,tonecessitate
hospitalizationtopreventharmtoselforothers,ortherearepsychoticfeatures
Notethatthiscriteriondistinguisheshypomanicepisodesfrommanicepisodes
InhypomanicepisodethereisNOTmarkedimpairmentNORarethere ever
psychoticfeatures
Inmanicepisodesthereisalwaysmarkedimpairmentandsometimespsychotic
features.ThustheSxsaremoresevere,moreinterferingwithadaptivefunction
inmaniathaninhypomania
Mixedepisode
Alternationbetweenmoodstateswithinanepisode
Therespecialcaseofrapidcycling
Latiffa:Goddessofwindandrainvideo
Crazylady,veryhappy
Manicandweird
Didntwanttostayhome,boyfriendtoldhertogetout,nowheretogo
Believesshehasspecialpowers
Doesntsleepanymoreatnight,praysinstead
o Hasaspecialmission
Distractability,movefromthingtothing,disjointed
Delusional,notdistressedfeelinggood
Bipolarepisodenotschizophrenic,allovertheplace
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