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An Chapter Introduction to Chemistry
Chemistry
The science that deals
with the structure and
behavior of matter
Summary of Study
Strategies
The will to succeed is important, but whats
more important is the will to prepare.
Bobby Knight, basketball coach
Read the chapter in the textbook before it
is covered in the lecture.
Attend the class meetings, take notes, and
participate in class discussions.
Reread the textbook, working the
exercises, and marking important sections.
More Study Strategies
Use the chapter objectives as a focus
of study.
Use the computer-based tools that
accompany the course.
Work some of the problems at the
end of the chapter.
Ask for help when you need it.
Review for the exam.
Scientific Method
Chapter Map
Values from
Measurements
A value is a quantitative description that
includes both a unit and a number.
For 100 meters, the meter is a unit by
which distance is measured, and the 100
is the number of units contained in the
measured distance.
Units are quantities defined by standards
that people agree to use to compare one
event or object to another.
Base Units for the
International System of
Measurement
length
meter, m, the distance that light
travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a
second
mass kilogram, kg, the mass of a platinumiridium alloy cylinder in a vault in France
time second, s, the duration of 9,192,631,770
periods of the radiation emitted in a specified
transition between energy levels of cesium-133
temperature kelvin, K, 1/273.16 of the
temperature difference between absolute zero
and the triple point temperature of water
Derived Unit
1 L = 103 m3
103 L = 1 m3
Some Base Units and Their
Abbreviations for the
International System of
Measurement
Type
Length
Mass
Volume
Energy
Base Unit
Abbreviation
meter
gram
liter
joule
m
g
L or l
J
Metric Prefixes
Prefix Abbreviation
giga
mega
kilo
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
G
M
k
c
m
n
p
Number
109 1,000,000,000
106 or or 1,000,000
103 or 1000
102 or 0.01
103 or 0.001
106 or 0.000001
109 or 0.000000001
1012 or 0.000000000001
Length
Range of Lengths
Volume
Range of Volumes
Mass and Weight
Mass is usually defined as a measure of
the amount of matter in an object. Mass
can be defined as the property of matter
that leads to gravitational attractions
between objects and therefore gives rise
to weight.
Matter is anything that occupies a volume
and has a mass.
The weight of an object, on the Earth, is a
measure of the force of gravitational
attraction between the object and the
Earth.
Comparison of the Mass
and Weight of a 65 kg
Person
On Earth
Mass
Weight
65 kg
637 N
Between
Earth
and Moon
65 kg
0 N
On Moon
65 kg
1/6(637 N)
= 106 N
Mass
Range of Masses
Celsius and
Fahrenheit
Temperature
Comparing Temperature Scales
Precision and
Accuracy
Precision describes how closely a series
of measurements of the same object
resemble each other. The closer the
measurements are to each other, the
more precise the measurement. The
precision of a measurement is not
necessarily equal to its accuracy.
Accuracy is a measurements
relationship to the propertys true value.
Precision and Accuracy
(cont.)
Reporting Values
from Measurements
One of the conventions that
scientists use for reporting
numbers from measurements
is to report all of the certain
digits and one estimated (and
thus uncertain) digit.
Graduated Cylinder
Graduated Cylinder Accurate
to 0.1
Trailing Zeros
Trailing Zeros (2)
Digital Readout
Report all digits unless
otherwise instructed.
Digital Readout (2)
In many cases, it is best to round the
number in the value to fewer decimal
positions than displayed. For the mass
displayed above, 100.432 g would indicate
0.001 g.