Midterm Psyc420 Study Guide Multiple Choice Answers Rooting would be considered a(n) __________ reflex, while eye blinks and sneezing would be considered __________ reflexes. a. approach; avoidance b. avoidance; approach c. vestigial; approach d. avoidance; vestigial Answer: a Page(s): 133 Section: The Newborn Rationale: Rooting is an approach reflex because it helps the newborn find the breast and, thus, obtain food needed for survival. Eye blinks and sneezing help protect the newborn from harmful substance they need to avoid. Vestigial reflexes served a purpose in the history of the species, but serve no useful purpose today. According to Piaget, at each stage, thinking is guided by a. inborn quantitative mechanisms. b. the social interactions that the child encounters. c. the training that the child receives during a critical period. d. a set of organized cognitive structures. Answer: d Page(s): 143 Section: Cognitive Development Rationale: Piaget believed that at each stage, thinking was guided by a set of organized cognitive structures, which are ways of interpreting events and interacting with the world. Jana is a two-month-old baby; and her parents are astonished by the improvement that is occurring in her motor skills every day as well as by Jana's increasing alertness and engagement with her environment. Jana's parents are witnessing would best be referred to as Jana's a. aging. b. maturation. c. coalescence. d. adaptation. Answer: b Page(s): 136 Section: Physical Development Rationale: Maturation is the genetically-determined unfolding of physical and behavioral changes over time that Jana is exhibiting. According to Piaget, children learn to adjust to new situations through the two processes of
a. assimilation and accommodation. b. inhibition and disinhibition. c. attention and executive process. d. scaffolding and social referencing. Answer: a Page(s): 144 Section: Cognitive Development Rationale: According to Piaget, children learn to adjust to new situations through the two processes of assimilation and accommodation. Gail is three-and-half months old and is capable of showing all of the following emotional expressions EXCEPT a. joyful expressions. b. anger. c. fear. d. sad (non-crying). Answer: c Page(s): 156 Section: Emotional and Social Development Rationale: It is not until six to seven months that fear expression is shown. The other emotions are shown by three to four months. Madge and Terri are playing with their dolls near each other but they are not interacting with each other as they play. This type of play is called a. parallel play. b. complementary and reciprocal play. c. cooperative social pretend play. d. onlooker play. Answer: a Page(s): 158 Section: Emotional and Social Development Rationale: In parallel play, children play close to other children but without interaction. Margo is trying to give a boost to her infant's intelligence by playing classical music in the nursery, showing her baby flash cards of the presidents and states, and buying her a multitude of educational toys. Margo most likely advocates which view of intelligence? a. nature b. evolutionary c. nurture d. genetic Answer: c Page(s): 173 Section: Stories of Our Lives / The Quest for a Better Baby
Rationale: Margo's extensive training of her infant illustrates the nurture (environmental, behavioral) view of intelligence rather than the nature or genetic view.
According to Zimmerman and colleagues (2007), the content of television shows viewed by children age 2 and younger can affect _______ development. a. Vocabulary b. Gross motor skill c. Fine motor skill d. Vision Answer: a Regarding early sex differences, boy infants__________ than girls. a. weigh a little more and have larger hearts and lungs b. have more fat at birth c. point earlier and are quicker to produce words d. are better at discriminating facial expressions Answer: a Page(s): 194 Section: Individual Differences Rationale: Boy newborns weigh a little more and have larger hearts and lungs than girls, while girl infants have more fat at birth and after, point earlier, are quicker to produce words, and are better at discriminating facial expressions. Joey is a happy, easy-going baby, who adapts well to most situations. His cousin Sam is somewhat cranky and has intense reactions to new situations. These characteristics of Joey and Sam illustrate the differences in children's a. typology. b. self-concepts. c. characters. d. temperaments. Answer: d Page(s): 196-197 Section: Individual Differences Rationale: Temperament refers to an individual's characteristic moods, ways of reacting to situations, and style of self-regulation.
Sydney is an infant who is very irregular in her waking, sleeping, and eating cycles. She also responds very negatively to any changes in her environment, such as her toys being moved to the other side of the room, and became extremely upset when she was introduced to the new babysitter. Sydney would best be described as a(n) ______ child.
a. typical b. slow-to-warm-up c. difficult d. temperamental Answer: c Page(s): 197 Section: Individual Differences Rationale: Difficult temperament children have irregular biological functions, respond negatively to new stimuli, and have intense reactions to events. Eve commented to her friend that her six-year-old daughter Emily, who is just entering first grade, seems to have matured overnight. When Emily was in kindergarten six months ago, she seemed so illogical and lacking in any common sense. Now she has become so responsible in doing her chores and feeding her pets. Eve is describing a. phonemic awareness. b. the false-belief problem. c. children's perceptual invariants. d. the five to seven year shift. Answer: d Page(s): 224 Section: Cognitive Development Rationale: The idea that children do not have common sense and rationality until they are six or seven is referred to as the five to seven year shift. Children in Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development exhibit a. the ability to seriate objects. b. an understanding of class inclusion. c. egocentrism. d. reversibility. Answer: c Page(s): 225-226 Section: Cognitive Development Rationale: In Piaget's preoperational stage, children exhibit egocentricsm, a tendency to see things from their own perspective, but have difficulty with seriation, inclusion, class and reversibility. ________, also called concentration, is the ability to maintain attention over time. a. Focused attention b. Maintenance attention c. Attentional switching d. Attentional foreclosure Answer: a Page(s): 227
Section: Cognitive Development Rationale: Focused attention, also called concentration, is the ability to maintain attention over time. Libby sees her little sister looking for her favorite doll and understands that her sister feels sad and upset because she cannot find this doll. Libby also understands that her little sister would feel "better" if Libby helps her search. Libby is demonstrating that she has a. dual representation. b. a theory of mind. c. pragmatics. d. a morality of constraint. Answer: b Page(s): 233 Section: Cognitive Development Rationale: When children understand that other people have thoughts, desires, and intentions, they have developed a theory of mind. Eric is almost four years old, and his mother has noticed that Eric spends a great deal of his time building with his construction blocks, unlike a year ago when he seemed to be intent on destroying the whole house. Eric also tends to compare himself to his older brother regarding various skills and sometimes seems sad and upset when he is unable to perform as well as his older brother. According to Erikson, Eric is most likely in which psychosocial stage of development? a. initiative versus guilt b. industry versus inferiority c. identity versus identity confusion d. autonomy versus shame and doubt Answer: a Page(s): 239 Section: Emotional and Social Development Rationale: During Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt, which spans the ages of three to six, children compare themselves to others and want to master what other people have mastered. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the emotional world of children and adults? a. Preschoolers use the same schemes that adults do to understand, evaluate, and react to events. b. Although three-year-olds are able to report what events make them mad, they are unable to report what makes their friends feel angry. c. Children and adults differ regarding what events they are emotional about and how well they control outward expressions of emotions. d. Young children are able to remember events that made them fearful or angry many years later. Answer: b Page(s): 240 Section: Emotional and Social Development
Rationale: Three-year-olds are able to tell what makes their friends mad and how their friends solve their problem. All of the other statements are true.
___________ means "expecting unquestioned obedience," while _________ means "asserting authority." a. Authoritative; permissive b. Authoritative; authoritarian c. Authoritarian; authoritative d. Authoritarian; permissive Answer: c Page(s): 281 Section: Children across Cultures and Family Contexts Rationale: Authoritarian means "expecting unquestioned obedience, while authoritative means "asserting authority." In study of Boston kindergartners in the 1950s, Sears and his associates found that mothers who IGNORED unwanted behaviors, such as aggressiveness, bed-wetting, and acting clingy had children who a. loved and respected them when they became adults. b. continued these behaviors. c. resented them when they became adults. d. stopped the behaviors. Answer: b Page(s): 280 Section: Children across Cultures and Family Contexts Rationale: When Sears and his colleagues correlated the parenting practice of ignoring children's unwanted behaviors, they found that the children continued these behaviors. (Mothers who punished for these behaviors also saw these behaviors continue.) However, the number of significant correlations between early child-rearing practices and adult outcomes was only slightly higher than was expected by chance. It was the parents' enduring feelings (of love and affection) toward their children that did predict future adjustment, not specific childrearing practices. Tina is a preschooler who seems sad and anxious much of the time and often complains of stomachaches. She is also reluctant to meet new people or go to new places. Tina is exhibiting a. an autistic spectrum disorder. b. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. c. several externalizing behaviors. d. several internalizing behaviors. Answer: d Page(s): 269 Section: Different Children--Different Problems
Rationale: Internalizing behaviors is a cluster of behaviors that includes sadness, shyness, anxiety, and physical complaints.
As a child grows, his/her body is laying down new bone in spongy ________, which are layers of cells near the ends of the thigh, leg, and other long bones. a. osteoclasts b. metatarsal bone c. growth plates d. metacarpal bone Answer: c Page(s): 303 Section: Physical Development Rationale: The growth plates are the layers of cells near the ends of the long bones. Eight-year-old Megan understands the concept of her class voting on how to spend the money they earned by collecting cans. However, she does not understand that her parents pay taxes and then vote for other people who will decide how this money will be spent throughout the country. Megan is most likely in which of Piaget's cognitive stages? a. preoperational thought b. concrete operational thought c. formal operational thought d. sensorimotor Answer: b Page(s): 311 Section: Cognitive Development Rationale: Children with concrete operational thought can reason about things they can actually see and touch have problems that involve abstract concepts, that is reasoning about possibilities that do not physically exist. Connie is nine years old and is intrigued by the world of knowledge and wants to learn all she can about animals, art, and computers. This "thirst" for learning about what she will need to know to become a productive adult is the essence of the phase that Erikson referred to as a. initiative versus guilt. b. industry versus inferiority. c. autonomy versus shame and doubt. d. identity versus identity (role) confusion. Answer: b Page(s): 324 Section: Emotional and Social Development Rationale: According to Erik Erikson, children from six years of age until puberty are in the phase of industry versus inferiority, in which they learn what they need to become productive adults.