Reading Guided - The Autonomic Nervous System I 1. Damage to the autonomic motor nerves would probably result in A. no change in muscle tone. B. muscle atrophy. C. flaccid paralysis. D. increased skeletal muscle contraction. 2. Damage to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord would cause heart rate to be chronically increased compared to normal. True False 3. Damage to the paravertebral ganglia would limit the body's ability to respond to stress. True False 4. Which of the following is a catecholamine? A. norepinephrine B. acetylcholine C. nitric oxide D. All of the choices are correct. 5. _____________ is released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves. A. Acetylcholine B. Epinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Dopamine 6. Damage to the _____________ nerve would inhibit salivary production. A. abducens B. vagus C. hypoglossal D. facial 7. Nicotinic agonists would bind cholinergic receptors on preganglionic autonomic neurons. True False 8. The _____________ has both a1 and b1 receptors and responds to sympathoadrenal stimulation with glycogenolysis and secretion of glucose. A. liver B. pancreas C. adrenal cortex D. None of the choices are correct. 9. Heart rate is increased in response to sympathetic stimulation. True False 10. The sympathetic chain ganglia are found laterally on both sides of the spinal cord. True False
11. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system has limited range because only a few postganglionic neurons are stimulated. True False 12. Epinephrine is a A. sympathetic neurotransmitter. B. parasympathetic neurotransmitter. C. sympathomimetic hormone. D. All of the choices are correct. 13. Fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers. True False 14. From where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate? A. brainstem B. thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord C. sacral region of the spinal cord D. brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord 15. The second messenger mediating the effects of norepinephrine on the heart would be A. increased intracellular Ca2+. B. decreased Ca2+. C. increased cyclic AMP. D. decreased intracellular cyclic AMP. 16. Blood flow to skeletal muscle would be _____________ in response to muscarinic antagonists. A. increased B. decreased C. not changed 17. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system A. has long postganglionic neurons. B. has a single neuron arising from the spinal cord. C. has relatively short preganglionic neurons. D. has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors 18. A defect in nitric oxide synthetase gene may result in reduced ___________ of cerebral arteries since nitric oxide production would be impaired. A. vasoconstriction B. vasodilation 19. The splanchnic nerves synapse in the A. paravertebral ganglia. B. collateral ganglia. C. white rami communicantes. D. gray rami communicantes.
20. The ____________________ can control autonomic function such that under some emotional states, autonomically controlled visceral reactions like blushing, fainting, etc., can occur. A. reticular activating system B. medulla oblongata C. limbic system D. cerebrum 21. The division of the autonomic nervous system originating only from spinal nerves A. is involved in mediating every day responses. B. has adrenergic receptors on the postganglionic cell body. C. releases acetylcholine from the postganglionic neuron. D. mediates the body's response to stress. 22. Alpha-1-adrenergic receptors are mediated by A. cAMP. B. Ca2+. C. K+. D. Na+. 23. Ablation of the celiac ganglia would inhibit sympathetic regulation of the adrenal glands. True False 24. Damage to an autonomic nerve makes the effector more sensitive to stimulation. True False 25. The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the _____________ division of the autonomic nervous system. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sensory
Guided Reading - The Autonomic Nervous System II
1. Stimulation of the iris by parasympathetic nerves stimulates pupillary constriction. True False 2. Salivary secretions are decreased and become thicker in response to sympathetic stimulation. True False 3. Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons generally release different neurotransmitters to their smooth muscle effector cells, which is why these neurons often have antagonistic effects. True False 4. Beta-adrenergic receptors stimulate the production of cAMP. True False 5. Autonomic motor neurons leaving the spinal cord synapse once prior to synapsing with the target organ. True False 6. Organs innervated by autonomic motor neurons are often under voluntary control. True False 7. _____________ is a muscarinic antagonist derived from the nightshade plant. A. Clonidine B. Nicotine C. Atropine D. Bradykinin 8. Postganglionic axons which do not secrete either catecholamines or acetylcholine may secrete A. ATP. B. nitric oxide. C. vasoactive intestinal peptide. D. All of the choices are correct. 9. Where do autonomic postganglionic neurons originate? A. hindbrain B. gray matter of spinal cord C. peripheral ganglia D. All of the choices are correct. 10. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. True False 11. Four of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves give rise to parasympathetic preganglionic nerves. True False 12. The neurotransmitter released at terminal ganglia is A. acetylcholine. B. dopamine. C. epinephrine. D. norepinephrine.
13. visceral Important sensory information like blood pressure, plasma pH, and oxygen concentration are carried to the brain through cranial nerves XI and XII. True False 14. The collateral ganglia contain A. -adrenergic receptors. B. -adrenergic receptors. C. muscarinic receptors. D. nicotinic receptors. 15. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are relatively long. True False 16. Phenylephrine functions as a _______ because it promotes vasodilation in nasal mucosa. A. a1 agonist. B. a1 antagonist. C. b1 agonist. D. b1 antagonist. 17. Visceral reactions which accompany emotional states are due to activation of the autonomic nervous system by the A. limbic system. B. cerebral cortex. C. cerebellum. D. pons. 18. Which of the following is NOT an example of the cooperative effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS? A. micturition B. male sexual function C. saliva production D. sweating 19. The vagus nerve gives rise to preganglionic parasympathetic fibers involved in regulating most thoracic and abdominal organs. True False 20. "Synapses en passant" refers to the fact that postganglionic autonomic neurons release neurotransmitter A. from the axon terminal. B. only when receptors pass over the axon. C. along the length of the axon. D. from the soma. 21. Bright light would stimulate regulation of pupil diameter through _____________ nerves. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sensory
22. Neurotransmitter release in the autonomic nervous system is always inhibitory. True False 23. Goose bumps would occur in response to A. an adrenergic antagonist. B. an adrenergic agonist. C. a cholinergic antagonist. D. a cholinergic agonist. 24. Cocaine acts as a sympathomimetic drug because it blocks the reuptake of A. glucose. B. insulin. C. acetylcholine. D. norepinephrine. 25. Atropine would A. block the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. B. block constriction of the pupil. C. stimulate skeletal muscle contraction. D. facilitate near vision.
Guided Reading - The Autonomic Nervous System III
1. Compared to norepinephrine, epinephrine has one less methyl group. True False 2. Nonshivering thermogenesis requires the A. somatic nervous system. B. sympathoadrenal system. C. parasympathetic system. D. limbic system. 3. Fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called adrenergic fibers. True False 4. The vagus nerve would innervate all of the following except A. the heart. B. the stomach. C. the liver. D. the iris. 5. The parasympathetic response to stimulation results in mass activation. True False 6. Autonomic motor pathways utilize two neurons while somatic motor pathways utilize one neuron True False 7. It is impossible to consciously control autonomic activities. True False 8. All adrenergic receptors act via A. ligand-gated channels. B. sodium-potassium pump. C. H-proteins. D. G-proteins. 9. Intracellular Ca2+ is elevated if norepinephrine binds to a(n) _____________ receptor. A. alpha-1 adrenergic B. alpha-2 adrenergic C. beta-1 adrenergic D. beta-2 adrenergic 10. The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes epinephrine when stimulated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. True False 11. Mass activation is a property of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. True False
12. Which of the following is NOT a collateral ganglion? A. superior mesenteric B. hepatic C. celiac D. inferior mesenteric 13. Nitric oxide is made when Ca2+ influx into the axon terminal indirectly activates nitric oxide synthetase, which forms nitric oxide from the amino acid LA. lysine. B. serine. C. arginine. D. asparagine. 14. Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate A. smooth muscle. B. B. skeletal muscle. C. cardiac muscle. D. glands. 15. The swellings on postganglionic axons that contain neurotransmitter are called A. synaptic bulbs. B. axon terminals. C. varicosities. D. neuromuscular junctions. 16. Muscarinic antagonists stimulate _____________ pupillary diameter. A. increased B. decreased C. no change in 17. The ___________________________ are branches made from the myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons that go from the spinal nerves to sympathetic ganglia chain. A. dorsal rami B. ventral rami C. white rami communicantes D. gray rami communicantes 18. ___________ selectively stimulates a2 receptors in brain neurons thereby suppressing sympathoadrenal activation and lowering blood pressure. A. Clonidine B. Atropine C. Acetylcholine D. Bradykinin 19. Adrenergic receptors are found on the surface of postganglionic sympathetic neurons. True False
20. _____________ ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. A. Paravertebral B. Terminal C. Collateral D. Basal 21. Neural crest cells form A. the adrenal medulla. B. postganglionic sympathetic nerves. C. the hypothalamus. D. both the adrenal medulla and postganglionic sympathetic nerves. 22. Bradykinin stimulates A. surface blood vessel dilation. B. surface blood vessel constriction. C. salivary gland secretion. D. cerebral artery vasodilation. 23. Which of the following organs is dually innervated? A. adrenal medulla B. arrector pili muscles in the skin C. urinary bladder D. most blood vessels 24. Studies have indicated that aging is associated with increased levels of parasympathetic activity and tone. True False 25. Blocking 2-adrenergic receptors prevents airway A. constriction. B. dilation.