Reading Guided - Sensory Physiology I 1. Which of the following statements is true? A. Our senses can perceive a wide range of energies. B. Different modalities of sensations have different types of impulses. C. Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses. D. The brain cannot distinguish between impulses of cold and heat. 2. Nodding your head up and down would stimulate receptors in the utricle. True False 3. Inhibiting phosphodiesterase would cause the photoreceptor to undergo A. hyperpolarization. B. depolarization. C. repolarization. D. EPSPs 4. What type of G-proteins are associated with the visual cycle? A. transducins B. gustducins C. roducins D. None of the choices are correct. 5. Proprioceptors allow for individuals to determine the position of a limb or body part. True False 6. Axons from the nasal portions of both eyes will decussate in the A. lateral geniculate nucleus. B. optic chiasma. C. superior colliculus. D. striate cortex. 7. Receptive fields of simple neurons are rectangular because they are best suited to stimulation from a slit of light. True False 8. Pupil diameter would be increased by A. contraction of the circular muscles. B. contraction of the ciliary body. C. contraction of the superior rectus muscle. D. contraction of the radial muscles. 9. What causes the release of neurotransmitters from sweet and umami tastes? A. opening of extracellular Ca2+ channels B. closing of K+ channels C. release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum D. closing of Na+ channels
10. What condition occurs when the eyeball is too short and the focal point appears behind the eyeball? A. astigmatism B. myopia C. hyperopia D. presbyopia 11. Where is the primary gustatory cortex? A. postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe B. prefrontal cortex C. temporal lobe D. insula 12. Monosodium glutamate stimulates bitter taste receptors. True False 13. What new procedure is used by many people to correct refractive problems? A. lens replacement B. LASIK C. corrective lenses D. refractometry 14. A given gustatory sensory neuron may be stimulated by more than one taste cell located in a number of different taste pores. True False 15. Basal stem cells in the olfactory epithelium produce new olfactory receptors every one to two months. True False 16. The ______ system is involved in the pupillary response. A. tectal B. geniculostriate C. optic chiasma D. sensory adaptation 17. ______________ occurs when there is significant asymmetry of the cornea and/or lens. A. Myopia B. Hyperopia C. Astigmatism D. Presbyopia 18. Eye movements are regulated by information sent to the A. lateral geniculate nucleus. B. hypothalamus. C. inferior colliculus. D. superior colliculus. 19. LASIK surgery can correct for all types of refractive problems. True False 20. Damage to the stapedius muscle can lead to nerve damage within the cochlea. True False
21. Proprioception and pressure impulses are carried by large, _______ neurons in the ______ columns of the spinal cord and are ____. A. myelinated, ventral, contralateral B. unmyelinated, lateral, ipsilateral C. myelinated, dorsal, ipsilateral D. unmyelinated, dorsal, contralateral 22. Solutions containing a high concentration of hydrogen ions would maximally stimulate taste buds for sweet. True False 23. Destroying the ciliary body would prevent the _____________ from receiving nutrients. A. cornea sclera B. iris C. pupil D. lens and cornea 24. Age-related hearing impairment is known as A. presbycusis. B. presbyopia. C. conduction deafness. D. otosclerosis. 25. Where do the fibers of the spinothalamic tracts cross? A. in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord B. in the medulla oblongata C. in the thalamus D. the axons do not cross
Guided Reading - Sensory Physiology II 1. Which taste modality involves membrane receptors that are coupled to G-proteins? A. umami B. salty C. sour D. All of the choices are correct. 2. Nociceptors relay sensory information to the cortex via the lateral spinothalamic tract. True False 3. Information from both eyes is present in all of the following except the A. optic tract. B. optic nerve. C. optic radiation. D. occipital lobe. 4. The __________ fibers are thin myelinated axons that carry sensations of heat, cold, and pain to the spinal cord. A. A-delta B. B-gamma C. C D. A-beta 5. Loss of accommodation with age is A. astigmatism. B. myopia. C. hyperopia. D. presbyopia. 6. What extracellular ion is necessary for release of neurotransmitter for salty and sour tastes> A. Mg2+ B. K+ C. Na+ D. Ca2+ 7. Some ganglion cells are stimulated by light at the center of its receptive field while others are stimulated by light at the periphery of its receptive field. This improves visual acuity. True False 8. Phasic receptors adapt rapidly to maintained stimuli. True False 9. Which of the following structures are important to the maintenance of balance and equilibrium? A. eyes B. proprioceptors from joints and muscles C. vestibular apparatus D. All of the choices are important.
10. Information obtained via _____________ is transmitted directly to the limbic system. A. gustation B. audition C. olfaction D. touch 11. Impulses of pain are also transmitted to the _____ which is part of the limbic system. A. cingulate gyrus B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. caudate nucleus 12. Damage to cutaneous receptors would limit the ability to detect all of the following except A. pain. B. thermal sensations. C. body position. D. touch. 13. Some ganglion cells of the retina contain _______ that is sensitive to luminance and helps the hypothalamus regulate circadian rhythms. A. melatonin B. melanopsin C. retinal D. photopsin 14. Vibrations in the stapes directly induce vibrations in the A. tympanic membrane. B. incus. C. round window. D. oval window. 15. Which of the following is NOT a type of cortical visual neuron? A. simple B. compound C. complex D. hypercomplex 16. The magnitude of the generator potential is directly proportional to the frequency of the action potentials being produced. True False 17. Light is refracted the most by the A. cornea. B. aqueous humor. C. lens. D. vitreous humor. 18. Damage to the tectorial membrane near the oval window would limit an individual's ability to detect high frequency sounds. True False
19. What neurotransmitter is released by the inner hair cells once they have depolarized? A. glutamate B. acetylcholine C. ATP D. norepinephrine 20. Light energy will cause all-trans retinal to convert to the 11-cis form which dissociates from opsin to eventually create the nerve impulse. True False 21. Encapsulated cutaneous receptors are used to detect thermal sensations. True False 22. The function of the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti is to amplify low sound intensities. True False 23. The potential produced by sensory receptors is called a A. local potential. B. generator potential. C. receptor potential. D. Both generator and receptor potentials are correct. 24. Vertigo occurs due to activation of the A. utricle. B. semicircular canals. C. saccule. D. cochlea. 25. What color of light is best absorbed by rods? A. blue-green B. red C. yellow D. purple
Guided Reading - Sensory Physiology III 1. The optic radiations project fibers from the lateral geniculate nuclei to area A. 9 of the occipital lobe. B. 19 of the occipital lobe. C. 17 of the occipital lobe. D. 21 of the occipital lobe. 2. What is the role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium? A. produce new bipolar receptor cells B. to oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble C. to repair damaged receptor cells D. to form basal stem cells 3. Where on the cerebral cortex is taste information sent? A. prefrontal cortex, postcentral gyrus, and insula B. temporal lobe, precentral gyrus, and prefrontal cortex C. thalamus, insula, and postcentral gyrus D. medulla oblongata, insula, and thalamus 4. Long term blockage of the canal of Schlemm can induce A. glaucoma. B. cataracts. C. macular degeneration. D. detached retina. 5. An individual would normally perceive pain when the chemoreceptors are stimulated. True False 6. Cutaneous receptors respond to stimuli that are outside the body and are therefore also A. proprioceptors. B. interoceptors. C. exteroceptors. D. special senses. 7. What is found in the posterior cavity of the eyeball? A. aqueous humor B. blood C. vitreous humor D. pigment 8. When stereocilia are bent toward the kinocilium, the cell membrane will be A. hyperpolarized. B. depolarized. C. releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter. D. Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct.
9. The softest sound which could be heard would have an intensity of A. 0 decibels. B. 0.1 decibels. C. 1 decibel. D. 10 decibels. 10. The hertz is a measure of A. distance. B. frequency. C. duration. D. intensity. 11. When an object is more than 20 feet from the eyes, A. the ciliary muscle relaxes. B. there is tension on the zonular fibers of the suspensory ligament. C. the lens is pulled and flattened. D. All of the choices are correct. 12. As the endolymph in the semicircular canals bends the cupula, the stereocilia are stimulated. True False 13. The fovea centralis contains only rods. True False 14. Conduction deafness occurs due to loss of hair cells in the cochlea. True False 15. As ____________ increases, the two-point threshold decreases. A. receptor number B. receptor density C. receptor sensitivity D. receptor sensation 16. In the dark, the photoreceptors release an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prohibits bipolar neurons from exciting ganglion neurons. True False 17. The letter `' would be projected onto the retina as A. B. C. D. 18. The bending of light as it passes through different media is called A. accommodation. B. visual acuity. C. refraction. D. astigmatism.
19. Which of the following is NOT a cutaneous receptor? A. muscle spindle B. touch receptor C. heat receptor D. pain receptor 20. What is the name of the process that re-isomerizes the all-trans retinal back to the 11-cis form? A. dark adaptation B. visual cycle of retinal C. bleaching reaction D. dark current 21. Each olfactory glomerulus receives input from several types of olfactory receptors. True False 22. Nociceptors may be either myelinated or unmyelinated and function to carry pain sensations to the spinal cord using ____________ and ________________ as neurotransmitters. A. substance P, norepinephrine B. glutamate, acetylcholine C. substance P, glutamate D. acetylcholine, substance P 23. Which of the following are NOT types of tongue papillae? A. foliate papillae B. circumvallate papillae C. glossoform papillae D. fungiform papillae 24. Ablation of the superior colliculus of the midbrain would induce deafness. True False 25. Within the eye, electrical impulses pass from A. photoreceptors to ganglion cells to bipolar cells. B. ganglion cells to bipolar cells to photoreceptors. C. photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells. D. bipolar cells to photoreceptors to ganglion cells.
Guided Reading - Sensory Physiology IV 1. The law of specific nerve energies can be used to A. explain phantom limbs. B. paradoxical cold. C. sensory adaptation. D. lateral inhibition. 2. Myopia generally occurs when the A. eyeball is too short. B. eyeball is too long. C. lens is uneven. D. cornea is uneven. 3. Which of the following is true of olfaction? A. There may be as many as a 1000 different olfactory receptor proteins. B. Humans can distinguish up to 10,000 different odors. C. Humans have the most acute sense of smell of all the mammals. D. All of the choices are correct. 4. Damage to cranial nerve _____________ would limit the ability to taste sweet substances. A. VII B. V C. X D. XII 5. A cochlear implant may help someone with conduction deafness. True False 6. Having the ability to ignore constant phasic stimuli is called A. the law of specific nerve energies. B. tonic adaptation. C. sensory adaptation. D. phasic adaptation. 7. The wavelengths of light a photoreceptor responds to is determined by the opsin in the photoreceptor. True False 8. The M and L cones are coded on chromosome 7 making the lack of the M and L photopsins more prevalent in females. True False 9. Each cone communicates with only one ganglion cell while many rods communicate with one ganglion cell. True False 10. Chemoreceptors that respond to chemical changes in the external environment are called A. interoceptors. B. nociceptors. C. proprioceptors. D. exteroceptors.
11. Bleaching induces conformational changes in both retinal and the associated opsin. True False 12. _____________ receptors undergo slow adaptation. A. Tonic B. Phasic 13. Accommodation would occur when A. the muscles of the ciliary body contract. B. the zonular fibers become taut. C. objects move further away from the eye. D. the lateral rectus muscle contracts. 14. Myopia is corrected with concave lenses. True False 15. In the absence of light, there is movement of Na+ in the photoreceptors causing a depolarization. This is called the A. dark adaptation. B. visual cycle of retinal. C. bleaching reaction. D. dark current. 16. As the magnitude of a generator potential increases the _____________ of action potentials in the sensory neuron increases. A. adaptation B. frequency C. amplitude D. sensitivity 17. The cupula is part of the A. semicircular canals. B. utricle. C. saccule. D. cochlea. 18. Which of the following is NOT part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear? A. cochlea B. utricle C. semicircular canals D. saccule 19. The least amount of energy that produces adequate stimulation of a receptor is the A. sensory adaptation. B. generator potential. C. all-or-none law. D. law of specific nerve energies.
20. What is the medium found in the cochlear canal? A. air B. perilymph C. endolymph D. ectolymph 21. What structure holds the lens in place? A. canal of Schlemm B. suspensory ligament C. choroid D. iris 22. M cones are medium length green cones. True False 23. What characteristic does the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth have that is unusual? A. It is similar to the perilymph that surrounds the membranous labyrinth. B. It has a higher than normal concentration of Na+. C. It has a lower than normal concentration of Cl-. D. It has a higher than normal concentration of K+. 24. The near point of vision decreases with increasing age. True False 25. Which type of eye movements are high velocity (400 to 800 degrees per second)? A. saccadic B. smooth pursuit C. vergence D. papillary
Guided Reading Sensory Physiology V 1. Contraction of ciliary muscles allows the lens to become thicker. True False 2. Match the cutaneous receptor with the sensation it responds to. 1. Meissner's corpuscles 2. 3. Pacinian corpuscles 3. 4. free nerve endings 4. 5. Merkel's discs 5. 2. Ruffini corpuscles
texture and slow vibration sustained pressure deep pressure and fast vibration light tough, temperature, and pain sustained touch and pressure
____ ____ ____ ____ ____
3. Inability to detect rotational acceleration occurs when the saccule is damaged. True False 4. A greater bending of the stereocilia will increase the frequency of action potentials and will be perceived as a louder sound. True False 5. A common visual impairment in older people that is caused by damage to the central fovea is A. geniculostriatum. B. retinitis pigmentosa. C. macular degeneration. D. bleaching. 6. Taste cells are modified neurons. True False 7. The tip region of the photoreceptor cells are removed by cells of the retinal pigment epithelium by A. apoptosis. B. phagocytosis. C. opsin. D. the bleaching reaction. 8. Retinaldehyde (retinal) is derived from A. vitamin A. B. vitamin C. C. opsin. D. vitamin D 9. Those who suffer from macular degeneration lose clarity of vision provided by the fovea. True False 10. Sensorineural deafness can be caused by all of the following except A. excessively loud noises. B. build up of wax in the ears. C. damage to the cochlear nerve. D. loss of hair cells in the cochlea. 11. Being able to distinguish separate trees in the forest is an example of the resolving power of visual acuity. True False 12. _____________ in the retina connect photoreceptors and ganglion cells. A. Horizontal cells B. Retinal epithelium C. Amacrine cells D. Bipolar cells
13. Which cells have the ability to re-isomerize the all-trans retinal back to the 11-cis form? A. photoreceptor cells B. ganglion cells C. pigment epithelial cells D. bipolar cells 14. The ________________________ is a membrane ion channel on sensory neurons that responds to cold in the 8 to 28C range by producing a depolarization. A. capsaicin receptor B. two-point threshold C. cold or menthol receptor D. pacinian corpuscle 15. Sweet, umami, and bitter receptors activate gustducin G-proteins that lead to depolarization. True False 16. Different layers of the __________________ analyze input from cones (and rods) differently such that one layer can add input from L and M cones to obtain information about light intensity, while another could subtract such input to obtain red-green color information. A. hypothalamus B. superior colliculi C. lateral geniculate nucleus D. red nucleus 17. What causes cGMP to convert to GMP and close Na+ channels in a photoreceptor? A. dark current B. light C. darkness D. opsin 18. The capsaicin receptor serves as both an ion channel and a receptor for the molecule in chili peppers that causes sensations of A. heat and pain. B. cold and pain. C. pressure and pain. D. heat and pressure. 19. Areas of the skin with small receptive fields would have a greater sensory acuity. True False 20. Which type of cone responds to short wavelengths of 420nm? A. blue cones B. green cones C. red cones 21. The opening of Na+/Ca2+ channels by cAMP produces a graded depolarization in the olfactory bulb. True False
22. Which of the following is the correct neural pathway for hearing? A. vestibulocochlear nerve, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, thalamus, temporal lobe B. vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal lobe C. vestibulocochlear nerve, thalamus, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, temporal lobe D. None of the choices is correct. 23. _____________ is the perception of pain in a somatic location that is caused by damage to an internal organ and not by the activity somatic nociceptors. A. Sensory adaptation B. Lateral inhibition C. Referred pain D. Phantom limb 24. The most common form of color blindness is deuteranopia, which is congenital absence of the ____ gene. A. M B. L C. S 25. The outermost layer of the eyeball is the A. choroid. B. retina. C. sclera. D. lens.
Guided Reading - Sensory Physiology VI 1. The ________________ phenomenon refers to amputees reporting sensations in limbs that are no longer there. A. phantom limb B. lateral inhibition C. referred pain D. adaptation 2. Acute itch is produced by _______ binding to its receptors. A. capsaicin B. menthol C. histamine D. glutamate 3. In the geniculostriate system, the right lateral geniculate nucleus receives input from the right visual fields of both eyes. True False
4. The structures that function in equilibrium are known as the A. vestibular apparatus. B. cochlea. C. bony labyrinth. D. organ of Corti. 5. What type of eye movement helps you to follow a moving object? A. vergence B. saccadic C. fixational D. smooth pursuit 6. Which of the following is NOT an auditory ossicle? A. incus B. malleus C. otolith D. stapes 7. The structure for hearing is the A. vestibular apparatus. B. spiral organ. C. organ of Corti. D. Both the spiral organ and the organ of Corti are correct. 8. What structure connects the scala vestibuli with the scala tympani? A. round window B. helicotrema C. oval window D. cochlear duct 9. What is found in the anterior cavity of the eyeball? A. aqueous humor B. blood C. vitreous humor D. pigment 10. Which of the following is NOT true of outer hair cells of the organ of Corti? A. innervated by motor neurons B. will shorten when depolarized and lengthen when hyperpolarized C. occur in multiple rows in each turn of the cochlear duct D. relay sound information by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve 11. Chemoreceptors that monitor blood glucose levels are also A. interoceptors. B. proprioceptors. C. special senses. D. exteroceptors.
12. Sympathetic stimulation is responsible for pupil _____________ in _________ light. A. dilation, bright B. dilation, dim C. constriction, bright D. constriction, dim 13. Olfactory receptors are coupled to A. transducins. B. Na+/Ca2+ channels directly. C. G-proteins. D. adenylate cyclase. 14. The scala vestibuli of the cochlea is filled with A. endolymph. B. perilymph. C. ectolymph. D. mesolymph. 15. Which of the following is a special sense? A. touch B. vision C. pain D. All of the choices are correct. 16. How many neurons conduct sensory impulses from the periphery to the postcentral gyrus? A. one B. two C. three D. four 17. Specialized cells on the tongue that distinguish salty, sour, sweet, meaty, or bitter flavors are called A. taste buds. B. umami cells. C. gustducin. D. taste cells. 18. Functional classes of sensory receptors include chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors. True False 19. Only absorbed light can produce photochemical reactions that result in vision. True False 20. What role do outer hair cells play in the transmission of sound? A. They dampen strong vibrations from very loud sounds. B. They bend and depolarize with specific wavelengths of sound waves. C. They amplify softer sound and sharpen pitch perception. D. All of the choices are correct.
21. Olfactory receptor proteins are especially located on the membrane of their nonmotile cilia and are coupled to A. cAMP. B. cGMP. C. Ca2+. D. G-proteins. 22. An individual with astigmatism would have their vision corrected by A. a convex lens. B. a concave lens. C. cylindrical lens. D. a magnifying lens. 23. The optic nerve is formed from fibers of A. rods and cones. B. bipolar cells. C. amacrine cells. D. ganglion cells. 24. The generator potential produced in photoreceptors is a hyperpolarization. True False 25. Second-order neurons from the medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus. True False