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# midterm_2_review_solutions

Course Number: MATH 20, Fall 2011

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Math 20 Midterm 2 Review (Solutions) Carolyn Stein Exam Date: November 9, 2011 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues What are Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues? "Eigen" is German for "own" or "characteristic" If A~ = ~ , we say ~ is an eigenvector of matrix A with an associated eigenvalue v v v of If we view A as a transformation matrix, the eigenvectors are all vectors that are only scaled by the...

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20 Math Midterm 2 Review (Solutions) Carolyn Stein Exam Date: November 9, 2011 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues What are Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues? "Eigen" is German for "own" or "characteristic" If A~ = ~ , we say ~ is an eigenvector of matrix A with an associated eigenvalue v v v of If we view A as a transformation matrix, the eigenvectors are all vectors that are only scaled by the transformation Example: Find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the following matrices using geometric intuition: 5 0 Solution : Every vector is an eigenvector with eigenvalue of 5 0 5 0 1 Solution : Any vector on the line y = x is an eigenvector with 1 0 eigenvalue of 1. Any vector on the line y = x is an eigenvector with eigenvalue -1. Finding Eigenvalues A~ = ~ v v ) A~ v ~=0 v ) A~ v I~ = 0 v ) (A I)~ = 0 v We don't want ~ = 0, but we want (A v I)~ = 0. For this to be true, the v columns of (A I) must be linearly dependent, which implies: 1 det (A a11 I) = det @ a21 a31 0 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33 1 A=0 m1 m2 mn Solving this will yield an equation in the form ( ( ...( 1) 2) n) This equation is known as the characteristic polynomial 1 , 2 , ..., n are the eigenvalues Each eigenvalue has an associated algebraic multiplicitiy m1 , m2 , ...mn 1 2 Example: Find the eigenvalues and algebraic multiplicities of A = 4 3 Solution : -1, 5 both have algebraic multiplicity of 1 Finding Eigenvectors For each eigenvalue , we can find the associated eigenvectors by solving: (A I)~ = 0 v The space of solutions to the system is known as the eigenspace of The dimension of the eigenspace is known as the geometric multiplicity of 1 2 Example: Find the eigenspaces and geometric multiplicities of A = 4 3 1 1 Solution : 1 = t 5 = t both have geometric multiplicity 1 2 of 1 Eigenbases and Diagonalization An eigenbasis is a basis made exclusively of linearly independent eigenvectors. Matrix A has an eigenbasis if the sum of the geometric multiplicities = n, the dimension of the matrix. If matrix A has a eigenbasis, it can be diagonalized. That is, it can be written in the form: 0 10 10 1 1 | ... | ... 0 | ... | 1 A = P DP 1 = @ v1 ... vn A @ ... ... ... A @ v1 ... vn A | ... | 0 ... | ... | n Where P is a matrix composed of the eigenvectors, and D is a diagonal matrix with the corresponding eigenvalues. 2 Example: Does A = If no, explain why not. 1 Solution : Yes - A = 1 1 4 2 3 1 2 have an eigenbasis? If yes, diagonalize it. 1 0 0 5 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Functions of Multiple Variables Level Sets The level set of f corresponding to the value c is the collection of points {(x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) 2 Rn : f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) = c} If n = 2 the level set is also called a level curve If n = 3 the level set is also called a level surface Example: Sketch the level sets of f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 for c = {0, 1, 4, 9}. What does this function look like? Solution : level sets are concentric circles with increasing radius, the function is a cone around the positive z-axis Example: Sketch the level sets of f (x, y, z) = x2 + z4 for c = {0, 1, 4, 9}. How many dimensions does the function have? Can we visualize it? Solution : concentric elliptic cylinders around the y-axis with increasing radius. The function is 4D, so we can't really visualize it. 2 3 Common 3D Surfaces sphere: x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 ellipsoid: cone: x2 a2 x2 a2 + y2 b2 + z2 c2 =1 + y2 b2 = z2 c2 cylinder: x2 a2 + y2 b2 =1 x2 a2 y2 b2 elliptic paraboloid: = z c Partial Derivatives Limit Definition, Method Let f (x, y) be a function of x, y The partial derivative of f with respect to x = lim Notation includes To calculate @f @x , @f @x , x!0 f (x+ x,y) f (x,y) x 0 fx , and f1 - this review sheet intentionally uses all three simply take the derivative of f (x, y) treating y as a constant Examples: Find fx , fy , fxy and fyx for the following functions : xexy Solution: fx = exy + xyexy fxy = xexy + x(exy + yxexy ) = 2xexy + x2 yexy fy = x2 exy fyx = 2xexy + x2 yexy x2 sin y y 2 cos x Solution: fx = 2x sin y + y 2 sin x fxy = 2x cos y + 2y sin x fy = x2 cos y 2y cos x fyx = 2x cos y + 2y sin x 4 Tangent Planes, Approximation Let f (x, y) be a function of x, y and let (x0 , y0 ) be a point on the domain of f . The plane P (x, y) tangent to f at the point (x0 , y0 ) can be written as: P (x, y) = f (x0 , y0 ) + fx (x0 , y0 )(x x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y y0 ) P (x, y) = z0 + fx (x0 , y0 )( x) + fy (x0 , y0 )( y) If (x, y) is a point close to (x0 , y0 ), then we can use the tangent plane to approximate f (x, y) since P y) (x, f (x, y) Example: Write the equation of a tangent plane for f (x, y) = p point (2, 2) and use it to approximate 1.98 + 1.99 Solution : f (1.98, 1.99) 2 answer is 1.992486...) 1 4 (1.98 p x + y at the 2) 1 4 (1.99 2) = 1.9925 (the exact The Chain Rule The General Chain Rule: Let f be a function f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) with each xi a function xi (t1 , t2 , ..., tm ) @f @tj = @f @x1 @x1 @tj + @f @x2 @x2 @tj + ... + @f @xn @xn @tj Picture and Intuition: The intuition is that tj influences each xi , which in turn influence f . Adding up all these effects should give the net effect on f . Example: Let f (x, y) = x2 + 2y and x = r sin t y = sin2 t. Find @f @t . Solution : @f @f @x @r = @x @r + @f @t @f @y @f @y @y @r @y @t @f @r and = 2x sin t = 2r sin2 t = 2xr cos t + 2(2 sin tcost) = 2(r2 + 2) cos tsint = @f @x @x @t + Implicit Differentiation If f (x, y) = c, we may want to calculate @y @x without solving for y. In this case, we can implicity define y = y(x), take the derivative with respect @y to x on both sides, and solve for @x 5 @y Example: Find @x if x3 + y 3 = 6xy. (Hint: define f (x, y(x)) = x3 + y(x)3 6xy(x) = 0, then take partials of both sides) Solution : @y 3x2 + 3y 2 @x @y (6y + 6x @x ) = 0 ) @y @x = 6y 3x2 3y 2 6x @xi @xj More generally, if f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) = c, then Proof: = fx j fx i @ @ (f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn )) = (c) @xj @xj @f @xi @f + = 0 (Why is this true?) @xi @xj @xj fxj @xi @f @f = / = @xj @xj @xi fxi Hessian Matrix, Young's Theorem The Hessian Matrix is a matrix of second-order partial derivatives: 0 00 f11 00 B f21 B @ ... 00 fn1 00 f12 00 f22 ... 00 fn2 ... ... ... ... 1 00 f1n 00 f2n C C ... A 00 fnn Young's Theorem: 00 00 fij = fji 000 000 000 000 000 000 fijk = fikj = fjik = fjki = fkij = fkji In other words, the order of differentiation doesn't matter, as long as all the partial derivatives are continuous. Note that this implies that the Hessian is symmetric. Gradient and Directional Derivative The Gradient Vector The gradient vector is a vector of a function's partial derivatives. rf = hfx1 , fx2 , ..., fxn i 6 The Directional Derivative The directional derivative of f (x, y) in the direction of ~ (where ~ = hu1 , u2 i u u is a unit vector) is the scalar quantity: D~ f = ~ rf = u1 fx + u2 fy u u What is the interpretation of this? fx is the slope of f in the x-direction, fy is the slope of f in the y-direction, and so D~ f is simply the slope of f in the u ~ -direction. u Example: Find the directional derivative of f (x, y) = x2 y 3 (-2,1) in the direction of ~ = h2, 5i. v Solution : 32 p 29 4y at the point Properties 1. rf (x, y) is orthogonal to the level curve f (x, y) = c 2. rf (x, y) points in the direction of maximal increase of f (x, y) 3. The slope of maximal increase is |rf (x, y)| Unconstrained Maximization / Minimization Finding Stationary Points To find the stationary points or critical points, set fx = 0, fy = 0 and find all x, y that satisfy the system of equations. A stationary point can be a local maximum, local minimum, or saddle point. Note that this can be extended to more variables - simply set every partial equal to 0 and solve the resulting system. Example: Find the stationary points of f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 + y Solution : fx = 2x = 0 ) x = 0 fy = 2y + 1 = 0 ) y = 1 2 (0, 1 ) is the only stationary point 2 1. 7 The Extreme-Value Theorem, Classifying Stationary Points The Extreme-Value Theorem states: If f is a continuous function on a closed and bounded set S 2 Rn , there exists a = ha1 , a2 , ..., an i 2 S and b = hb1 , b2 , ..., bn i 2 S such that f (b) f (x) (a) for any x 2 S. In other words, an absolute maximum and absolute minimum always exist for a continuous function on a closed and bounded set. You can use the Extreme-Value Theorem to find the absolute maximums and minimums of f on S: 1. Find all stationary points of f that lie inside S 2. Find the smallest and largest values of f that lie on the boundary of S 3. These are all the possible candidates for extreme values - plug these points into f to determine which is the absolute maximum and minimum Example: Find the extreme points and extreme values of f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 + y 1 that lie inside S = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 1}. Solution : The stationary point found (0, 1 ) above is in S. Now plug in 1 for x2 + y 2 2 since we want to examine the boundary. f (x, y) = 1 + y 1 = y. This is clearly maximized/minimized at (0,1) and (0,-1). If we plug all 3 points into f we see that (0,1) is the absolute maximum and (0, 1 ) is the absolute minimum. 2 8

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Math 20 Midterm ReviewCarolyn Stein October 4, 2011Systems of Equations and the Leontief ModelExample: Table 1: A Farming Economy Input for 1 unit Input for 1 unit Input for 1 unit of tomatoes of tomato seeds of labor 0 0.33 0.2 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.2 0Exter
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Name: Linear Algebra and Multivariable Calculus Math 20 Fall 2011 Midterm 2 Please write neatly and show all your work, using proper notation. Don't hesitate to ask me questions if anything isn't clear. There are 100 points total. The point values of each
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Cht -aIIt,,Il ' &quot;;j o c.&quot;L~~1.-\'&quot; )',-\-ic:.L;)\~l!\.,&lt;&gt;C':JlfJQra-/\v&quot;v()&quot;rMI'ov\wA-t6l.1VJ(J&quot;':..'Vr&quot;ICj) ,\()Sl.r1.!&quot;\-\11.V~1i(sn)~\ofJ'1rVl (9\,AliEtrv&quot;)&quot;r=f\V./:1 ~1&quot; '1 &quot;\ .1\~tt./l~l&quot;v.j(! ~ /&quot;J(&quot;&gt;&lt;'&quot;'t
Harvard - MATH - 20
Here is a list of topics that may be covered on the first midterm, and problems to help you prepare. The intention is not that you will do all the problems, but that you will use this to identify the areas that you need to study and try to do some problem
Harvard - MATH - 20
1. True. The constraint is a circle, which is a closed, bounded set. The EVT says the functions on closed bounded sets have a max and min. 2. False. This constraint is a parabola, which is unbounded. The EVT only holds for closed, bounded sets. 3. False.
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Math 1a 1Velocities, Secants &amp; TangentsFall, 2009My father lives a two-and-a-half hour (150 minute) drive away. On a recent trip to visit him I recorded the trip odometer at regular intervals: Time (minutes) 0 30 60 90 120 150 Distance (km) 0 30 80 135
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Math 1a 1Limits of FunctionsFall, 2009The graph below shows the plot of a function y = f (x). Determine whether the limits shown below exist. If the given limit does exist, find this limit.. . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . -2 2 4 6 8(a) lim f (x)x0
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Math 1a'The Chain Rule Another Differentiation RuleFall, 2009\$The Chain Rule: Suppose F (x) = f (g(x) (or F = f g). Further suppose that g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at g(x). Then F is differentiable at x and F (x) = f (g(x)g (x)
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Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1aMaxima and MinimaFall, 2009For each of the following functions, find the absolute maximum or minimum on the given closed interval [a, b] by following these steps: 1. Find the critical numbers of f (that is, the numbers c so that f (c) is zero or
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Math 1aGraphingFall, 2009Some questions to answer while graphing: (1) What is the domain of y = f (x)? (2) Where does the graph of y = f (x) cross the axes? (3) Where is the tangent to y = f (x) vertical or horizontal? (4) Where is the graph of y = f (
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Math 1a 1OptimizationFall, 2009(a) Suppose a rectangular region has fixed perimeter of 40 cm. What is the largest area the region can have?(b) Suppose now that the region was in the shape of a right triangle, not a rectangle. If the perimeter is still
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Math 1aOptimization Day TwoFall, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Math 1a'L'H^pital's Rule o Indeterminate FormsFall, 2009\$We're considering lim Typexaf (x) . We begin with several indeterminate forms: g(x)0 : lim f (x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 0 xa 0 xa Type : lim f (x) = or - and lim g(x) = or - xa xa L'H^pital's Ru
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Math 1a'L'H^pital's Rule Day Two o More Indeterminate FormsFall, 2009\$Now let's consider several new indeterminate forms: Type 00 : lim f (x)g(x) with lim f (x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 0xa xa xa xaType : lim f (x)xa0g(x)with lim f (x) = and lim g(x)
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Harvard - MATH - 1a
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CHAIN RULERecall the bottle calibration problem. If we increase the amount of water dripped into a bottle twice as much, then, no matter what the shape of the bottle is, the height of the water will raise twice as fast. This suggests that, if we have a c
Harvard - MATH - 1a
CONTINUITYWe have seen that the limit of a function as x approaches a can sometimes be found by calculating the value of the function at x = a. Functions with this property are called continuous at a. Mathematical definition is as follows. Continuity A f
Harvard - MATH - 1a
THE DEFINITE INTEGRALWe saw a limit of the formn nlim [f (x )x + f (x )x + + f (x )x] = lim 1 2 nnf (x )x ii=1Because this form arises frequently in a wide variety of situations, we give this type of limit a special name and notation. Definition 1.
Harvard - MATH - 1a
DERIVATIVES OF POLYNOMIALS AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONSFor basic functions, we have differentiation rules as follows. d 1. (c) = 0. dx 2. 3. d (x) = 1. dx d n (x ) = nxn-1 . dxIf we know derivatives of certain functions, we can calculate derivatives of new
Harvard - MATH - 1a
DERIVATIVE AS A FUNCTIONIf we replace a by x in the definition of the derivative of a function f at a number a, we can get f (x + h) - f (x) f (x) = lim . h0 h So we can define a function that gives us the slope of the tangent line at each point, and we
Harvard - MATH - 1a
WHAT DOES f SAY ABOUT fSince f (x) represents the slope of the curve y = f (x), we can find the direction in which the curve proceed at each point. Thus, we can find some information about f (x) from information about f (x). In particular, we will see ho
Harvard - MATH - 1a
THE DERIVATIVEWhenever we calculate the slope of a tangent line, the velocity of an object, or any rates of change such as a rate of reaction in chemistry, a marginal cost in economics, or a population growth in biology, we encounter limits of a typexa
Harvard - MATH - 1a
EVALUATING DEFINITE INTEGRALSAlthough we could calculate some definite integrals, it was quite tedious and time-consuming. Sir Issac Newton, the creator of Calculus, found a much simpler way to evaluate definite integrals by using antiderivatives. It con
Harvard - MATH - 1a
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUSThe first part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus describes functions defined by an equation of the formxg(x) =af (t)dtwhere f is a continuous function on [a, b] and x varies between a and b.xExample 1. Let g
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: Lecture 2September 11, 20091. The following are some odometer readings during my bike ride to Harvard: Time (hh:mm) Distance (meters) 10:00 0 10:01 610 10:02 980 10:04 1240 10:05 1250 10:06 1260 10:08 1520 10:09 1890 10:10 2500(a) What was my
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: Limit LawsSeptember 16, 20091. Let f be a function such that f (2.01) = 0, f (2.001) = 0, f (2.0001) = 0, and so on. Can we conclude that limx2 f (x) = 0?2. Suppose we know that limx5 f (x) = 3. Which of the following must be true? (a) f (5) =
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: ContinuitySeptember 18, 20091. At which values of x are the following functions continuous? (a) a(x) = x , the greatest integer less than or equal to x.(b) b(x) = the taxi fare (in dollars) for distance x (in miles). Assume that the meter tick
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: Intermediate Value TheoremSeptember 21, 2009Sample problem: Prove that there is a number c such that c2 = 2. Sample good answer: Let f (x) = x2 . We have f (0) = 0 and f (2) = 4; hence f (0) &lt; 2 &lt; f (2). Since f (x) is continuous on [0, 2], the
Harvard - MATH - 1a
The DerivativeSeptember 28, 20091. Find the equation of the tangent line to the following functions at the given point. 1. f (x) = x3 + 4x at x = 1.2. f (x) =1 at x = 0. x+43. f (x) =x at x = 2.2. Let f (x) = x2 sin(1/x) for x = 0 and f (0) = 0. Wh
Harvard - MATH - 1a
The derivative functionSeptember 30, 20091. Let f (x) = x(x - 1)(x - 2) = x3 - 3x2 + 2x. Determine f (x) using the limit definition. Sketch f (x) and f (x), and compare the graphs.2. Let h(x) = |x - 1| + |x + 1|. On what intervals is h(x) continuous? W
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: What does f say about f ?October 02, 20091. The following is the graph of the velocity s(t) (in m/s) of a particle as a function of time t (in s).st 42246ta. Sketch a graph of the acceleration a(t).b. Sketch the graph of the position p(
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: Product/quotient rules and applicationsOctober 9, 20091. Determine the following derivatives. d 1. (tet ). dt2.d 3 s (s 2 ). ds3.d dpp2 . p2 + 12. Differentiate the following functions of x in two different ways. Check that your answers a
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: Derivatives of trigonometric functionsOctober 14, 2009d d sin x = cos x and cos x = - sin x to compute dx dx c. d sec x dx1. Use a.d tan x dxb.d cot x dxd.d csc x dx2. Find the following limits. a. limh0tan h hb. limh0sin 2h sin h3.
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: The chain ruleOctober 16, 20091. Differentiate following functions. 1. (x - 1)(x + 3)112. ex23. f (x) = 2x tan x4.x+x+x2. Some liquid is poured in a (conical) glass. Denote the volume of the liquid in the glass at time t by V (t). At wh
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: Implicit differentiationOctober 19, 20091. Find y if y 5 + x2 y 3 = 1 + yex .22. The equation 2(x2 + y 2 )2 = 25(x2 - y 2 ) gives a curve know as a lemniscate. Find the equation of the tangent line to the lemniscate at (-3, 1).13. Find the
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: Derivatives of logarithmic functionsOctober 21, 20091. Consider the function f (x) = x - e log x for x &gt; 0. a. Find f (x) c. For which x is f (x) minimum?b. On which intervals is f (x) increasing/decreasing? d. Which one is bigger: e or e ?2.
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: Linear approximationOctober 22, 20091. Use linear approximation to estimate the following without your calculator. Write down the linear function that you used for your approximation and the approximate value you obtained. 1. 3 10062. sin(-0.0
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: Related ratesOctober 26, 20091. You are driving along a straight highway where the speed limit is 65 miles per hour. You pass a highway patrol car sitting 1000 feet from the highway on your left. Thirty-five seconds later, the highway patrolman
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: Maxima and minimaOctober 28, 20091. Find the global maxima and minima of the following functions on the given intervals. Remember that global maxima and minima are among endpoints of the interval, points where f is not differentiable, points wh
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: The mean value theorem and shapes of curvesOctober 30, 20091. Consider the function f (x) = x3 - 5x2 + 3x + 1. Where is f increasing/decreasing? Where is f concave up/concave down? What are the local maxima and minima? What are the inflection p
Harvard - MATH - 1a
Math 1a: Curve sketchingNovember 2, 2009Sketch each of the following functions, showing all important details. Use some of the following to extract as much information about the plot as you can: 1. the domain of definition of the function, vertical and
Harvard - MATH - 1a
MATH 1A: OPTIMIZATION1. A rain gutter is to be constructed from a metal sheet of width 30 cm by bending up one-third of the sheet on each side through an angle . How should be chosen to maximize the amount of water carried by the gutter?2. The sum of tw
Harvard - MATH - 1a
MATH 1A: OPTIMIZATION (PART II)1. The Statue of Liberty is 32 m tall, and rests on a base 49 m tall. How far away from the base should you stand to get the best view of the statue? (In other words, to maximize the angle subtended by the statue at your ey
Harvard - MATH - 1a
^ L'HOPITAL'S RULE1. Find lime3t - 1 . t0 t2. Find limln x . x1 sin x3. What is limsin2 (x) ? x0 x2 - x34. Last night, I was trying to compute limx0 my conclusion. What is going on?sin(3x) x2 +x .The numerical evidence does not seem to agree with
Harvard - MATH - 1a
MATH 1A: ANTIDERIVATIVES1. Water is leaking out of a tank at the rate of (10 - t) liters per minute, where t is time in minutes. The leaking starts at t = 0. How much water has leaked after 4 minutes? What if the leak had started at t = 1?2. For each of
Harvard - MATH - 1a
AREAS AND DISTANCES1. Express the following sums using the notation: (1) 13 + 23 + + 1003(2) 1 + 3 + 5 + + 101(3) 1 -1 2+1 3-1 4 +1 292. Write down the definition of the area under the given function on the given interval. Approximate the area
Harvard - MATH - 1a
MATH 1A: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL31. Approximate the definite integral than or greater than the actual value?0(2 - x)dx using six rectangles and right endpoints. Is this value lessCan you find the exact value of the integral? (Hint: What does the graph
Harvard - MATH - 1a
EVALUATING DEFINITE INTEGRALS1. Evaluate the following integrals.2(1)0(6x2 - 4x + 5)dx2(2)cos d1(3)04 dx 1 + x2/4(4)01 + cos2 cos2 d2. What is wrong with the following equation?3 -11 1 dx = - x2 x3 -14 =- . 3Date: November 23, 2009.
Harvard - MATH - 1a
MATH 1A: THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS1. Let f (t) be the function defined on the interval [-5, 5] by the graph shown. Define the area function F by f x4 2xF (x) =0f (t) dt.531 2135x(1) Where is F increasing and decreasing?(2) Where i