rise The of muscovy
Moscow river, late 19th century
, 19-
View of Moscow & Surroundings (Sparrow Hills)
( ).
. . 1825 .
Moscow -- Center of Orthodoxy
Life outside Moscow
Moscow -- Center of Orthodoxy
Moscow: The Third Rome?
The first one fell to the
Vandals!
The second one
(Constantinople) fell to the
Turks! (1453)
Moscow dons the mantle
of center of Christian faith!
Note: Nobody else agrees!
Especially not the Pope.
, ,
.
Novgorod
Moscow
Battle of Kulikovo, 1380; decisive battle in decline of Mongol power
Ivan III (the Great) (1462-1505)
Grand Prince of
Muscovy
Conquerer of
Novgorod
Marriage to Byzantine
Princess Zoe leads to
adoption of doubleheaded as
symbol eagle of Russian
ruler - signalling a turn
to the West, rather
than the East
Expansion of Muscovy
View of a monastery in Tver province ()
Novgorod Kremlin
View of Novgorod Kremlin from the river
Novgorod moat
Cathedral of St. Sofiya, built 1045, Novgorod
Novgorod: Democra-something of Russia?
Posadnik heads
the Veche (),
an assembly of the
nobility
Posadnik must
confirm decisions of
Prince (who is
elected by the
nobility)
Poland
Elected monarch
Assembly of the
nobility (Sejm), from
1182
Council of the Four
Lands (Jewish
assembly -- Vaad Arba
Aratzot)
Decentralized, divided,
and defeated.
"The First Sejm, 1182"
by Jan Matejko, 1888