#2 Midterm Study Guide
Key Terms:
Gender
The collection of
psychological and
behavioral traits
that differ between
males and females
Gender identity
A persons
subjective sense of
being male or
female
Transgender
Having a gender
identity that is
discordant with
ones anatomical
sex
Gender role
The expression of
gender identity in
social behavior
Gender constancy
A childs
understanding that
sex is a fixed
attribute
Gender schema
A collection of
ideas about gender
that influences
perception and
judgment
Sexual script
Cultural guidelines
that prescribe
sexual roles
Transsexual
A transgendered
person who seeks
to transition to the
other sex
Gender dysphoria
The unhappiness
caused by
discordance
between a persons
anatomical sex and
gender identity
Transmen
Female-to-male
transsexual
Transwomen
Male-to-female
transsexual
Transvestism
Wearing clothes of
the other sex for
purposes of sexual
arousal. Can be
crossdressing
Autogynephilia
A form of male-tofemale
transexuality
characterized by a
mans sexual
arousal at the
thought of
becoming a woman
Mahu
A man who took a
female gender role
in Polynesian
society and
performed ritual
dances
Two-spirit person
In Native American
cultures, a person
with the spirit of
both a man and a
woman
Amazon
A female Scythian
warrior; any tall or
powerful woman
Hijra
A member of a
class of male-tofemale transsexuals
in northern India
and Pakistan
Transitioning
The process by
which transsexuals
change sex
Real-life
experience
Period of living in
the role of the other
sex as a prelude to
sex-reassignment
Sex-reassignment
surgery
Surgery to change a
persons genitals or
other sexual
characteristics
Implantation
Attachment of the
embryo to the
endometrium
Human chorionic
gonadotropin
(hCG)
A hormone secreted
by the conceptus
and by the
placenta; its
presence in a
womans blood is
an indicator of
pregnancy
Ultrasound
An imaging
procedure that
depends on the
reflection of
ultrasonic waves
from density
boundaries within
the body
Sub fertile
Difficulty in
establishing
pregnancy;
arbitrarily defined
as absence of
pregnancy after
couple has frequent
unprotected sex
Infertility
Inability to achieve
pregnancy
Artificial
insemination
An assisted
reproduction
technique that
involves the
placement of semen
in the vagina or
uterus with the aid
of a syringe or
cannula
In vitro
fertilization (IVF)
Any of a variety of
assisted
reproduction
techniques in which
fertilization takes
place outside the
body
Assisted
reproductive
technology (ART)
In vitro fertilization
and related
technologies
Endometriosis
The growth of
endometrial tissue
at abnormal
locations
Secondary
amenorrhea
Absence of
menstruation in a
woman who has
previously
menstruated
normally
Oligomenorrhea
Infrequent or
unusually light
menstruation
Surrogate
A person who
stands in for
another; as a sex
partner or as bearer
of a child
Down syndrome
Collection of birth
defects caused by
the presence of any
extra copy of
chromosome 21
Rh factor
An antigen on the
surface of red
blood cells that,
when present in a
fetus but not in its
mother, may trigger
an immune
response by the
mother resulting in
severe anemia
Ectopic pregnancy
Implantation and
resulting pregnancy
at any site other
than the uterus
Gestational age
A fetuss age, timed
from the onset of
the mothers last
menstrual period
Naegeles rule
A rule of thumb
that a pregnant
womans due date
is 9 months plus
one week after the
onset of her last
menstrual period
Couvade
Pregnancylike
symptoms in the
male partner of a
pregnant woman
Fetal alcohol
syndrome
Collection of
physical and
behavioral
symptoms in a
child who was
exposed to high
levels of alcohol as
a fetus
Quickening
Onset of
movements by the
fetus that can be
felt by the mother
Amniocentesis
The sampling of
the amniotic fluid
for purposes of
prenatal diagnosis
Chorionic villus
sampling
The sampling of
tissue from the
placenta for
purposes of
prenatal diagnosis
Braxton-Hicks
contractions
Irregular uterine
contractions that
occur during the
third trimester of
pregnancy (false
labor)
Birthing center
A facility
specializing in
childbirth care
Lamaze method
Method of
childbirth
instruction that
focuses on
techniques of
relaxation and other
natural means of
pain prevention
Bradley method
A method of
childbirth
instruction that
stresses the
partners role as
birth coach and that
seeks to avoid
medical
interventions
Parturition
(labor)
Delivery of young;
childbirth
Engagement
The sinking of a
fetuss head into a
lower position in
the pelvis in
preparation for
birth (aka
lightening)
Birth canal
The canal formed
by the uterus,
cervix, and vagina,
through which the
fetus passes
through during
childbirth
Effacement
Thinning of the
cervix in
preparation for
childbirth
Dilation
In childbirth,
expansion of the
cervical canal
Transition
The final phase of
dilation of the
cervix during labor
Epidural
anesthesia
Anesthesia
administered just
outside the
membrane that
surrounds the
spinal cord
Episiotomy
A cut extending the
opening of the
vagina backward
into the perineum
performed by an
obstetrician with
the intention of
facilitating
childbirth or
reducing the risk of
perineal tears
Afterbirth
The placenta,
whose delivery
constitutes the final
stage of labor
Cesarean section
(C-section)
The delivery of a
baby through an
incision in the
abdominal wall and
the uterus
Premature labor
Labor that occurs
before 37 weeks of
gestational age
Preterm birth
Same as premature
labor but birth
Postpartum
The period after
birth
Postpartum
depression
Depression in a
mother during the
period after birth
Lactate
Production of milk
in the mammary
glands
Prolactin
A hormone secreted
by the anterior lobe
to the pituitary
gland that promotes
breast development
Let-down reflex
Reflex ejection of
milk into the milk
ducts in response to
suckling
Colostrum
Milk produced
during the first few
days after birth;
relatively low in fat
but rich in protein
Venereal diseases
Obsolete term for
STD
Syphilis
STD caused by a
spirochete
Pubic lice
Insects that
preferentially infest
the pubic region
Scabies
Infestation with a
mite that burrows
within the skin
Trichomoniasis
STD infection with
the protozoan
trich
Asymptomatic
carriers
Someone who is
infected with a
disease organism
but doesnt
experience
symptoms
Gonorrhea
STD caused by
infection with
bacterium
Neisseria
Pelvic
inflammatory
disease (PID)
Infection of the
female
reproductive tract,
often caused by
sexually
transmitted
organisms
Epididymitis
Inflammation of
epididymis
Chlamydia
STD caused by
infection with
bacterium
chlamydia
trachomatis
Bacterial
vaginosis
A condition in
which the normal
microorganisms of
the vagina are
replaced by
anaerobic bacteria,
causing discomfort
and foul-smelling
discharge
Urethritis
Inflammation of the
urethra, usu. caused
by an infection
Molluscum
Contagiosum
Skin condition
marked by small
raised growths;
caused by a pox
virus
Oral herpes
Herpes infection of
the mouth, caused
by HSV-1
Genital herpes
Infection of the
genital area caused
by HSV-2 or HSC1
Human
papillomaviruses
(HPV)
Any of a group of
viruses that can be
sexually
transmitted and that
cause genital warts
or other lesions;
some predispose to
cancer of cervix or
anus
Genital warts
Wartlike growths
on or near the
genitalia or anus,
caused by infection
with human
papillomavirus
Hepatitis B
Liver disease
caused by the
hepatitis B virus,
often transmitted
sexually
Jaundice
Yellowing of the
skin and mucous
membranes, caused
by liver disease
Hepatitis A
Liver disease
caused by the
hepatitis A virus.
Sometimes
transmitted
sexually
AIDS
Disease caused by
the human
immunodeficiency
virus; its onset is
defined by the
occurrence of any
of a number of
opportunistic
infections or on the
basis of blood tests
HIV
The retrovirus that
causes AIDS
Pearly penile
papules
Rape
Coitus
accomplished by
force or the threat
of force
Sexual assault
Coercive or
nonconsensual
sexual contact a
broader category of
behaviors than rape
Statutory rape
Penetrative sex
when a partner is
legally unable to
give consent on
account of young
age, intellectual
disability, or
unconsciousness
Date rape
Rape between
dating or socially
acquainted couples
Rohypnol
A tranquilizer that
has been used to
facilitate rape
GHB
A central nervous
system depressant
that has been used
to facilitate rape
Ketamine
Anesthetic and
recreational drug
that has been used
to facilitate rape
Rape trauma
syndrome
Cluster of
persistent physical
and psychological
symptoms seen in
rape victims,
comparable to posttraumatic stress
disorder
Rape shield laws
Laws that protect
rape victims, ex: by
limiting the
introduction of
evidence about
their prior sexual
behavior
Sexual
harassment
Unwanted sexual
advances or other
intimidating sexual
behavior; usu. in
workplace
Quid pro quo
harassment
Unwelcome sexual
advances, usu.
made to worker in a
subordinate
position,
accompanied by
promises or threats
Hostileenvironment
harassment
Sexual harassment
involving a pattern
of conduct that
creates an
intimidating work
environment
Stalking
Obsessive pursuit
of someone in such
a way as to put
person in a state of
fear
Intimate partner
stalking
Stalking of a
current or former
spouse or other
intimate partner
Obsessive
relational
intrusion
Obsessive pursuit
of a person by a
rejected lover
Delusional
stalking
Stalking motivated
by the delusional
belief that the
victim is in love
with, or could be
persuaded to fall in
love with, the
stalker
Erotomania
Delusional belief
that a sexually
desired but
unattainable person
is actually in love
with oneself
Grudge stalking
Nonsexual revenge
stalking
Intimate partner
violence
Violence between
sex partners
Battered-woman
syndrome
A version of posttraumatic stress
disorder affecting
women who are
victims of intimate
partner violence,
characterized
especially by a
cessation of
attempts to escape
from the abusive
situation
98.4-126 Sex and Gender Differences
Be able to define and explain the difference between gender, gender identity, transgender,
and gender role.
Gender: The collection of psychological and behavioral traits that differ between M and
F
Gender identity: A persons subjective sense of being male or female
Transgender: Having a gender identity that is discordant with ones anatomical sex
Gender role: The expression of gender identity in social behavior
Be able to give examples of cognitive and personality traits men and women differ on
(pg. 100-101).
Cognitive
Men: mentally rotate 3D objects, targeting accuracy, and navigation
Women: memorization of the location of objects, fine manipulation, verbal skills
Personality - aggression
Men: score higher on written tests of aggressiveness, verbal and physical
aggression in real-life situations, commit violent crimes
Women: indirect nonphysical means malicious gossip
Interests
Men: thing-related interests
Women: people-related activities and occupations
Be able to explain attitude differences between male and female sexuality, including
attitudes towards casual sex, jealousy, and masturbation.
Casual Sex - Men are far more permissive attitudes, more desirous of engaging in
casual sex and make more attempts.
Sex partners women are attracted older partners and concerned with partners
status or wealth while men are attracted to younger partners and concerned with partners
physical attractiveness.
Visual sex stimuli men more interested in pornography and more sexually
aroused by them. Jealousy women more inclined to emotional jealousy, fear that
partner will commit emotionally to someone else while men more likely to express sexual
jealousy, fear that partner is having sexual contacts with someone else.
Masturbation men masturbate more beginning at puberty and report more
frequent sexual intercourse with younger age and larger number of total sex partners
When do gender differences begin to arise? When can children categorize their own sex?
When does gender consistency occur?
By age 1, most children distinguish between faces and voices, hair and length. By
age 3-4, gender constancy appears (the realization that the sex categories are permanent) ,
man with a wig is still a man
True or False: Girls play is governed by appeal to social conventions, while boys play
refers to principles of justice.
Gender is molded by socialization. What is the primary social influence on children?
How are children influenced by this social influence? What other types of social
influence are there?
The primary social influence on children is family. The way they dress their
children, decorate the childs surroundings; the types of toys they provide; and the
activities they engage the child in influences how they will mold into gender roles.
Receiving approval for gender typical behavior allows infants to make gender
distinctions in earlier life and exhibit more gender specific behavior.
Girls foster dependency and shelter, become more social and verbal, more
emotional, prefer dolls and appeal to social conventions
Boys foster independency and roughhousing, become more rowdy and rewarded
for it by fathers, prefer vehicles, toy weapons, balls, and construction toys, seek revenge
and justice
Other social influences: Teachers teachers like and reward girls because they
behave correctly (sitting quietly, being verbal) unlike boys who have lower verbal
skills and higher aggressive behavior. Mass media kids watch 4-6 hrs of TV a day and
are influenced by the distorted views of sex and gender roles. Children observe
movements and behavior of same sex. Society males = power, females = support.
Be able to answer questions like how do _________ influence how we learn gender
roles?
True or False: Gender typical behavior is molded by imitations of individuals seen as
authoritative or protective. Gender typical behavior doesnt result from simple direct
rewards and punishments.
How did 1960s feminism influence child socialization?
Idea that traditional gender differences could be modified even abolished by the
way parents treat their children, not using stereotypes. Athletic not as associated with
masculine anymore. The sex difference in mathematical performance is nonexistent
now.
Be able to discuss children resistant to socialization. Be sure to read box 4.3.
Gay, transgendered, or sex-reassigned children violate gender norms even though
they are not encouraged, influenced, or trained. Ex: the boy who was raised as a girl.
What are sexual scripts and when are they used?
The cultural guidelines that prescribe sexual roles from learned parts. People rely
on sexual scripts when interacting with prospective partners. Guy buys a girl drinks at a
bar and girl looks for guys who do.
True or False: Gender development involves only nature.
(and nurture?)
Be able to explain the life stories of transmen and transwomen.
Transmen: F to M transsexuals that from very young are determined they are or
will be boys and express masculinity in clothing, hairstyles, friendships, activities, and
career plans. Resent signs of womanhood at puberty. Identify as heterosexual men in
adulthood not lesbians.
Transwomen: M to F transsexuals that either: 1. Seek sex-reassignment or 2. As
children, only mildly gender conformist and as adults sexually attracted to women with
fetishistic elements, desire to become W is fueled by incorporating the object of their
attraction into themselves, often seek sex-reassignment, can be referred to as
autogynephilia.
Be able to explain the process of transitioning.
Sex reassignment stages: 1. Individual is evaluated psychologically and
physically, 2. real life experience of living as the other sex, 3. Given hormones to begin
body change, 4. Sex reassignment surgery, 5. Follow-ups
What are some of the reasons for not going through transitioning? What are other routes
transsexuals can go through sex-reassignment surgery?
Reasons not enough money, satisfied with cross dressing and passing as a
person of the other sex, and can switch between M and F gender roles not permanent.
Other routes: black market hormone pills, private surgeon when ready.
Ch. 8 Fertility, Pregnancy, and Childbirth
How is pregnancy confirmed?
Hormonal Tests
Be able to explain where fertilization takes place and what implantation is.
Fertilization takes place in the oviduct where the implantation process of embryo
burrowing into the endometrium and begins to secrete hormone hCG.
What is the chance of pregnancy for a fertile young couple engaging in unprotected sex
for one year? What is the term for women who do not achieve pregnancy after this year?
93% likelihood of achieving pregnancy in the first year. Not pregnant sub
fertile.
When is coitus most likely to result in pregnancy?
When it takes place on the same day as ovulation (14 days after start of
menstruation)
What steps can be taken to improve the chance of pregnancy?
Less frequent ejaculations, man above position in sex, woman lying on back for
30 minutes after coitus
True or False: Infertility can result in either the man or woman.
Be able to define infertility and explain some of its causes.
The total inability to achieve pregnancy without medical intervention. Causes:
insufficient or poor quality sperm, failure to ovulate, abnormalities in female reproductive
tract (obstructed oviducts from PID), STDs, endometriosis in women.
What can cause insufficient or poor quality sperm?
Undescended testicles, sex chromosome anomalies, infections that leads to
blockage of reproductive tract, and intensive chemotherapy.
Be able to explain in vitro fertilization and its screening procedures (pg. 238-239).
Woman takes hormone to develop follicles that in time will ovulate and fine
needle is inserted in each one to extract ovum.
Zonal drilling drills a hole in jellylike capsule around ovum.
Subzonal insemination injects sperm into space between zona and ovum.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection injects sperm directly into cytoplasm of ovum.
Preimplantation genetic screening removes cells from embryo during cell division
period to check the sex and genetic makeup.
Gamete intrafallopian transfer places ova directly in womans oviducts along with
sperm and fertilization takes place in oviduct.
What are some options for infertile women besides artificial reproductive techniques?
Egg donations, surrogate mothers, and adoption
Be able to define ectopic pregnancy and explain some of its causes.
Implantation and resulting pregnancy at any site other than the uterus. Commonly
leads to early spontaneous abortion. Can be caused by congenital malformations of the
oviducts or uterus, damage to the oviducts from PID, ruptured appendix.
1st Trimester
2nd Trimester
3rd Trimester
Begins
When sperm
fertilizes egg
13 weeks of
gestational age,
period of
common well
being
26 weeks of
gestational age
Fetal Changes
Fetus
movements
quickening
Fetus performs
many of the
behaviors that it
will need to
survive outside
the womb
Pregnancy
Symptoms
Fetus secretes
hormones that
prepares
muscles within
the uterus for
child birth and
breast for
lactation
Breast
tenderness and
morning
sickness,
couvade in the
male (form of
sympathy for
women)
Abdomen
swells, stretch
marks may
appear, urge to
urinate more
frequently,
breasts may
expel colostrum,
Sometimes
depression or
anxiety of
childbirth and
motherhood,
others physical
problems.
Uterus
undergoes
Braxton-Hicks
contractionsfa
lse labor
Be sure to know the different childbirth classes women can take as well as the different
ways to prepare for birth (lecture and pg. 254-255).
Lamaze method teaches breathing exercises and techniques for relaxing
abdominal and perineal muscles, and to reduce perception of pain.
Bradley method stresses natural childbirth and role of womans partner as birth
coach
Water birth where baby is delivered underwater in warm bathtub for more gentle
effect.
What different delivery sites are there for childbirth?
Hospital, home, or birthing center.
Labor Stages
Bodily Changes
Stage 1
Uterine contractions and cervical
dilations, effacement (thinning of cervix
in preparation for childbirth) and dilation
(expansion of cervical canal)
Stage 2
Passage of the fetus through the birth
canal, varies in duration, crowning
appearance of babys head, episiotomy,
ends with baby coming out
Stage 3
Expulsion of placenta, further uterine
contractions, afterbirth expelled
placenta
How does childbirth and parenting affect sexuality?
Lower or absent sexual activity due to exhaustion, need for recovery after
childbirth, most women wait 6 weeks before having sex again.
Know the pros and cons of breastfeeding (p. 263-264).
Pros: Health benefits for babies less likely to develop infectious illnesses.
Health benefits for mother shrinks the uterus to its prepregnancy size and reduces
postpartum bleeding. Psychological benefits to the mother and infant close bond.
Convenience and expense. Contraceptive effect suppresses menstrual cycle.
Cons: Health problems for mother inflamed nipples. Health problems for baby
can acquire infections (HIV and hepatitis). Inconvenience hard for busy mothers.
Ch. 15 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Syphilis Stages
Symptoms
Primary Syphilis
Chancre at site of infection, red bumps
become sore or ulcer
Secondary Syphilis
Painless rash (could affect palms and
soles of feet), fever, swollen
lymphnodes, sore throat, muscle pain
Tertiary Syphilis
Large ulcers may appear on skin or
internal organs, organ damage
Herpes Types
Symptoms
Treatments
HSV-1 (Oral Herpes)
Fever blisters or cold
sores, recurrent
breakouts, maybe
painful or mildly itchy
Oral antibiotics
Valtrex
Not curable but
treatment reduces
Located on genitals,
fever, swollen
lymphnodes, can
increase risk of cervical
cancer
HSV-2 (Genital Herpes)
Know the different ways to reduce the likelihood of STD transmission.
Use condoms, refrain from sex, get tested, talk to your partner before and get
tested together
Ch. 16 Sexual Assault, Harassment, and Partner Violence
Be able to define and know the differences between rape, sexual assault, and statutory
rape.
Rape: coitus and other penetrative acts accomplished by force or threat of force.
Sexual assault: any sexual act performed by force or threat of force
Statutory rape: penetrative sex when a partner is legally unable to give consent on
account of age, intellectual disability, or altered state of consciousness
How many rapes are reported? What are some of the reasons for not reporting incidents
of rape?
Most rapes not reported, only 1/3 reported to law enforcement. Reasons: it was a
personal matter, afraid of reprisals.
True or False: Most perpetrators are men known to the victim.
What is date rape? How great is a womans chance for experiencing rape during her
college career?
Rape between dating or socially acquainted people, F has 20-25% chance of rape
What is the #1 date rape drug?
Alcohol
What types of long-lasting psychological injuries can rape cause?
Denial of a persons autonomy and rape trauma syndrome severe sexual
problems
What special concerns do male rape victims have?
Little or no support from peers, may feel guilty themselves, may develop
problems around their sexual orientation, rape in prisons (concept of power not sexual
desire).
Be able to explain the differences between rape and prosecution before and after the
1970s.
Prior: women viewed as having voluntarily placed themselves at mans disposal
(prostitutes), rape laws used to protect omen of virtue
After: Rape shield laws protect rape victims, limiting evidence of sexual history
and behavior.
Why do men rape? Be able to explain these different perspectives: evolutionary roots,
characteristics of rapists, and social forces
Evolutionary roots: human capacity for rape is either an adaptation itself or a
byproduct of adaptive traits. Social Forces: rape is learned behavior, US society is rape
prone culture from patriarchal ideology. Characteristic: lower socioeconomic status, less
education, worse relationships with parents, self centered, lower capacity for empathy.
How can you reduce the risk of rape (see box 16.2)?
Report crime, take self-defense classes, meet men in public places, avoid drugs or
excessive alcohol use, be explicit say no. Lock doors, dont hitchhike, get alarms, and
run away.
Be able to define sexual harassment. What are the two different types of workplace
sexual harassment?
Unwanted sexual advances or other intimidating sexual behavior.
1. Quid pro quo unwelcome sexual advances followed by promises or threats
2. Hostile work environment pattern of unwelcome sexual attention
What steps should you take if you are a victim of sexual harassment in the workplace (see
p. 522)?
Know your rights, tell harasser youre being harassed, document everything, tell
other people, complain to supervisor, get a lawyer and file a complaint with EEOC.
What are the three types of stalkers?
1. Intimate partner stalking obsessive relational intrusion
2. Delusional stalking (erotomania) fixed belief of love
3. Grudge stalking nonsexual revenge stalking
Be able to explain the phases in the domestic violence cycle.
-the tension-building phase
Involves threatening and/or minor assaults
-the violence phase
Actual violent behavior that lasts no more than a day, mostly done while
intoxicated
-the reconciliation phase
Perpetrator is apologetic, victim forgives
What theories are used to explain domestic violence?
Partriarchal terrorism mans desire to assert control and dominance from
evolutionary psychology or inheritance.
Men could have been abused during childhood or witnessed their fathers abusing
their mothers