Space: Democratic The New Hotels
The hotels provided lodging to travelers and new arrivals.
The new hotels was a sigh from the democratic government that white males were on the
move geographically and socially.
African Americans and Native Americans were still discriminated, excluded and denied
suffrage.
The poor that could not afford hotel room used the squalid rooming houses.
The hotel was a symbol for the democratic spirit of the age.
The idea of equality and equal opportunity did not extend across race and gender.
Discrimination against Native Americans, African Americans and women of all races still
existed.
Democracy in Theory and practice
Democracy was used to describe how American institutions were supposed to work.
Conservatives had to win over the public opinion before making a decision
People assumed that the rich were the leaders of the community.
Inherited social ranks and clearly defined aristocrats or privileged groups disappeared.
Self-made men of lowly origins could more readily acquire power and influence and tht
exclusiveness and aristocratic pretentions were likely to provoke hostility.
The gap between the rich and poor increased during 1820s and 1830s.
Democratic Culture
People believed that equality was the governing principle of American society.
There was no more distinctive dress codes for upper and lower class.
The big hair and wigs were now traded to short hair and pantaloons for men of all classes.
The rise of industrialization was also creating a permanent class of low-paid, unorganized
wage earners.
There was a big inequality of status between southern planters and their black slaves.
Quack and folk healers could compete freely with established medical doctors because
licensing wasnt required.
The clergy responded to the new democratic spirit by developing a more popular and
emotional style of preaching to please their public.
New political views can now find an audience.
Journalism was open to those who were literate and had something to say.
People used literature and art to improve popular taste and install deeper moral and
spiritual values.
A mass market for popular literature was made because of a rise in literacy and a
revolution.
More potential readers and lower publishing costs led to a flood of lurid and sentimental
novels.
Women were most of the writers but portrayed themselves as men.
Theater was popular during the Jacksonian Era.
Democratic Political Institutions
Most staes had removed the last barriers to voting for all white males.
The proportion of public officials who were elected rather than appointed also increased.
A new style of politicking developed.
Politicians built stable state-wide political organizations out of what had been loosely
organized factions.
Van Buren regarded a permanent two-party system as essential to democratic
government.
Voters rather than state legislatures were choosing presidential election all but two of the
24 states.
When a nation nominating conventions appeared, representative part assemblies selected
presidential candidates.
Economic Issues
Small farmers favored a return to a simpler and more honest economy without banks,
paper money and the easy credit.
The economic suffering of the 1820s raised the rapid growth of state level political
activity
Party dispute reflected the republican ideology that feared conspiracy against American
liberty and equality
Jacksonians believed that the power of money endangered the survival of the rebublican
Federal government concerned both sides as the New republicans simply attempted to
destroy what Jacksonian decried.
Jackson would gull the electorate into ratifying high handed and tyrannical contrary.
Jackson and the Politics of Democracy
Andrew Jackson transformed the national politics into a more democratic mold
Jackson Comes to Power
Jackson won a plurality of the electoral votes.
Adams appointed Clay secretary of state and Jacksonians charged that a corrupt bargain
had cost their favorite the presidency .
Adams refused to bow to public opinion and called for expanding federal activity.
Adams had special interest in government support for science an wanted a national
university in Washington.
The tariff issue was the main business on their agenda.
The South was assumed to be safely in Jacksons camp regardless of his stands on the
tariff.
Tariff of abomination- the angered southern free trader because of the increase in duties
Every county and important town or city in the antion had a Jackson committee.
The democtratic part was founded to promote the cause of a particular presidential
candidate revealed a central characteristics of the coming two-party system.
The effort for Jackson featured such electioneering techniques a huge public rallies,
parades and barbeques the candidates supporters paid for.
Historians believed that the massive turnout at such events during much of the rest of the
nineteenth century.
The democratic press attacked Adams and praised Jackson.
Adams supporters accused Jackson's of bigamy and adultery.
Jacksons upbringing recorded as a military hero and Indian fighter and lack of education
were advertised as evidence that he was a true representative of the common people.
Adams was the exact opposite because he was overeducated aristocrat.
Most of the politicians in his camp favored states rights and limited government against
the nationalism of Adams and Clay.
Jackson supported the removing of Indian from the Gulf states.
Jackson had indomitable will an intolerance for opposition and prickly pride that didnt
let forgive him or forget and insult.
He was tough and resourceful, but he lacked the flexibility successful politicians show.
Jackson was the first president to defend the practice openly as legitimate democratic
doctrine.
Indian Removal
Jackson persuaded and coerced tribal groups to emigrate.
His support for the removal was the same as te policy of previous administration.
Georgia declared that all Cherokee laws and customs were null and void.
State officials authorized the Georgia militia to use violence against the Cherokee.
Jackson regarded Indians as children when they did the white mans bidding and savage
age beasts when they resisted.
Jackson asserted the primary states right over Indian rights and called for the speedy and
thorough removal of al eastern Indians.
The Democracy in America was written by Alexis de Tocqueville watched the tropps
driving the Choctaws across the Mississippi River in the winter.
Cherokee had agreed to evacuate their ancestral homelands.
Georgia had arrested and sentenced to four years hard labor a missionary who violated
state law.
Jackson would not protect the Indians from state action no matter how violent or
coercive.
The Trail of Tears was the military pressure forced march to the territory that is now
Oklahoma.
The Indian removal was the second Seminole war.
The Nullification Crisis
South Carolina was strengthened commitment to salvery and anxiety about the use of
federal power to strike at the peculiar institutions.
Tariffs that increased the prices that southern agriculturist paid for manufacturing goods.
Vice President Calhoun abandoned his earlier support of nationalism and the American
System.
Nullification is an individuals states rights to set aside for federal laws.
Calhoun supported Jackson and planned to serve amicably as his vice president.
Van Buren became the presidents designated successor and not Calhoun.
The difference between Calhoun and Jackson came up at the Jefferson Day dinner.
Calhoun openly took the lead arguing that states could set aside federal laws.
South Carolina legislature called a special convention which voted to nullify the tariffs
and forbid the collection of customs duties within the states.
Jackson sought to pacify the nullifiers be recommending a lower tariff.
Jacksons intention to use force and appeased by the lower tariff.
A fear of northern meddling with salvery was the main spur to the growth of a militant
doctrine of slave states were less anxious about the future of peculiar institution.
The Bank War and the Second-Party System
The Bank War revealed some of the deepest concern Jackson and his supporters and
expressed their concept of democracy.
The Bank Veto and the Election of 1832
Jackson harbored suspiciouns that branches of the Bank of the United States had illicitly
supported Admas.
Jackson was listening to Nicholas Biddle kitchen cabinet who witought an attack on the
bank would be a good party issue for the election of 1832
Jackson had chosen the unpopular side of the issue and that a congressional endorsement
of the Bank would embarrass or even discredit the president.
Jackson vetoed the bill.
Jacksons veto message was the first to use more strictly constitutional arguments and
deal directly with social and economic issues.
Killing the Bank
Tha bank has used all the political influence it could muster to prevent jacksons
reelection.
Jackson had to overcome resistance in his own cabinet.
The funds were placed in 23 state banks.
Congress extended credit recklessly and increased the paper money in circualation.
Biddle hoped to show that weakening the Bank would hurt the economy.
Clay and his supporters contended that the president had violated the Banks charter
and exceeded his constitutional authority.
The senate approved a motion of censure.
The Emergence of Whigs.
Southern proponents of states right who had been upset by Jacksons stand on
nullification and saw his withdrawalof federal deposits from the Bacnk as an
unconstitutional abuse of power.
Panic of 1837 was President Van Buren faced a catastrophic depression.
Anti-mason detested jacksonianism mainly because it tolerated diverse lifestyle.
The diverse whig coalition could not agree on a signel candidate.
Van Buren could not do little or nothing to relieve economic distress through subsidies or
relief measure.
The whigs had the chance to offer alternative policies that promised to restore prosperity.
Heyday of the Second-party System
The second-party system was tha national two-party rivalry between democtrats and
whigs, it began in 1830s and ended in the 1850s within the demise of the whigs oand the
rise of the republican party.
Allegience to one party or another became a source of personal identity.
Whigs stood for a positive liberal state.
Merchants who favored internal improvements to stimulate commerce and
farmersadapted a market economy
Whigs and democrats had conflicting views of the good society and their policies
reflected these difference.
Whigs welcomed a market economy but wanted to restrain the individualism and disorder
it created.
Tocquevilles Wisdom
Alexis de Tocqueville visited the united state and left before the presidential election.
The essence on American democracy was local self-government.
He noted that power of white supremacy providing unforgettable firsthand description of
the suffering of an Indoan community during forced migration to the west.
White Americans were deeply prejudice against people of color and he doubted it was
possible for a wwhole people to rise above itself.