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Lecture6_Geology_Soil_Formation
Course: CIVE 353, Spring 2012School: Waterloo
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353: CIVE Geotechnical Engineering 1 Geology and Soil Formation Instructor: Dipanjan Basu Lecture 6 Subject Nomenclature Geology science of the earth Petrology - study of rocks Mineralogy - study of minerals Paleontology study of fossils Structural Geology study of stresses, strains, fault, in rock masses, etc. Geophysics - study of earths shape, gravitational and magnetic fields, etc. Geochemistry -...
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353: CIVE Geotechnical Engineering 1
Geology and Soil Formation
Instructor: Dipanjan Basu
Lecture 6
Subject Nomenclature
Geology science of the earth
Petrology - study of rocks
Mineralogy - study of minerals
Paleontology study of fossils
Structural Geology study of stresses, strains, fault, in rock masses, etc.
Geophysics - study of earths shape, gravitational and magnetic fields, etc.
Geochemistry - study of chemical composition of earth (rock, soil, etc.)
Hydrogeology - study of movement and distribution of groundwater
Geomorphology - study of formation and composition of landforms
Environmental Geology geology applied to solve environmental problems
Engineering Geology - geology applied to solve engineering problems
Economic Geology use of earths materials for economic/industrial purposes
Geomorphology
Study of Landforms how it is formed and composition
of rock and soil
Important in Geotechnical Engineering
Geology Specific Landform Soils/Rocks Engineering
Information and Potential Problem at the Site
The Earth
Lithosphere = Crust + Outer
most Mantle
Lithosphere consists of Solid
Rocky Plates that Move
Plates meet, collide and move
alongside or one over the
other
Plate movement and collision
generates earthquakes,
volcanoes, mountains, etc.
also friction and heat
Generated heat, and high
temperature and pressure
cause rock to melt into fluid
Minerals
Inorganic Solid with
Specific Chemical
Composition and Molecular
Structure
Building Blocks of Rocks
and Soils
Minerals Important for Civil
Engineering
Silicates Quartz, Feldspar,
Mica, Chlorite, Amphibole,
Pyroxene, Olivine, Serpentine,
Rocks
Aggregation or mass of one or more minerals found in the earths
crust
Igneous Rock
Molten minerals move upward due to less density than solid rock
Solidifies below surface Intrusive Igneous Rock
Solidifies on surface (volcano) Extrusive Igneous Rock
Sedimentary Rock
Cementation of Solid Particles under High Stress (Lithification)
Precipitation from Solution - Karst
Metamorphic Rock
Formed from Igneous, Sedimentary or other Metamorphic Rocks under
Rocks
Igneous Rock
Intrusive Coarse Grained
Extrusive Fine Grained
Sedimentary Rock
Cemented Conglomeration
Layering Bedding Planes
Metamorphic Rock
Soils
Weathered (disintegrated) of aggregates rock
Physical Weathering physical breaking of rocks into small
particles
Chemical Weathering chemical transformation of rock
minerals into other minerals
Made of Minerals Quartz, Clay Minerals, Carbonates
Soil Types Based on Formation
Residual formed in situ at the site of weathering
Physical Weathering
Physical Breakdown of Rock
Exfoliation - fracturing due to stress relief when rock is exposed to
surface due to erosion of overlying material
Abrasion scraping by moving rock, water, glacier
Fracture due to Freezing and Thawing (temperature change)
Plant Root Penetration
Erosion
River, Glacier
Rodents
Human Activities
Precedes Chemical Weathering
Physical Weathering
FREEZINGTHAWING
ABRASION
EXFOLIATION
EROSION
Chemical Weathering
Chemical Transformation of Rock Mineral to other
Mineral
Dissolution and Carbonation CO2 + rainwater reacts with
calcium carbonate to form calcium bicarbonate
Hydration Attachment of H+ and OH with minerals
Oxidation Chemical oxidation with metals
Biological Action plants, animals and microorganisms
release chemicals that alter minerals
Occurs in High Temperatures and Humidity Tropical
and Sub-tropical Region (Moist Climate)
Chemical Weathering
DISOLUTION
DISOLUTION
OXIDATION
Residual Soil
Soils formed in situ after
Weathering of Parent Rock
Residual Soil
Transported Soil
Soil transported to a different location after formation
Alluvial Soil Carried by river deposited downstream
Aeolian Soil Wind Blown Soil
Colluvial Soil Soil particles rolling down hills and slopes
(gravity driven)
Lacustrine Soil Soil particles depositing (sedimentation) at
the bottom of lake
Marine Soil Sediment out of suspension or solution in
seawater
Glacial Deposits dragging of rock and soil during glacier
Transported Soil
AEOLIAN
COLLUVIAL
ALLUVIAL
deposition in layers
LACUSTRINE
Geologic Cycle
Earth is a Giant Recycling Machine
Geologic Cycle
Four Basic Processes Proceed in Never
Ending Cycle
Denudation
Weathering, Erosion, Wearing down of
land mass by landslides, debris flow,
avalanche, wind abrasion, overland flow
(rivers and streams)
Deposition
Accumulation of sediments transported
previously from some other area
Sediment Formation
Densification of accumulated sediments
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Waterloo - CIVE - 353
CIVE 353: Geotechnical Engineering 1Origin, Characteristics andMineral Composition of SoilInstructor: Dipanjan BasuLecture 7Geologic CycleEarth is a Giant Recycling MachineGeologic CycleFour Basic Processes Proceed in NeverEnding CycleDenudation
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Waterloo - CIVE - 353
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Waterloo - CIVE - 353
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Quiz 2 Solutiona)20060016S=1Gs=2.7e0(N/C)=1.552.7162.5 1625And S t=1 1.622.7401 pre-consolidated soil.60%1.691.550.6381.62 S t=1.0810902001.55200500.1160.1160.638..0.783b)U=60%, cv=2 m2/year, t=?U=60% Tv =0.2862,5
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