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Lecture8_Soil Mineralogy_Students
Course: CIVE 353, Spring 2012School: Waterloo
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353: CIVE Geotechnical Engineering 1 Soil Mineralogy Instructor: Dipanjan Basu Lecture 8 Composition of Earth Composition of Sand, Gravel and Nonplastic Silt Most Common _______________ Silica Tetrahedron (SiO4)4Quartz Structure of Quartz - Tetrahedra forming Frameworks (SiO2)n Gravel, Sand and Silt _______ Particles Product of _________ Weathering Non-clay Minerals Silicates (__________, Feldspar, Mica)...
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353: CIVE Geotechnical Engineering 1
Soil Mineralogy
Instructor: Dipanjan Basu
Lecture 8
Composition of Earth
Composition of Sand, Gravel and Nonplastic Silt
Most Common _______________
Silica Tetrahedron
(SiO4)4Quartz
Structure of Quartz - Tetrahedra forming Frameworks
(SiO2)n
Gravel, Sand and Silt
_______ Particles Product of _________ Weathering
Non-clay Minerals
Silicates (__________, Feldspar, Mica)
Carbonates (Calcite, Dolomite)
Sulfates (Gypsum )
Iron Oxides
Aluminum Oxides
Type of Bonding in Gravel, Sand and
Silt
_________________ attraction between oppositely
charged free ions that gained their charge through loss or
gain of electrons
_________ one or more electrons shared by two atomic
nuclei
Composition of Clay
Clay Minerals
______ Minerals
________ Minerals
________ Clay Minerals
Other Clay Minerals
Clay Minerals
Product of __________ Weathering
Quite ___________ to Further
Weathering _______ End-Products
Contains Basic Building Blocks
____________ and ____________
Very Small Particles - _____, Tubular,
etc.
Have __________________ Adsorbs
Cations
Clay Minerals
Silica ______________ Sheet
Aluminum/Magnesium ____________ Sheet
Al ___________ Sheet
Mg _________ Sheet
Clay Minerals
Types of Bonding in Clay Minerals
Within Layer
Ionic
Covalent
Interlayer
________________
fluctuating dipole bonds
______________ positive end
of a dipole is attracted to the
negative end of an adjacent
molecule
1:1 Minerals
Kaolinite
Very Strong _________
________ between Layers
Gibbsite
1:1 Minerals
Serpentine
Brucite
1:1 Minerals
Halloysite
_________ and ____________
Forms
Formed in _______________
Gibbsite
WATER
MOLECULES
Same Chemical
Composition as
Kaolinite
Smectite Minerals
Montmorillonite
Weak Bonding __________________ + Cations in Water
_________ can move in and out
Gibbsite
WATER + Cations
Smectite Minerals
Saponite
Brucite
WATER + Cations
Micalike Clay Minerals
Have resemblance with the chemical structure of ______
_______ (most common) and __________
______ is quite similar to ________ with slightly more silicon,
magnesium, iron, and water and slightly less tetrahedral
aluminum and interlayer
Gibbsite
POTASSIUM
Micalike Clay Minerals
Illite
Strong ____________ Clay Bond
Gibbsite
POTASSIUM
Micalike Minerals
Vermiculite
Brucite
Calcium
WATER
MOLECULES
Magnesium
Other Clay Minerals
Chlorite Minerals
Other Clay Minerals
Chain Structure Clay Minerals - _____________
__________ like Particles
Clay Minerals Summary
________________
Silica Sheet
_____________________
__________________
or
Magnesium
or
Magnesium
Clay Minerals Summary
1:1 Minerals (_____________)
Smectite Minerals (_______________)
Mica Like Clay Minerals (__________)
Other Clay Minerals
Clay Minerals Perspectives
Smectite Minerals _________________ ________
Clay
_______________for Construction
Kaolinite and Illite
______ for Construction
Clay Minerals Perspectives
Atterberg Limits
Clay Minerals Perspectives
Plasticity Chart
Clay Minerals Perspectives
_____________ A
PI
A=
clay fraction (%)
PI = _________________
Gives an estimate of the
_______________ capacity of
Clay
Greater A Greater
Influence of Clay % on
Soil Behavior
Clay Minerals Perspectives
_____________________
Surface Area
_____________________ =
Volume
Greater _______________ ___________predominate
over _________
Relevant for ________ NOT for ________
Clay Minerals Perspectives
The __________________ approach is ___________
In actual mineral, ___________________ and _______-
layering or ________________ structures are common
________________of the basic units does not necessarily
form the ____________ occurring minerals
Isomorphous Substitution
Presence of a ________ other than the _______ normally
found in an octahedral or tetrahedral structure without
change in _________________ is Isomorphous
Substitution
Cations (of ____________) replace other cations (of
______ valency)
________Replaces Al3+
________ Replaces Si4+
Fe2+ Replaces ________
Typically occurs during mineral formation when there is
relative ___________ of one cation with respect to the
Problem
Laboratory tests on a soil sample yielded the following results:
Liquid limit = 54%
Plastic limit = 25%
In situ water content = 29%
% finer than 0.002 mm = 18%
Determine the liquidity index and comment on its consistency.
Find the activity of the soil and comment on its nature.
Classify the soil with the help of the plasticity chart.
Problem
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Management, 6eSchermerhornPrepared byCheryl WyrickCalifornia State Polytechnic University PomonaJohn Wiley & Sons, IncCOPYRIGHTCopyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that named in
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