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48 Pages

ITS201LatinAmerPart1SREV10

Course: ITS 201, Fall 2011
School: Miami University-Oxford
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Word Count: 2568

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ITS201:LatinAmerica,PartI Geographic,Historic,&AnthropologicSketches Dr.KathrynLaFever,MiamiUniversity,Spring2010 WhatisLatinAmerica? WhatisLatinAmerica? LatinAmericacanbedefinedin multipleways.Ingeneral,it correspondstoacommon: Geographicalregion: WesternHemisphere EverycountrysouthofUS Culturalheritage: PreColumbianindigenous,ancient civilizations(e.g.,Mayan,Incan, Aztec)...

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ITS201:LatinAmerica,PartI Geographic,Historic,&AnthropologicSketches Dr.KathrynLaFever,MiamiUniversity,Spring2010 WhatisLatinAmerica? WhatisLatinAmerica? LatinAmericacanbedefinedin multipleways.Ingeneral,it correspondstoacommon: Geographicalregion: WesternHemisphere EverycountrysouthofUS Culturalheritage: PreColumbianindigenous,ancient civilizations(e.g.,Mayan,Incan, Aztec) Majorityofcountrieswereonce Spanish&Portuguese colonies/territories Language:SpanishorPortuguese Religion:Catholicism LatinAmerica: LatinAmerica: QuickFacts Mosturbanizedregionofthe developingworld: Largestundisturbedstretchesof rainforestintheworld: 75%ofthepopulationliving incities Oneoftheworldsgreatest reservesofbiodiversity 40citieswithmorethan1M 4megacities(10Mormore) Atleast50%ofworldsspecies foundinAmazonBasinbiome SaoPaulo,Brazil Largestwith20M MexicoCity BuenosAires RiodeJaneiro PoliticalMapofLatin PoliticalMapofLatin America Mexico CentralAmerica SouthAmerica TheCaribbean Mexico Mexico Almost2millionsq.km 5thlargestcountryintheAmericas 14thlargestindependentnationintheworld 11thmostpopulouscountry 31states&FederalDistrict(MexicoCity) Capital:MexicoCity President:FilipeCalderon Term:20062012,possiblereelection CincodeMayo:NOTMexican Independenceday(9/16);Dayofcelebrating Mexicanheritage&pride CentralAmerica CentralAmerica 7COUNTRIES: Belize CostaRica ElSalvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama 12CountriesofSouth America Argentina Guyana Bolivia Paraguay Brazil Peru Chile Suriname Colombia Uruguay Ecuador Venezuela TwoEuropeanDependencies: TwoEuropeanDependencies: Falklands&FrenchGuiana Dependency: Colony:Possession Geographicareapoliticallycontrolledby distantcountry Protectorate:Autonomousterritory protecteddiplomatically&militarilyagainst thirdpartiesbyastrongerstateorentity. Mostendedinlate1800s. Retainsameasureofsovereignty Remainsastateunderinternationallaw 21stCenturyexamples: Afghanistan,protectorateof NATO UNInterimAdministration MissioninKosovo,1999 FalklandIslands(UK) BritishOverseasTerritory since1833(Gov.byUK) SpeakEnglish FalklandsWar Undeclaredwarin1982 Sovereignty:Argentinavs. UK Lasted2mos.;UKwon SouthAmerica: SouthAmerica: FrenchGuiana FrenchGuiana(FR) FrenchgeeAHnuh OnlypartofmainlandSAstill governedbyanoverseasnation Frenchterritorysince1946 SpeakFrench Currency:Euro ItisnotBritishGuiana(nowGuyanagy AHnuh) ItisnotDutchGuiana(nowSuriname SURuhnahm) ItisnotFrenchGuinea WasaFrenchcolonialpossession& protectorateinWestAfrica Itsborderschangedbutbecamethe independentnationofGuineain1958 TheCaribbean TheCaribbean Morethan7,000islandsinthe CaribbeanSea LessfrequentlycalledWestIndies, whichusedtobedividedinto: BritishWestIndies DutchWestIndies FrenchWestIndies PortugueseWestIndies SpanishWestIndies SwedishWestIndies GreaterAntilles Oneof3islandgroups Includesthe4largestislands (Cuba,Jamaica,Hispaniola, PuertoRico) LesserAntilles LeewardIslands WindwardIslands Additionalsmallerislands LatinAmerica: LatinAmerica: NeotropicalDiversity Neotropics:Tropicalecosystems oftheWesternHemisphere LatinAmerica:tropicalclimate& vegetation Largeareasremainuntouched, supportingextraordinarily diverseplant&animallife CostaRica&Brazil:Popular &politicalsupportforGreen initiatives Race,Ethnicity,&Ancestry Race,Ethnicity,&Ancestry inLatinAmerica LatinAmerica:Oneofthemostmulticulturally diverseregionsintheworld Raceisasocialorculturalconstruction Raceisaculturalsystemthatattemptstoexplain differencesinphysicalappearanceorculturalattributes throughreferencestofalseassumptionsaboutbiological difference(Sanabria,2007,p.129). TerminologyforRace,Ethnicity,&Ancestry TerminologyforRace,Ethnicity,&Ancestry inLatinAmerica AfroLatinos:AfroLatinAmerican; personwithsomeBlackancestry. Creole:ApersonoffullSpanish ancestrybornintheAmericas;canalso refertosomeoneofraciallyor ethnicallymixedancestry Criollo:BasedoncolonialSpanish castesystem,pureIberian(Spanish) ancestry;oligarchy(hegemonicgroup) Indigena:Indigenouspeopleofthe Americas;Amerindian. Mestizo:Termwidelyusedtodayto refertopeopleofmixedEuropean& AmerindianancestryinLatinAmerica Mulatto:Personwithblack& whiteancestry Peninsulares:Spanishborn Spaniard WhiteLatinAmerican: DescendentsofWhitecolonial settlersorWhiteimmigrantswho arrivedmostlyin19th&20th centuries Zambo:Termstillusedtodayin LatinAmerica,butnotnecessarily inEnglish,torefertoAfro Amerindiansandchildrenoftwo Zamboparents. Race,Ethnicity,&Ancestry Race,Ethnicity,&Ancestry inLatinAmerica Racial&ethnicdiscrimination &inequalitystillexistinLatin America Partofcoloniallegacy Ethnicityhasbecome centrallyimportantfor understandinghowdifferent peopleinLatinAmericatoday understandtheirsocial situation(Sanabria,2007,p. 130). Evolvingsemantics:Shiftsin wordsinofficialdocuments& discourse Representsshiftfromcultural tosocial(classbased) identities LatinAmerica: LatinAmerica: IndigenousPeople Campesino(peasant)replaced withIndio(Indian)inofficial documentsinMexico(early 1900s),Bolivia(1952),&Peru (1968). Indio:Datedtermforan indigenouspersoninLatin America. Indigena:(InDIHhihnah) Termforanindigenousperson; generallyfavoredoverIndio. IndigenousPeople IndigenousPeople TextAnalysis: Considerthefollowingquote: In1972,EcuadorianPresident RodriguezLarastated:Thereisno moreIndianproblemweallbecome whitewhenweacceptthegoalsofthe nationalculture(Whitten,1976,p. 7). Historicalinterpretation:e.g.,Does itreflectthetime?Howdoyou readthisin21century? Normativeinterpretation: e.g.,Whatvaluesdoesitreflect? Whatisnormal?Whose interestsareserved? Partofbroadereffortsto Instillcivicnationalism& socialcohesion Includeindigenouspeople& Mestizosinnationbuilding (Devine,1999) Untilmid1980s: Emphasisonassimilation Indigenousidentification& mobilizationdiscouraged IndigenousPeople IndigenousPeople Theoriginalinhabitantsofparticular territories Oftendescendantsoftribespeoplewho liveasaculturallydistinctcolonized peoples Oftenaspiretoautonomy(selfrule) IndigenousPeople IndigenousPeople Indigenouspeopleisaselfidentifying& politicallabelbasedonpastoppression.Now itislegitimizingthequestforsocial,cultural, andpoliticalrights. IndigenousPeople(cont.) IndigenousPeople(cont.) Especiallysincethe1980s,ethnic identity&distinctivenesshavebecome thebasisformanysocialrights movementsinLatinAmerica (Sanabria,2007). Governments,NGOs,&IGOs increasinglyconcernedwithindigenous people&theirrights 1993:UNDeclarationofIndigenous Rights IndigenousPeople(Cont.) IndigenousPeople(Cont.) Indigenouspeoplein21stCentury: Gainingpoliticallegitimacy Focusoncultural distinctiveness,political representation&reforms Oftenlinkedwith: Environmentalsustainability &foodsecurity Protectingancestrallands fromoutsiders&corporate development MulticulturalDiversity MulticulturalDiversity inLatinAmerica Identities Arentstatic;changeovertime Oftencontested&competingselfidentities Nationalv.ethnic Therearemultiplewaysofbeingindigenous Essentialize,justifyviolence,perpetuatesocialhierarchies&inequities Anthropology: Anthropology: IndiansofLatinAmerica Europeansincorrectlycategorized allindigenouspeopleofpresent dayLatinAmericaasIndian. OriginatedwithColumbus, whoimaginedhewasnearthe EastIndies LatinAmericanHistory:Pre LatinAmericanHistory:Pre ColumbianEra PreColumbianhistory:Ingeneral,fromabout 14,000BCEuntil1492CE Civilizations&culturesoftheAmericas beforeEuropeancolonization PreColumbianreferstotheperiodbeforethe arrivalofChristopherColumbus SomePreColumbiancivilizationscontinued toexistassuchforcenturiesafterColumbus PreColumbianCivilization PreColumbianCivilization LatinAmericain1492: >350majortribalgroups Diverseindigenousgroups NounifiedIndiannation,key elementofconquest 15distinctculturalcenters >160linguisticstocks(parent/ mainlanguages) ComparabletoallofEurasia&all ofAfrica PreColumbianCivilizationsin PreColumbianCivilizationsin MesoAmerica&SouthAmerica PreColumbiancivilizationsinMesoAmerica: PartofmodernMexico&CentralAmerica Included5majorcivilizations:Olmec, Teotihuacan,Toltec,Mexica(Aztecs),and Maya. PreColumbiancivilizationsinSouthAmerica Andeanregion Included4majorAmerindiangroups: ChibchasofColombia,Valdiviaof Ecuador,QuechuasofPeru(includingthe Incas),AymaraofBolivia. PreColumbianCivilizations PreColumbianCivilizations PreColumbiancivilizations: Permanent,oftenurban settlements,amongthelargestin theworldatthistime Agriculture(e.g.,limabeans, chocolate,tomatoes,corn, pumpkins,squash,potatoes)& domesticatedanimals Civic&monumentalarchitecture (pyramidtemples;someofthebest stoneworkinhumanhistory) Medicaladvancements Metalwork&metallurgy Complexsocialhierarchies Maya,Aztec,&Inca: Maya,Aztec,&Inca: ThreePreColumbianCivilizations PreColumbiancivilizationsexisted priortoSpanishexploration&conquest inthe16thcentury Manykingdoms&empirescontained diverseethnicgroupswithregionally distinctculturesandlanguages Mosthadaformalgovernmentwitha systemoftaxation Oftencontrolledbyking&priesthood Complexsocialhierarchiesorclasslevels Statusoftenassociatedwithland ownershiporprofession(e.g., priesthood) MayanEmpire MayanEmpire Mayans: Hieroglyphicwriting&records Maintainedwrittenrecordsthatsurvive tothepresentday;hereticalrecords burnedbyearlyChristians Calendars Religion;Apervasiveforce Civilizationcontrolledbypriesthood Polytheistic Gearedto52yearcycleoflife Centralbeliefs:Universeisunstable; cyclic(human)sacrifice(e.g.,tofeed thesun&maintainbalanceinthe universe) Art:Narrative,religious,ensurekings placeinhistory Civilizationbegantocollapsearound750 CE;theoriesabound AztecCivilization AztecCivilization LastnativeMesoAmericanempire ConqueredbyCortez&Spaniards in1521 Language:MostspokeNahuatl (nahwaT) Complexmythology&religion Emphasisonpolitical& commercialpower Knownfortheirgruesome sacrifices&cannibalism Accomplishmentsinastronomy& math IncaCivilization IncaCivilization InmodernPeru 1533:ConqueredbySpanish invaders,ledbyFranciscoPizarro Agriculture&farming Powerfularmy;extensiveweaponry Mathematics(Quipu;knottedstrings usedfornumericdata) Medicine(e.g.neurosurgery) Incaculturaltraditionsendure amongdescendants Incaarts Monumentalarchitecture& stonework MachuPicchu Textiles Bronzeweapons&metallurgy ToolsofEuropeanConquest: ToolsofEuropeanConquest: Weapons&Technology Europeaniron&steelweapons providedmilitarysuperiorityin theNewWorld Horsecavalry Militarystrategies Divideandconquerstrategy exploitedpreexisting indigenousrivalries Takehostages ToolsofEuropeanConquest: ToolsofEuropeanConquest: Disease PreColumbianIndianslivedin relativeisolation,sohadlittleor noresistancetoOldWorld disease Typhus Influenza Diphtheria Smallpox Measles Bysomeestimates,didntrecover 15thcenturypopulationlevelsuntil 20thcentury ExpansionisminColonial ExpansionisminColonial LatinAmerica Expansionism:Thereare multiplewaystodefine expansionism,typically consideredapoliticaltheory. Theterritorialand/or economicexpansionofa nation. Example:Spain&Portugal conqueredindigenouspeople ofLatinAmerica(guns, germs&steel)&exploited them&theirresources. SeeStudentAtlas Viceroys&Viceroyalties Viceroys&Viceroyalties Viceroy:Aroyalofficial(vice king)whogovernsacountryor provinceinthenameofandasa representativeofthemonarch. Viceroyalty:Theprovinceor largeterritoryofaviceroy. MexicoCity,capitalofthe viceroyaltyofNewSpainin 15XX Lima,Peru,capitalofthe ViceroyaltyofPeru,1542 Bogota,Colombia,capitalof theViceroyaltyofNueva Granada,1717 BuenosAires,Argentina, capitaloftheViceroyaltyofLa Plata,1776 Viceroyalties Viceroyalties Europeancountriessupported theirmerchantsbyproviding startupcapitalforthemto establishthesecolonies. Oncecolonieswereestablished, viceroyshadexclusiverightsto thenaturalresources. Someoftheadministrative boundariesofcolonialSpanish Americahavehelpedtodetermine presentdaybordersofcountries ColonialTradeMap ColonialTradeMap EconomicTheory: EconomicTheory: Mercantilism 17th&18thcenturyEuropean economicsystem(afterfeudalism) thatfueledEuropeanexpansionism, colonization,&imperialism Goalofgovernment: Accumulatenationalwealth& powerbyregulatingthenational economy&commercialinterests Theprosperityofanationis dependentuponthesupplyof capital(usuallygoldbullion) heldbythestate RoleofColoniesin RoleofColoniesin MercantilistSystem Colonies: Developcoloniesfor(positive)balanceof tradethatbenefits/favorsMotherCountry Colonies:exportrawmaterialsthen importmanufacturedgoodsfromMother Country Coloniesnotpermittedtoproduce manufacturedgoods BuymanufacturedgoodsfromMother Country Traderestrictionswithcountriesother thantheMothercountry Paytaxes&tariffstoMothercountry Payupondeparture&arrival PortsonbothsidesoftheAtlantic ChristianizationofLatin ChristianizationofLatin America Catholicismin Catholicismin LatinAmerica Catholicismisconsideredoneof historysgreatestreligions. Oneoftheoldestreligions BiggestChristiandenomination, OverhalfofallChristians worldwide 1/6worldspopulation DominantReligioninEurope&Latin America: allCatholicsintheworld Asia:Mostpopulousworld regionhasfewestCatholics CatholicisminLatinAmerica CatholicisminLatinAmerica Thedoctrine,theritualpractices,andtheorganizationoftheCatholic ChurchemergedintheMiddleEastwiththeteachingsofJesusChrist,came tomaturityinEurope,especiallyinRome,andspreadtotherestoftheworld principallyinthecontextofEuropeancolonialistexpansion(Murphy,2000, p.342) PriestsinLatinAmerica: PriestsinLatinAmerica: Witnesses&Missionaries Priestsrequiredtoaccompany& witnessconquistadorsreadingthe Requerimiento(seenextslide) Missionarywork:Harvestsouls Mark16:16:Gooutintothe wholeworldandproclaimthe GoodNewstoallcreation. Requerimiento:SpanishAuthority Requerimiento:SpanishAuthority overtheAmericas Writtenin1510byPopeAlexanderVI Declarationofsovereignty&war(OftenreadonlyinSpanish) Waragainst&slaveryofnonChristians Godlinessofactions Excerpt:Weaskandrequireyoutoacknowledgethechurchastherulerand superiorofthewholeworldandthehighpriestcalledpopeandinhisnamethe kingofSpainaslordsofthisland.Ifyousubmitweshallreceiveyouinalllove andcharityandshallleaveyou,yourwivesandchildrenandyourlandsfree withoutservitude,butifyoudonotsubmitweshallpowerfullyenterintoyour countryandshallmakewaragainstyou,weshalltakeyouandyourwivesand yourchildrenandshallmakeslavesofthemandweshalltakeawayyourgoods andshalldoyoualltheharmanddamagewecan.( http://users.dickinson.edu/~borges/ResourcesRequerimiento.htm) UsetheTextAnalysisGuidelinetocritiquetheRequerimiento. RoleofPriests RoleofPriests inLatinAmerica ReligiousOrdersinColonialLatinAmerica: Dominicans Augustinians Franciscans Jesuits CulturalEncounters:CatholicMissions CulturalEncounters:CatholicMissions inColonialLatinAmerica ColonialCatholicMissions: Essentialtask:Convertthousandsofindigenouspeople;harvestofsouls Complex&Paradoxicalfunctions: Sacred&secularrolesofpriests Culture:MissionariesEuropeanizedindigenouspeopleastheyprotectedfromnegativeinfluencesof Europeanculture Centersofartistry,creativity,freedom,conquest,rigidity,repression Priestsinrelationtomonarchy&Indianelite Taught&learnedfromIndians(e.g.,language,agriculture,basketry,foods) Heterotopias:MichelFoucaultsconceptofspaces/placesbetweenreal&ideal/utopian Missions,orreducciones,centersforcommunitylife Centersforeducation: Literacy&language(IndigenouspeoplelearnedEuropeanlanguages;Priestslearnedindigenous languages) Careertraining GuidedIndiansindevelopingWesternlaws,publicservices Rights&statusofindigenouspeopleintheculture,Church Economiccenters:Largelyselfsufficientcentersforagriculture,handicrafts,metalwork Protection/Sanctuary:Protectedindigenouspeoplefromenemies(e.g.,rivaltribes)&slavehunters In1767,themanyJesuitswereexpelledfromLatinAmericabecauseofPortugueseexpansionism (Portugalexploitedtheterritorieswheremissionswerelocated). Catholicism&OurLadyof Catholicism&OurLadyof Guadalupe OurLadyofGuadalupe: In1531,appearedtoJuanDiego (Aztecconvert) IdentifiedherselfasMary, MotherofGod Spoketohiminhisnative Nahtuatllanguage Askedhimtobuildchurchat thesite PatronessoftheAmericas Hybridizationofindigenous, Mestizo,&Catholicidentity. CulturalsymbolofCatholic Mexicans. Review:TheColonialPeriodinLatin Review:TheColonialPeriodinLatin America Europeanconquest Resources Technology/weapons CatholicChurch Characteristics Viceroyalties Mercantilism Forcedlabor Disease Christianization Europeanization SocialHierarchyinColonialLatin America: Resources(incompletelist) Resources(incompletelist) http://www.allacademic.com http://ihmhermitage.stblogs.com http://ipsnews.net Krauze,E.(1998).Mexico: Biographyofpower.NY: HarperCollins. Murphy,D.(2000).Catholicism.In R.Scupin(Ed.)Religionand culture:Ananthropologicalfocus, pp.341369.UpperSaddleRiver, NJ:PrenticeHall. http://unstats.un.org
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Essay Questions1. Describe the changes to both the pregnant woman and fetus in each trimester. (10points)2. Design an exercise plan for a pregnant woman from the text and the Web link. Whattypes of exercise should she do and why? Is there anything she
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EssayQuestions1. Describe sexual behaviors typical of children. Specificallyaddress which behaviors typically occur and at which ages theyoccur from infancy through childhood. (10 points)2. Why are teens poor contraceptive users? What strategiesmay
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Essay Questions1. Discuss each point on Kinsey?s continuum of sexual orientation.Discuss the values and limitations of this paradigm. (10 points)2. Discuss the four psychosocial theories of homosexualdevelopment. Include a discussion of the research
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Johannes Kepler proposed the three laws of planetary motion in the early 1600s. During thesetimes the true understanding of astronomy took the world by surprised. Kepler was a truevisionary and genius of his time. Keplers three laws are as followed;Law
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News reports are either ethical or unethical; it generally depends on the topic. Ethics isthe understanding of whats right and whats wrongethical reporting is reporting news which isright and not whats wrong. Reporters tend to write about whats going on
University of Phoenix - HISTORY - 130
MilgramStanley Milgram was born on August 15, 1933 in New York, and since kindergarten heshowed a much higher intelligence than his peers. By the age of 5 he was already followingcurrent political events such Abraham Lincoln presidency (Blass 2004). He
University of Phoenix - HISTORY - 130
John L. OSullivan gave a speech to congress on January 4th, 1848 on behalf of Mexico. In thisspeech John mentioned Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny was Americas point of view formoving westward and expanding its democracy and freedom. However, during
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Month:DecemberNovemberOctoberSeptemberAugustJulyJuneMayAprilMarchFebruaryJanuaryYear:201120112011201120112011201120112011201120112011Intel24.9223.9020.6219.9922.2422.5322.0022.9119.7221.3921.4820.85Microsoft25.9625
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I am writing this letter in request for entrance into YOUR SCHOOL GOES HERE, forwhich I have recently completed my YOUR DEGREE GOES HERE. My goals in life aresimple, as I would like to live the American dream, as well be successful. I feel as completing
University of Phoenix - HISTORY - 130
Reflect on the value of the index and whether people should investMicrosoft (MSFT) Microsoft is a great stock, however an individual interested in purchasingMicrosoft Stock should hold out until the market tappers off, or the stock hits a rocky bottom f
University of Phoenix - HISTORY - 130
Seven Steps of overhauling a budget;1. Evaluate your process this process is when CFOs take a step back and look at thebudget to see if the budget is correct. During this process CFOs ask the question is theprocess streamlined, simple and clear as poss
University of Phoenix - HISTORY - 130
Q: - What roles did Black slaves play in the Civil War? What roles did free blacks play in theCivil War? How did the war affect each group?War can never start slavery but it becomes a huge part of it, so indeed was the case withCivil war. Slavery playe