Chapter1
w11:IsCrimearecentdevelopment?
HistoryofCrime
12
LondonMetropolitanPolice(1829)
LondoncopsarecalledBobby
ChicagoCrimeCommission(1919)
NationalCommissionofLawObservance(WickershamCommission1931)
ModernEraofCriminalJustice(1950s)
13
GovernmentAgencies
Nationalinstituteofjustice
Officeofjuvenilejusticeanddelinquencyprevention
Bureauofjusticestatistics
trackscrime
PrivateFoundations:
Pew
AnnieE.Casey
14
Contemporarycriminaljusticesystem
Socialcontrol
Informal/informal
Criminaljusticesystemagencies
Legislative:congress,senate,houseofrep,theyarealllawmakers
01:27
Judicial:courts,theyjudgethelawsandapplythem
Executive:police,enforcethelaws
15
PoliceOfficer
TopcopinNJisStateattorneygeneral
TopcopinMiddlesexcounty:countyprosecutor
Judicialbranchinnjisrepresentedbyallthecourts
Mayorisexecutivebranchinatown
Towncouncilisthelegislative
6monthstraininginnjforthepolice
nolleprosequi:
17
Formalprocedures
a.1. Initialcontact
a.2. Investigation
a.3. Arrest
a.4. Custody;Mirandawarning
a.5. Charging;nolleprosequi:formalnotice
a.6. Preliminaryhearing/grandjury;truebillofindictment
a.7. Arraignment
a.8. Bail/detention
a.9. Pleabargaining
a.10. Trial/adjudication
a.11. Sentencing/disposition
a.12.
a.13.
a.14.
a.15.
Appeal/postconvictionremedies
Correctionaltreatment
Release
Postrelease
110
Thedueprocessperspective:
Fairandequitabletreatmenttothoseaccusedofcrime
Nodiscrimination
Miscarriagesofjusticearecommon
111
noninterventionperspective
limitedinvolvementwithcriminaldrfendants
stigma/officiallabels
112
equaljusticeperspective
allpeopleshouldreceivethesametreatmentunderthelaw
reducediscretionandunequaltreatment
treatmentbasedsolelyonpresentbehavior
noconsiderationofpastorfuturebehavior
113
Therestorativejusticeperspective
Thetruepurposeofthecriminaljusticesystemistopromoteapeacefulandjustsociety
Mediation
Financialrestitution
Communityservicerestitution
Chapter2
21
01:27
Chapter2
01:27
Consensusview:thecriminallawisasetofrulesthatexpressesthenorms,goals,and
valuesofthevastmajorityofsociety.****
Conflictview:thelawistheinstrumentthatenablesthewealthytomaintaintheir
positionofpowerandcontrolthebehaviorofthosewhoopposetheirideasandvalues
orwhomightrebelagainsttheunequaldistributionofwealthie.Moneycanbuygood
lawyers
Interactionistview:criminallawisstructuredtoreflectthepreferenceandopinionsof
peoplewhoholdsocialpowerinaparticularlegaljurisdiction
22
alltheviewsagreethat
criminallawdefinescrime
thedefinitionofcrimeisconstantlychangingandevolving
decriminalizationiswhenyoutakesomethingillegalandmakeitlegal,appliesfromthat
pointforward
socialforcesmoldthedefinitionofcrimes(politicians)
criminallawhasasocialcontrolfunction:sociallyunacceptablebecomescriminally
unacceptable
23,24,25
Violentcrimes
Publicordercrimes:prostitution,substanceabuse
Somesaythatpublicordercrimescreatessituationsforviolentcrimes,andtheyare
crimesagainstsociety
Economiccrimesarewhitecollarcrimes
Affectsthepublicwhenpricesgoupduetotheftofitems
26
statistician:looksatwhatpolicearedoingandgetsthestatistics
27
TheuniformcrimereportUCR
arestatsthateverypolicedepartmentreportsontheirtownsstatisticstotheFBI
(generalized)
clearanceratesarethe%ofcrimesthathavebeensolved/cleared
reportedcrimesgetsenttoUCR
Chapter2
01:27
28
NationalIncidentBasedReportingSystem(NIBRS)
Localpolicereportbriefaccountofeachincidentandarrest
DoesntgetsenttoUCR
29
NationalCrimeVictimizationSurvey(NCVS)
Cantsendittoeveryone,sampletoafewonly
Providestheinfoofhowmanycrimeshavehappened
TheydoitbecausetherelationofhowmanywerereportedtoNIBRSandhowmany
occurred
Moreaccuratesinceitgathersmoreanswers
Problemsisthatitcouldbeinaccurate,likeifsomedontreply
211
evaluatingsourcesofcrimedata
accuratesinceitsreportedfromallpolicedept
unreportedcrimesarecalledthedarkfigureofcrime
212
crimetrends:since90sitsbeendeclining
213
race,cultureandgender
brazilhighestcrimerate
214
summerhasmostreportedcrimes
215
socialclass:highernumberofcrimespercapitameaningbasedonpopulation
Chapter2
socioeconomicfactors:NewarkvsUpperEastSide
216
youngcommitmorecrimesbecausetheyaremoreactivesomoreopportunityto
committhecrimes
mencommitmorecrime
217
genderdifferencesincrimerate:
physicalstrength,hormonalinfluence
socializationanddevelopment
cognitivedifferences
feministviews
218
minoritygroupmembersinvolvedinadisproportionateshareofcrime
219
chronicoffender:recidivism
01:27
Chapter3
01:27
31
Choicetheory
Rationalcriminals
Rationalcrimes(whitecollar,organizedcrime,streetcrime)
32Choicetheory
situationalcrimeprevention
defensiblespace:trimmedbushes=housesafety
increasetheeffortneededtocommitcrime:involvestargethardeningtechniquesand
accesscontrol
increasetherisksofcommittingcrimes
reducetherewardsofcrime
induceshameorguilt
reduceprovocation
removeexcuses
33ChoiceTheory
generaldeterance
littlehardevidencefordeterrenteffectoffearofthelawalone
needmorethanjustfearoflaw
34Choicetheory
greatereffecttorationalchoicetheory,specificdeterrence/incarcinationisthebeliefthat
experiencewillshapecriminalchoices
35Sociobiologicaltheories
biochemicalfactors
36Sociobiologicaltheories
neurologicalfactors
37Sociobiologicaltheories
Chapter3
01:27
geneticfactors
38Psychologicaltheories
Psychodynamictheory
Sigmundfreud:weareaproductofourparents
Earlydevelopmentproblems:uptoage12
Before12therecanbealotofpersonalitydisorders
39Psychologicaltheories
behavioraltheory
sociallearningtheory:webehavethewaywearetaught
Mediaandviolence:thereasonformovieandtvratings
310Psychologicaltheories
cognitivetheory:hastodowithhowyouperceivethingswithyourmoralbackground
311Psychologicaltheories
personalityandcrimes:antisocialpersonalitycanhaveissuesconformingtosocial
norms,deceitfulness.
312Psychologicaltheories
IQandcrime:studieslinklowIQtoviolentandaggressivebehavior
313ImagesofJustice
themediaandviolence:negativeattitudes
314Sociologicaltheories
socialstructuretheory:differencesinsocialstructureaffectpeople.Racialandculture,
neighborhood,valuedifferences
315Sociologicaltheories
sociallearningtheory:learncriminalbehavior
316Sociologicaltheories
socialcontroltheory:relationshipstoconventionalinstitutions,family,school,peers
Chapter3
01:27
317Sociologicaltheories
socialreaction(labeling)theory:stigmatizing,primarydeviants,noninterventionism
318DevelopmentalTheories
earlyonset,liketruancy:skippingschool
319Developmentaltheories
latenttraittheory:humandevelopmentiscontrolledbyamastertrait
underlyingissuesarefromparents
320
321
322
lifestyletheory:increasedexposuretocriminaloffenders,riskylifestyle
323
routineactivitiestheory
motivatedoffenders
suitabletargets
lack of capable guardian.
Chapter4
01:27
43
substancelawhastodowithactuallawitdelineateshowyoubrokethelawandhow
youwillpay/prescribedpenaties(definescrimesandtheirpunishments)
staredecisis:thedecisionstands
malainse:evilinitself,i.e.Murder
malaprohibitum:societyestablisheditsevil,againstthelaws
44
SourcesofCriminalLaw
Statutorylaw
Judicialdecisionmaking,staredecisis
Constitutionallimits:conformtotherulesofconsititution
45
classifiyingcrimes
felonies(crimesNJ):seriouscrimesagainstthepersoni.e.homicide,robbery,rape
1stdegree,2nddegree,3rddegree,4thdegree
misdemeanors(offensesNJ):assault,battery
________________________
infractions/violations:lessseriousliketrafficviolations
anything364daysmaxareundertheline,anythingmoreisovertheline
usuallymisdemeanorshavetooccurinfrontofacoptobearrestedexceptif:
shoplifting,domesticviolence,theftfromalibrary
46
thelegaldefinitionofacrime:mentalelement,physicalelement
47
actusreaus:actofcommittingtheactualact,physicalact/element
Chapter4
01:27
failuretoactlikereportwifesoverdose,impositionbystatesuchasreportandhelpcar
accident,contractualrelationlikedoctorandpatient.
mensrea:guiltymind,mentalstate/element
criminalnegligence(carelessandinattentiveactionsthatcauseharm)isanexampleof
mensrea
concurrencewhenmensreaandactusreasoccurtogether
48
strictliability:publicsafetyietrafficlaws
49
constitutionistheretoprotectthecitizensagainstthegovt
4thamendment:preventshomeinvasionceaseanddecist
criminaldefense
excuse:insanity,intoxication,ignorance,age,andentrapment
entrapment:likespeedingisnotentrapmentsincethecopsarenotenticingyou
justification:consent,necessity,duress,andselfdefense
412
Judicialinterpretation
Exclusionaryrule:evidenceobtainedinillegalsearcharedeemedillegalandcanbe
usedincourt
5thamendment:noneedtoanswer
6thamendment:righttoattorney,andtrialbyjury
4thamendment:againstsearchandseizure
8thamendment:nocruelorunusualpunishment
413
dueprocessoflaw:fairprocedure
5thand14thamendment:cantdepriveanypersonoflife,liberty,orproperty
righttojury
01:27
Notes
Chapter1
Nolleprosequi:formalnotice
Threecomponentsofjusticesystem:police,courts,corrections
Whatcomesfirstintheformalcriminaljusticesystem?
a.1. Initialcontact
a.1.1. Ininitialcontactwhoisthegatekeeper?Inmostinstances,
anoffendersinitialcontactwiththecriminaljusticesystemtakes
placeasaresultofapoliceaction
a.2. Investigation
a.3. Arrest
a.4. Custody;Mirandawarning
a.5. Charging;nolleprosequi:formalnotice
a.6. Preliminaryhearing/grandjury;truebillofindictment
a.6.1. Ifyouwereinformedbyajudgeofyourchargesthosewere
yourpreliminaryhearings
a.7. Arraignment
a.7.1. formalcharges,howdoyouplead?
a.8. Bail/detention
a.9. Pleabargaining
a.10. Trial/adjudication
a.11. Sentencing/disposition
a.12. Appeal/postconvictionremedies
a.13. Correctionaltreatment
a.14. Release
a.15. Postrelease
Gatekeeperofcriminaljusticesystemarethecops
01:27
WhenpoliceinterrogatesuspecttheytellthemtheirMirandarights,questioningafter
Mirandarightsiscalledquestioningafteradvisement.
Londoncopsarecalledbobby
Hawaiiisonlystatewithoutofficialpolicesystem
perspectiveofjusticeistopromotepeacefulsocietyisrestorativejustice
perspectivesofjusticeare:
restorativejusticep.
noninterventionp
equaljusticep.
wewanttopreventcrimemeaningcrimecontrolvigorouslyenforcingthelaw
Chapter2
Consensusview:thecriminallawissetofrules,enforcedbystateauthorities,that
expressesthenorms,goals,andvaluesofthevastmajorityofsociety.
whatviewofcrimebehaviorcreatescrime?consensusview
Conflictview:Moneycanbuygoodlawyers
Interactionistview:criminallawisstructuredtoreflectthepreferenceandopinionsof
peoplewhoholdsocialpowerinaparticularlegaljurisdiction
Brazilhashighestcrimerates
Summerhasmostreportedcrimes
UniformCrimeReport:UCRconsideredthemostwidelycitedcrimereportofstats:
statsthateverypolicedepartmentreportstotheFBI
NationalCrimeVictimizationSurvey(NCVS)ismultidimensional
Partonecrimesare:murder,manslaughter,rape,robbery,aggravatedassault,
burglary,larceny,arson,motortheft
Chapter3
choicetheory:inordertopunishandtobeeffectivetodetercrime,hastobe
strict/severe,certain,swift
trimmingbushesissituationalcrimeprevention
generaldeterrence:needmorefearthanjustthelaw,fearpunishment
01:27
Situationalcrimeprevention:increasetheeffortneededtocommitcrime:involves
targethardeningtechniquesandaccesscontrol
IQandcrime:studieslinklowIQtoviolentandaggressivebehavior
lifestyletheory:increasedexposuretocriminaloffenders,riskylifestyle
Developmentaltheories:
Earlyonset:truancyskippingschool
Latenttraittheory:humandevelopmentiscontrolledbyamastertrait,underlyingissues
arefromparents
Lifecoursetheory:viewcriminalityasadynamicprocess,influencedbyamultitudeof
individualcharacteristics,traits,andsocialexperiences.
Sociologicaltheories:
Socialstructuretheory:differencesinsocialstructureaffectpeople.Racialandculture,
neighborhood,valuedifferences
Sociallearningtheory:webehavethewaywearetaught
Socialcontroltheory:relationshipstoconventionalinstitutions,family,school,peers
socialreaction(labeling)theory:stigmatizing,primarydeviants,noninterventionism
Sociobiologialtheories:
Biochemicalfactors
Neurologicalfactors
Geneticfactors
PyschologicalTheories
Psychodynamictheory:SigmundFreud:weareaproductofourparents
cognitivetheory:hastodowithhowyouperceivethingswithyourmoralbackground
personalityandcrime
IQandcrime
linkbetweenmediaandviolenceisbehavioraltheory
Chapter4
01:27
Sourcesofcriminallaw:statutory,judicialdecisionmaking,constitutionallimits
ChargedwithDUIonlycrimescanyourequesttobetrailedbyajury
goalistoprotectcitizensandcontrolunlawfulactivities
whatisnotasourceofcriminallawiscommonlaw
actusreasisactuallaw
mensreasisthementalstate,guiltymind
staredecisiscreatesasituation
substantivelaw:definescrimesandtheirpunishments
Chapter5
EnglishcopswerecalledbobbiesbecauseofSirRobertPeel
FederalagenciesthattransfercriminalsistheUSMarshals
AFISistheautomatedfingerprintidentificationsystem
Communityorientedpolicingisthepolicingconnectionbetweenpoliceandthe
communitytheyserve
Chapter6
01:27
englishcopswerecalledbobbiesbecauseofsirrobert
federalagenciestotransfercriminalsistheUSmarshals
afiscomputerfingerprints
usdeptjusticetheheadisusattorneygeneral
incarcamerasystemsrelianceistoomuchinfoandknownotacriticism lookuppros
andcons
attackingqualityoflifecrimestoreduceviolentcrimes
communiteyorientedpolicingconnectionbtwnpoliceandthecommunitytheyserve
supportsunitsinternalaffairs
notabenefitofhighereducationisabilitytodocrimefighting
greatestamountofdiscretionistrafficstop
useofforceisasmallportionofofficers
fleeingfelonondeathlycasetenesseegarner
supremecourtsearchandseizure4thamendment
findcontrabandnotonsearchwarrantitisplainview
warrantcan'tbeissuedunlessbasedonprobablecause
thechimeldoctrinesayswarrantlesssearchesoflawfularrest
waivemirandarightsmeanseverythingtheysaycanbeusedagainstthem
chargedwithDUI,onlycrimescanyourequesttobetrailedbyajury
overviewofcrimejusticesystemwhatmakesupthecrimejustsystem,3branchesof
gove'tandpolicecorrectionsandcourts
ifyouwereinformedbyajudgeofyourcharges,calledpreliminaryhearing
who'sthegatekeeperofthesystem?cops
01:27
initialcontactwhoisthegatekeeper,basedoninvestigationtheylockreviewthatslide
chapter1pg1417
formalcharges,howdoyouplead,duringthatprocessiscalledarraignment
differentperspectivesofjusticeandwewanttopreventcrimefrom,itscalledacrime
controlvigorouslyenforcingthelaw
perspectiveofjusticeistopromotepeacefulsocietysowearerestorativejustice
differentviewsofcrimeknowthem
whatviewofcrimebehaviorcreatescrime.concensusview
UCRuniformcrimereport,arsenseriouscrimein
homocideindexcrime
vehicletheftyes
simpleassaultno
UCRwhatsconsideredthemostwidelycitedcrimereportofstats
multidimensionNVCSnationalsurvey
greatestreportedinsummer
highestreportedcountryBrazil
choicetheoryinordertopunishandtobeeffectivetodetercrime,hastobe
strict/severe,certain,swift
orderforpeopletofearpunishment,generaldeterrencechapter3
situationalcrimeprevention,developmenlsociobiochoice,psychological
trimmingbushesischoiceprevention
targethardeningtechniqueitssituationalcrimeprevention,suchasincreasingtheeffort
IQchapter3theories,psychological
linkbetweenmediaandviolenceisbehavioraltheory
substantivecriminallawdealswithwhatthelawisandwhatthepenaltiesare
goalistoprotectcitizensandcontrolunlawful
staredecisscreatesasituation
actus reas is actual law
Chapter5
PoliceinSociety:History&ContemporaryStructure
01:27
Chapter5
51
shire:differentsectionslikedifferentcounties
tithingisa100families
52
TheLondonmetropolitanpolice
sirRobertPeelstartedit
Wasthefirstmodernformofmetropolitanpolice
BobbiesnameoftheLondoncops
wewillnowbeahigher
53
Lawenforcementincolonialamerica
colonies
shirereevewasequaltosheriff
reactive
focuswasontaxcollecting
Citites
Townmarshall
Nightwatchmen(leatherheads)
vigilantes
BernieGoetzwasthesubwayvigilante
54
EarlypoliceagenciesweretypicalIrish,strongtallcop,limitedtraining,limited
education,unlimiteddiscretion
55
01:27
Chapter5
20thcenturyreform
policeadministrativeboardstocontrollocalpolice
statelegislatortakeover
56
Emergenceofprofessionalism
TheinternationalassociationofchiefsofpoliceIACP
Civilservicepoliceforce
Centralizedorganizationalstructure
Specializedunits
57
Policinginthe1960s
U.S.supremecourtdecisions
Growingtensionbetweenpoliceandpublicduetocivilunrest
Growingcrimerate
58
Policinginthe1970s
LawenforcementassistanceadministrationLEAA
Researchandtraining
Fundedofficerstogotocollege
Womenandminorityrecruits
Affirmativeactionprogramshelpedalterethnicracialandgendercomposition
59
Policinginthe1980s
Change:ariseincommunitypolicing
01:27
Chapter5
01:27
Policeunionsincreased
Improvements
EndofLEAAduetobudgetcuts
510
Policinginthe1990s
RodneyKingbroughtoutpolicebrutality
Reformsinpolicedept
Communitypolicing:cooperationwiththecommunity
Diversity:hiringAfricanAmericanchiefs
511
FBI:USmarshallswerethefirstformofFBI
U.Smarshalsoldestfederallawenforcementunit
512
dept.ofhomelandSecurityconnectsthesebranchestoenforcegoodcommunication
Customsandborderprotection
Immigrationandcustomsenforcement
Secretservice
513
Lawenforcementagencies
state:Thenewjerseystatepolice,Californiahighwaypatrol
differencebetweenthestatepoliceandhighwaypatroldon'tgetinvolvedwithforensic
labsorstatecrimesonlyhighwaytrafficstuff.
county:sheriffsdept,mainjobiscountycourtofficers
Metropolitan:policedepartments
514
Chapter5
EffectsofRealityTV?
misguided
515
ReasonsforPrivatePolicing
Nongovtprovisionofimportantservicessuchascrimecontrol
Gowthofmassprivatepropertylikemalls
Beliefgovtpolicenotcapable
516
criticismofprivatepolicing
motiveformoneynotpublicsafety
replacegovt
applicabilityof4thamendment
517
TechnologyandLawenforcement
cctvstartedinDelawareinhere
518
Crimesceneinvestigation
519
automatedfingerprintidentificationsystemsAFIS
520
DNAtesting
Combined DNA index system holds dna records
01:27
Chapter6
ThePolice:Organization,Role&Function
61
IndependentOrganizations
Notwoareexactlyalike
Hierarchical
Chainofcommand
62
ProblemswiththeTimeinranksystem
Officerscannotskiprankpreventsfavoritism
Restrictadministrativeflexibility
63
thepolicerole
minordisturbances
servicecalls
adminduties
64
Patrolactivities
Istodetercrime
Maintainpublicorder
Respondquickly
Identifyandapprehendlawviolators
Provideaid
Facilitatethemovementoftrafficandpeople
Createafeelingofsecurityinthecommunity
01:27
Chapter6
01:27
policeomnipresence:feelslikecopsareeverywherewiththeunmarkedcarsaround
65
analyzingcriminaljusticeissues
specializeteamslike
LAPDstartedSWAT(specialweaponsandtactics)
66
ImprovingPatrol
Ordermaintenance
Peacekeeping
Aggressivepatrol
Proactiveisenforcingbygoingout,reactiveisreactingtothecrime
Targetingspecificcrimes
67
BrokenWindowspolicing
Neighborhooddisordercreatesfear
Neighborhoodscangiveoutcrimepromotingsignals
Policeneedtoaggressivelytargetlowlevelqualityoflifecrimes
68
InCarcameras
Pros
Officersafety
Professionalismandperformance
Defenseagainstcomplaints
Leadershipbenefits
Chapter6
01:27
Training
Cons
Distractionfromjobbyfocusonperformingforcamera
Toomuchrelianceonthecamera
Toomuchinformation
Stressandjobperformance
69
Howdodetectivesdetect
Informants,undercover,interviews,forensicevidence,generalcoverage,informative
datagathering
610
stingoperations
organizedgroupsofdetectives
Undercoverwork
Poseascriminalsorasvictims
Psychologicalproblems
611
evaluatinginvestigations
criticism:paperworkpreventsworkingundercover,inefficiency]
improvinginvestigations
patrolofficerscometosceneofcrime
specializedunits
collectionofphysicalevidence
witnessidentification
612
Chapter6
01:27
implementingcommunitypolicing
footpatrol
federalfunding
613
thechallengesofcommunitypolicing
definingcommunity
definingroles
changingsupervisorattitudes:mightnotlikedecentralizedcommand
reorientingpolicevalues
revisingtraining
reorientingrecruitment
reachingouttoeverycommunity
614
problemorientedpolicing
criminalacts,criminalplaces
combatingautotheft:baitcars
reducingviolence
gangtacticaldetailunit
operationceasefire:aimedatreducingyouthhomicideandyouthfirearmsviolencein
Boston.
615
policesupportfunctions
personnelservice
dispatch
internalaffairsdivision:processescitizencomplaintsofpolicecorruption,investigates
allegationsofunnecessaryuseofforcebypoliceofficers,
Chapter6
adminandcontrolofbudgets:payrolldoityourself
maintenanceanddisseminationofinfo:
forensics
planners
training
616
improvingpoliceproductivity
consolidation
informalarrangements
sharing
pooling
differentialpoliceresponses
01:27
Chapter7
IssuesinPolicing
71
Policeandeducation
NJhas100%degreerequirement
72
Benefitsofhighereducation
Bettercommunicationwiththepublic
Betterwriters
Morelikelytobepromoted
Moreeffective
Fewercitizencomplaints
Moreinitiative
Moreprofessional
Lessinclinedtouseforce
73
Minoritiesinpolicing
Gainconfidenceoftheminoritycommunity
Qualitiesthatcanimprovepoliceperformance
Spanishspeakers
Undercoverofficeres
74
Womeninpolicing
About11%
Jobperformance
01:27
Chapter7
01:27
Genderconflicts
75
PoliceCulture:Misconceptions?
Policearetheonlycrimefighters
Nooneelseunderstands
Loyaltytocolleaguescountsaboveeverythingelse
Theareagainstcrimecannotewonwithoutbendingtherules
Membersofthepublicareunsupportiveandunreasonablydemanding
Patrolworkisthepits
76
Policepersonality
Cynicism:Thebeliefthatmostpeoplesactionsaremotivatedsolelybypersonalneeds
andselfishness.
Suspicious
Defensive
77
78
factorsinfluencingpolicediscretion
crimefactors:severityoftheoffense
victimfactors:fightbetweenfamilyorstrangers
environmentalfactors:ifcoplivestheretheyknowthepeople
dept.factors
peerfactors
suspectbehaviorandcharacteristics:suspectattitudeliketalkingback
officercharacteristics
Chapter7
01:27
79ProblemsofPolicing
racegenderandcultureincriminaljustice
racialprofiling
canracialprofilingbejustified
710
JobStress?
Causes?External,organizational,duty,individual
711
Fatigue
Consequences:
Controllingpolicefatigue:
Reviewpolicies,procedures,andpractices
Assesshowmuchofavoiceofficersaregiveninworkhourandshiftschedule
decisions
Assessleveloffatigue
Reviewrecruitandinservicetrainingprograms
712
violence&brutality
whoaretheproblemcops?Aggressivecopsmaybeoneswhooverreacttothestressof
policeworkwhileatthesametimefeelingsociallyisolated.
Dealingwithproblemcops?
713
Corruption
Varietiesofcorruptions:
KnappcommissionapublicbodysetuptoinvestigatetheNewYorkCitypoliceinthe
1970s,
Meateatersaggressivelymisusepolicepowerforgain
Chapter7
01:27
Grasseatersacceptpayoffs
Internalcorruption
Selectiveenforcement/nonenforcement:discretion
Activecriminalitylikemobhits
Briberyandextortioninitiatedbycitizenisbribery
714
Causesofcorruption
Policepersonality
Institutionsandpractices
Moralambivalencesocietylooksawaylikeprostitution
Environmentalconditions
Corruptdept.
Officercharacteristicssuchasrace,criminalhistoryetc.
715
controllingcorruption
accountabilitysystem:holdssupervisorsresponsible
outsidereviewboardtoinspect
specialprosecutor
changesocialcontextofpolicingbyinvolvingpublic
716
controllingdeadlyforce:
Tennesseev.Garner:
Inthiscase,theCourtruledthattheuseofdeadlyforceagainstapparentlyunarmed
andnondangerousfleeingfelonsisanillegalseizureoftheirpersonundertheFourth
Amendment.
Statutorypolicies:restrictuseofviolence
Chapter7
Upgradedtraining:
Internalreviewandpolicymakingeverytimegundischarged
717
nondeadlyforce
types
handcuffs
rubberbullets
stunguns
controllingnondeadlyforce
lesslethalweapons
01:27
Chapter8
01:27
Chapter8
81
Definingasearch
Whatisasearchaccordingtothefourthamendment?
AFourthAmendmentsearchoccursonlywhenagovernmentactorinfringesona
personsreasonableexpectationofprivacy.3
TheFourthAmendmentprotectscriminalsuspectsagainstunreasonablesearchesand
seizuresbyplacinglimitationsonwhatthepolicecandointheireffortstocatch
lawbreakersandcollectevidence.
Asearchcanbereasonablewithoutawarrant,butifawarrantisrequired,itmustmeet
specificrequirements.
82
Whatisnotasearchaccordingtofourthamendment
AbandonedpropertylikegarbageexceptinNJ
Openfields
Flyovers
83
defininganarrest
arrestisaseizureunderthefourthamendment
whendoesalegalarrestoccur
Thepoliceofficerbelievesthatsufficientlegalevidencethatis,probablecauseexists
thatacrimeisbeingorhasbeencommittedandintendstorestrainthesuspect.
Thepoliceofficerdeprivestheindividualoffreedom.
Thesuspectbelievesthatheisinthecustodyofthepoliceofficerandcannotvoluntarily
leave.Hehaslosthisliberty.
84
Whenwarrantsarenecessary
Inprivatehomes
Forminoroffensesoutofviewofthearrestingofficer
85
Chapter8
01:27
Warrantrequirements
1)probablecause:firsthandknowledge,informants,anonymoustips,telephonetips
2)neutralanddetachedmagistrate
3)particularity:Therequirementthatasearchwarrantstatepreciselywherethesearch
istotakeplaceandwhatitemsaretobeseized.
86
Servingthewarrantproceduralsteps
Knockandannounce
Keeppropertydamagetoaminimum
Useappropriateforce
Payattentiontotimeconstraintsandsearchwarrants
Limitscopeandmannerofsearched
Noreportersallowed
87
Warrantlesssearchesandarrests:Exigentcircumstances
Hotpursuit
Dangerofescape
Threatstoevidence
Threatstoothers
88
Warrantlesssearchesandarrests
Fieldinterrogations:stopandfrisk
Terryv.Ohio:Courtruledthatifareasonablyprudentpoliceofficerbelievesthather
safetyorthatofothersisendangered,shemaymakeareasonablesearchforweapons
ontheperson,regardlessofwhethershehasprobablecausetoarrestthatindividualfor
acrimeorisabsolutelycertainthattheindividualisarmed.
Searchincidenttoalawfularrest
Chimelv.California:thepolicecansearchasuspectwithoutawarrantafteralawful
arresttoprotectthemselvesfromdangerandtosecureevidence.
Chapter8
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underDUIsituationwecansearchherandherpurse,andyoucansearchanythingthey
areincontrolofsoyoucansearchallofitaslongasyourunderarresteverywherebut
NJ
89
Automobilesearches
Carrollv.UnitedStates:Anautomobilecanbesearchedwithoutwarrantifthepolice
haveprobablecause
Scopeoftheautomobilesearch
Searchingdriversandpassengers:thatofficerscouldorderdriversoutoftheircarsand
friskthemduringroutinetrafficstops.
Pretextstops:lackingprobablecause,theyuseapretextsuchasaminortraffic
violationtostopthecarandsearchitsinterior.
Roadblocksearches
810
Consentsearches:voluntariness
811
Plainview
Notsameasplaintouchthatisonlyforweapons
Crimescommittedinanofficerspresence
Noncriminalacts
812
Surveillancelaw
Thefederalwiretapact:Itrequirescourtapprovalofallrealtimeeavesdroppingon
electroniccommunications,includingvoice,email,fax,Internet,andthoseconnected
withcriminalinvestigations.
Thepatriotact:thecontroversialantiterrorismlegislationenactedafter9/11,has
expandedthenumberofcriminalstatutesforwhichsuchwiretapscanbeauthorized.
canrecordconvoifyouarepartofit,needtapifnotassociated
813
Technologiesforlocallawenforcement
Surveillancecameras
Gpstrackingdevices
Chapter8
01:27
814
TheMirandawarning
Waiveroftherightsmakesthestufftheysayadmissibleincourt
TheimpactofMirandai.e.whatisconsideredwaiver
815
PreTrialidentification
Booking:dateandtimeofthearrestarerecorded,photoandfingerprint
Administrativeprocedure
Bail
Detention
Removaltocourt
Lineups,showups,photodisplays
816
theexclusionaryrule:Theprinciplethatprohibitsusingillegallyobtainedevidenceina
trial
exceptions
Independentsourceexception.Thisruleallowsadmissionofevidencethathasbeen
discoveredbymeanswhollyindependentofanyconstitutionalviolation.
Goodfaithexceptionthatevidenceseizedbypolicerelyingonawarrantissuedbya
detachedandneutralmagistratecanbeusedinacourtproceeding,evenifthejudge
whoissuedthewarranterredindrawingupthedocument.
Inevitablediscoveryrule
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91
StateCourtsystems:CourtsoflimitedJurisdiction
Misdemeanorcriminalinfractions
Violationsofmunicipalordinances
Trafficviolations
Civilsuitswherethedamagesinvolvelessthanacertainamountofmoney($10,000)
Mostcommonthingheardistrafficviolations
92
StateCourtSystems:SpecializedCourts
Outcomesareaboveprocess
Judicialmonitoring
Informeddecisionmaking
Collaboration
Nontraditionalroles
Systemicchange
Specialcaseslikedrugcases,orfamilycourtssincethereissomuchchangeinthe
laws
93
StateCourtSystems:SpecializedCourts
Drugcourts
Mentalhealthcourts
Communitycourts
Domesticviolencecourts
Guncourts
Otherspecializedcourts
Chapter9
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94
StateCourtSystems:CourtsofGeneralJurisdiction
Moreseriousfelonycases:murder,rape,robbery
Civilcasesoveraspecifiedamount,over$10,000
Judicialdistrictsorcircuits
Appellatecourts
95
FederalCourts:DistrictCourts
Trialcourtsofthefederalsystem
Civilrights
Interstatetransportationofstolenvehicles
Kidnappings
Citizenship
Rightsofaliens
96
FederalCourts:FederalAppealsCourts
U.S.circuitcourts
Reviewfederalandstateappellatecourtcasesonsubstantiveandproceduralissues
involvingrightsguaranteedbytheconstitution
97
FederalCourts:TheUSsupremecourt
Nationshighestappellatebody
Appointedbythepresident,approvedbycongress
Onlycourtestablishedbytheconstitution
Decidesimportantpoliticalandsocialissues
Chapter9
Shapesthefuturemeaningoftheconstitution
Nationscourtoflastresort
98
howacasegetstosupremecourt
violationofconstitutionallaw
writofcertiorari:highercourtaskinglowercourtforacasesdocuments
ruleoffourhastobebackedbythefourjustices
writtenandoralarguments
caseconference
opinion
dissent/minorityopinion
910
StateandFederalCourtsare
Overburdened
Problemswithcongestion
Makespeoplewaittoolong
Costmoney
Sixthamendment:righttojury,speedytrial,andtoanattorney
911
CourtCongestion:Reasons
Increasingpopulations
Aggressiveprosecutions
Complexlaw
Reformefforts
01:27
Chapter9
Civillitigation
912
Thejudiciary:dutiesofthejudge
Rulesontheappropriatenessofconduct:enforceslawsandconduct
Settlesquestionsofevidenceandprocedure:appliesprocedurallawtothecase
Guidesthequestioningofwitnesses
Instructjurors
Decidescases
Sentencing;capitalcasesjudgedoesntdecide
913
OtherJudicialFunctions
Probation
Courtclerk
Courtreporters
Publicdefender
Districtattorneysoffice,aretheattorneysforthepolice
914
JudicialQualifications
Residentofthestate
Licensedtopracticelaw
Judgewithoutlawdegreeisamagister
Memberofthestatebarassociation
Atleast25andlessthan70yearsofage
Supremecourtdoesnthaveagelimit
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Chapter9
01:27
915
JudicialAlternatives
1)alternativedisputeresolution
arbitration
mediation,comesfirstandifitdoesntworkthenarbitrationwheretheytellyouhowitis
2)perspectivesonjustice
restorativejustice
916
SelectingJudges
Appointment
SelectingjudgesinNJareallappointedbyMayorwithconsentofcouncil
Popularelection
Partisan,memberofaspecificparty
NonPartisan,independentnotregisteredtoanyparty
917
CourtAdministrationandManagement
TechnologyandCourtManagements
Casemanagement
Documentmanagement
Electronicfilingofcases
Integratedjusticeinformationsystems
Hightechcourtrooms
Video technologies
Chapter10
01:27
101
TheProsecutor:Duties
Enforcingthelaw
Representingthegovt
Maintainingproperstandardsofconductasanattorneyandcourtofficer
Developingprogramsandlegislationforlawandcriminaljusticereform,goalistomove
forwardthelawandsystem
Beingapublicspokespersonforthefieldoflaw
Everyattorneyisconsideredacourtofficer
102
TypesofProsecutors:
UnitedStatesattorneys
Attorneygeneralstatelevel
Districtattorney
103
TheprosecutorwithinSociety:
Criticisms
Bargainawayjusticewithpleadeals
NickBesseltobecountyprosecutorsandhisgoaltomakepoliticianshappydidalotto
keephisconvictionratehigh
Politicaloffice
Failuretoinvestigatecrime,doesntresearchthecrime
Responsetocriticisms
Aggressivetowardscertaincrimes,likestepuphowtheyhandledomesticviolence
104
TheProsecutorandLawEnforcement
Chapter10
01:27
Thepoliceinvestigationreport
Helppolicewiththeirinvestigationandhelpwiththereport
Providinglegaladvice
Trainingpolice
Trainonnewupdatedlaws
Buttheydontcomeoutinfield
105
TheProsecutorandtheCommunity:
Workingrelationship
Traditionalmodel
Communityprosecution
106
Theexerciseofdiscretion
Systemfactors:basedonthesystemwhereyouthinkwecantfightcasehardsosendit
backtomunicipalfromfelony
Casefactors:ifevidenceisweakandchainofcustodyismessedup
Dispositionfactors
PoliticalfactorssuchasDharunRavi
107
TheroleofProsecutorialdiscretion
Improvetheprocess
Overzealousprosecution:ifacasedoesntseemthatbigbutitisprosecutedvigorously
suchasinTexas
Punishingoverzealousprosecutors
108
TheDefenseattorney
Chapter10
01:27
Cantputawitnessonthestandwhenyouknowyouwillcommitperjury
109
DefendingtheAccused
LegalservicesforthePoor
Publicdefenders
Assignedcounselsystem
Contractsystem
Mixedsystems
Costsofdefendingthepoor
1010
DefendingtheAccusedPublicAttorneysvs.PrivateAttorneys
Convictionrates
Incarcerationrates
Sentencelengths
Privateattorneydomuchbetterindeathpenaltycases
Prosecutorsdontmakealotofmoney
1011
ProblemsofthecriminalBar
Privateattorneys
Sacrificeclientsinterestsforprofit
Unsavoryclientele
PublicDefenders
Youngattorneysseekingexperience
Paidbygovtwhileactingasgovtadversary
Bottomofhierarchy
Largecaseloads
1012
ProblemsoftheCriminalBar:TheinformalJusticeSystem
Pleabargaining
Intheprocessthereistheprosecutor,defense,defendant,andjudge,victimhasnosay
Working groups
Chapter11
Pretrial&TrialProcedures
01:27
Chapter11
111
Proceduresfollowingarrest
Complaint:isapieceofpaperthattellsyouwhatyouarechargedwith
Arraignment:thechargesarereadtoyou
Indictment
Information
112
Bail
Thelegalrighttobail:in8thamendment
Makingbail
Crimetype:lessseriousthechargethemorelikelyitisthatbailwillbegranted
Flightrisk:
dangerousness
113
Bail:alternativebailreleasemechanism
Policefieldcitationrelease:officerrelesasonwrittenpromisetoappearincourt
Policestationhousecitationrelease:determinedatstation
Pretrialjailcitationrelease:afterjail
114
BailTypes
Fullcashbail
Depositbail
Suretybail:someonetakesresponsibility
01:27
Chapter11
01:27
Conditionalbail:likenocontactindomesticviolence
Unsecuredbond
Releaseonrecognizance
115
Pretrialservices:determiningwhichdefendantscansafelybereleasedonbailpending
trial
Gatherandverifyinformationaboutarrestees
Assesslikelihoodoffailuretoappear/arrest
Providesupervisionfordefendants
Specialneeds
116
Chargingthedefendant:theindictmentprocessisthegrandjury
Thegrandjury
Presentment:dotheyhaveprobablecause
Indictment:truebill,meansfactsinthecasearetrue
117
Chargingthedefendant
1)arraignment:defendantinformedofcharges
2)thePlea
guilty,notwantingtobeheardintheplea
notguilty
nolocontendere:meansnocontext,notgoingtosayhesguiltybutwontdefend
himself
118
PleaBargaining:thenatureofthepleabargain
Reductionofcharges
Chapter11
01:27
Reductionofnumberofcounts
Recommendationofleniency
Alterationofcharges
119
Prosofpleabargaining
Adminefficiencyisimproved
Prosecutioncandevotemoretimetomoreseriouscases
Defendantavoidspossibledetentionandanextendedtrialmaybeevenareduced
sentence
Resourcescanbedevotedmoreefficientlytocasesthatneedgreaterattention
1110
Consofpleabargaining
Defendantswaiveconstitutionalrighttotrial
Allowdangerousoffenderslenientsentences
Dangerinnocentmaybeconvicted
Prosecutorsaregivenafreehand
Aguiltypleaculture
1111
PleaBargaining:theproblemoffalseconfessions,whydoinnocentpeopleconfess?
Duress
Coercion
Intoxication
Diminishedcapacity
Mentalimpairment
Ignoranceofthelaw
Chapter11
Fearofviolence
1112
Legalissuesinpleabargaining
Effectiveassistanceofcounsel
Voluntariness
Prosecutors/defendantspromisesmustbekept
Dueprocessrights
Guiltypleasfrompersonswhoclaiminnocence
Useofpleabargainingstatementsattrial
Gideonneededalawyerafterbreakingintoclubhouse
1113
Theroleoftheprosecutorsinpleabargaining
Discretionarytool
Fewlimitations
Consideration,
Seriousnessofthecrime
Attitudeofthevictim
Policereport
Applicablesentencingprovisions
1114
TheroleofthedefensecounselinPleaBargaining
Advisory
Explanatory
informative
01:27
Chapter11
1115
Theroleofthejudgeinpleabargaining:approval
Victimhasnorole
1116
Pleabargainingreform
Jurisdictionalsafeguards
Judgequestionsdefendants
Defensecounselispresent
Opendiscussionofplea
Fullandfrankinformationaboutdefendant
1117
Legalrightsduringtrial
Impartialjudge/jury
Competency
Confrontwitness
Compulsoryprocess
Counselspeedytrial
Publictrial
Proofbeyondareasonabledoubt
1118
theevolutionofGideonv.wainwright
1119
Thetrialprocess
Juryselection
Openingstatements
Prosecutionscase
Criminaldefense
Closingarguments
Instructionstothejury
Deliberationandverdict
Thesentence
appeals
11-20
01:27
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121
generaldeterrence
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
statehas2differenttiers:limitedjurisdictionmisdemeanor,generaljurisdictionfelony
courts
eachstatehas2differentbranchestrialcourtandappellatecourt
mostcommonaretrafficviolations,municipalislimited
civilcasethathas15000ormore
lackofevidence
pretrialdiversion
01:27