Business Global Today 7e
by Charles W.L. Hill
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 4
Ethics in
International
Business
4-2
Introduction
Ethics - accepted principles of right or wrong that govern the
conduct of a person, the members of a profession, or the actions of
an organization
Business ethics are the accepted principles of right or wrong
governing the conduct of business people
Ethical strategy is a strategy, or course of action, that does not
violate these accepted principles
4-3
Ethical Issues in International Business
The most common ethical issues in business involve
employment practices
human rights
environmental regulations
corruption
the moral obligation of multinational companies
4-4
Employment Practices
Question: When work conditions in a host nations are
clearly inferior to those in a multinationals home nation,
what standards should be applied?
The standards of the home nation?
The standards of the host nation?
Something in between?
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Human Rights
Question: What is the responsibility of a foreign
multinational when operating in a country where basic
human rights are not respected?
Basic human rights taken for granted in the developed
world such as freedom of association, freedom of
speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of movement,
and so on, are not universally accepted
4-6
Environmental Pollution
Question: Should a multinational feel free to pollute in a
developing nation if doing so does not violate laws?
Answer:
When environmental regulations in host nations are far
inferior to those in the home nation, ethical issues arise
The tragedy of the commons occurs when a resource
held in common by all, but owned by no one, is overused
by individuals resulting in its degradation
4-7
Corruption
Question: Is it ethical to make payments to government
officials to secure business?
Answer:
In the United States, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
outlawed the practice of paying bribes to foreign
government officials in order to gain business
The Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public
Officials in International Business Transactions adopted
by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) obliges member states to make
the bribery of foreign public officials a criminal offense
4-8
Corruption
Some economists suggest that the practice of giving
bribes might be the price that must be paid to do a
greater good
In countries where preexisting political structures
distort or limit the workings of the market mechanism,
corruption in the form of black-marketeering,
smuggling, and side payments to government
bureaucrats to speed up approval for business
investments may actually enhance welfare
However, other economists have argued that corruption
reduces the returns on business investment and leads to
low economic growth
4-9
Moral Obligations
Question: Do multinationals have a responsibility to give
back to the societies that enable them to grow and
prosper?
Answer:
Social responsibility - the idea that business people
should take the social consequences of economic
actions into account when making business decisions,
and that there should be a presumption in favor of
decisions that have both good economic and good social
consequences
4-10
Ethical Dilemmas
Managers often face situations where the appropriate
course of action is not clear
Ethical dilemmas - situations in which none of the
available alternatives seems ethically acceptable
they exist because real world decisions are complex,
difficult to frame, and involve various consequences
that are difficult to quantify
4-11
The Roots of Unethical Behavior
Question: Why do managers behave in an unethical
manner?
Answer:
Managerial behavior is influenced by
Personal ethics
Decision making processes
Organizational culture
Unrealistic performance expectations
Leadership
4-12
The Roots of Unethical Behavior
Figure 4.1: Determinants of Ethical Behavior
4-13
Personal Ethics
Business ethics reflect personal ethics (the generally
accepted principles of right and wrong governing the
conduct of individuals)
Expatriates may face pressure to violate their personal
ethics because
they are away from their ordinary social context and
supporting culture
they are psychologically and geographically distant
from the parent company
4-14
Decision Making Processes
Studies show that business people may behave
unethically because they fail to ask the relevant
questionis this decision or action ethical?
decisions are made based on economic logic, without
consideration for ethics
4-15
Organizational Culture
Unethical behavior may exist in firms with an
organization culture - the values and norms that are
shared among employees of an organization - that does
not emphasize business ethics
Values and norms shape the culture of a firm, and
that culture influences decision making
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Unrealistic Performance Expectations
Pressure from the parent company to meet performance
goals that are unrealistic, and can only be attained by
cutting corners or acting in an unethical manner can
cause unethical behavior
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Leadership
If a firms leaders fail to act in an ethical manner, other
employees may not act ethically
actions speak louder than words
4-18
Philosophical Approaches to Ethics
There are several approaches to business ethics
including
Straw men
the Friedman doctrine
cultural relativism
the righteous moralist
the nave immoralist
Utilitarian and Kantian
Rights theories
Justice Theories
4-19
Straw Men
Straw men approaches are raised by business ethics
scholars primarily for the purpose of demonstrating that
they offer inappropriate guidelines for ethical decision
making in a multinational enterprise
Four such approaches are
the Friedman doctrine
cultural relativism
the righteous moralist
the nave immoralist
4-20
Straw Men
Friedman Doctrine - the only social responsibility of
business is to increase profits, so long as the company
stays within the rules of law
companies should not undertake expenditures
beyond those mandated by law and those required for
the efficient running of a business
Cultural Relativism - the belief that ethics are culturally
determined and that firms should adopt the ethics of the
cultures in which they operate
when in Rome, do as the Romans do
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Straw Men
Righteous Moralist - a multinationals home country
standards of ethics are the appropriate ones for
companies to follow in foreign countries
approach is common among managers from
developed countries
Nave Immoralist - if a manager of a multinational sees
that firms from other nations are not following ethical
norms in a host nation, that manager should not either
actions are ethically justified if everyone else is doing
the same thing
4-22
Utilitarian and Kantian Ethics
Utilitarian approaches to ethics hold that the moral worth
of or actions practices is determined by their
consequences
actions have multiple consequences, some good,
some not
actions are desirable if they leads to the best possible
balance of good consequences over bad
consequences
Problems with this approach
measuring the benefits, costs, and risks of a course of
action
the philosophy fails to consider justice
4-23
Utilitarian and Kantian Ethics
Kantian ethics - based on the philosophy of Immanuel
Kant who argued that people should be treated as ends
and never purely as means to the ends of others
people have dignity and need to be respected, they
are not machines
4-24
Rights Theories
Rights theories - human beings have fundamental rights
and privileges that transcend national boundaries and
culture
fundamental human rights form the basis for the
moral compass that managers should navigate by
when making decisions that have an ethical
component
The idea that some fundamental rights transcend
national borders and cultures was the underlying
motivation for the UNs Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (specifies the basic principles that should always
be adhered to irrespective of the culture in which one is
doing business)
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Justice Theories
Justice theories focus on the attainment of a just
distribution (one that is considered fair and equitable) of
economic goods and services
John Rawls - all economic goods and services should be
distributed equally except when an unequal distribution
would work to everyones advantage
Impartiality is guaranteed by the veil of ignorance
(everyone is imagined to be ignorant of all his or her
particular characteristics)
4-26
Justice Theories
Question: What system would people design under a veil
of ignorance?
Answer:
A system where people would agree that each person is
permitted the maximum amount of basic liberty
compatible with a similar liberty for others
Once equal basic liberty is assured, inequality in basic
goods social goods are to be allowed only if they benefit
everyone
the difference principle suggests that inequalities are
justified if they benefit the position of the least
advantaged person
4-27
Implications for Managers
Question: How can managers ensure that ethical issues are
considered in business decisions?
Answer:
Managers should
favor hiring and promoting people with a well grounded sense of
personal ethics
build an organizational culture that places a high value on ethical
behavior
make sure that leaders within the business not only articulate the
rhetoric of ethical behavior, but also act in manner that is consistent
with that rhetoric
put decision making processes in place that require people to
consider the ethical dimension of business decisions
develop moral courage
4-28
Hiring and Promotion
Businesses should strive to identify and hire people with
a strong sense of personal ethics
Prospective employees should find out as much as they
can about the ethical climate in an organization
4-29
Organization Culture and Leadership
Businesses need to build an organization culture that
places a high value on ethical behavior
the business must explicitly articulate values that
place a strong emphasis on ethical behavior
code of ethics - a formal statement of the ethical
priorities a business adheres to
leaders in the business should give life and meaning
to the code of ethics by repeatedly emphasizing their
importance, and then acting on them
the business should put in place a system of
incentives and rewards that recognize people who
engage in ethical behavior and sanction those who do
not
4-30
Decision-Making Processes
A moral compass can help determine whether a decision
is ethical.
If a manager can answer yes to the following
questions, the decision is ethically acceptable
does my decision fall within the accepted values of
standards that typically apply in the organizational
environment?
am I willing to see the decision communicated to all
stakeholders affected by it?
would the people with whom I have significant
personal relationships approve of the decision?
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Decision-Making Processes
A five-step process can also help managers think
through ethical issues
1. How would a decision affect stakeholders - the
individuals or groups who have an interest, stake, or
claim in the actions and overall performance of a
company
Internal stakeholders - people who work for or who
own the business such as employees, the board of
directors, and stockholders.
External stakeholders - the individuals or groups who
have some claim on a firm such as customers,
suppliers, and unions
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Decision-Making Processes
2. Managers need to determine whether a proposed
decision would violate the fundamental rights of any
stakeholders
3. Managers need to establish moral intent - the business
must resolve to place moral concerns ahead of other
concerns in cases where either the fundamental rights
of stakeholders or key moral principles have been
violated
4. The company should then engage in ethical behavior
5. The business must audit its decisions, reviewing them to
make sure that they were consistent with ethical
principles
4-33
Ethics Officers
To encourage ethical behavior in a business, a number
of firms now have ethics officers
Ethics officers ensure that
employees are trained to be ethically aware
ethical considerations enter decision-making
the companys code of ethics is followed
4-34
Moral Courage
Employees in an international business may need
significant moral courage
managers need to be able too walk away from
decisions that are profitable, but unethical
employees need to be able to say no to actions that
are unethical
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Summary of Decision-Making Steps
International businesses should
strive to hire and promote people based on ethical
considerations as well as other metrics of
performance
establish an ethical culture within the organization
appoint ethics officers
create an environment that facilitates moral courage
It is important to recognize that not all ethical dilemmas
have a clear and obvious solution
4-36
Classroom Performance System
Multinational companies are concerned with ethics is all of
the following areas except
a) Employment practices
b) Human rights
c) Environmental regulations
d) Trade regulations
4-37
Classroom Performance System
Which of the following does not contribute to unethical
behavior by managers?
a) Unrealistic performance goals
b) Leadership
c) Organizational culture
d) Restrictions on bribes
4-38
Classroom Performance System
Which philosophy claims that a companys home-country
standards of ethics are the appropriate ones to follow in
foreign countries?
a) Cultural relativism
b) Righteous moralist
c) Friedman doctrine
d) Nave immoralist
4-39
Classroom Performance System
A companys formal statement of ethical priorities is called
its
a) Mission statement
b) Code of ethics
c) Code of values
d) Organizational culture
4-40