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Course: ANT ANT2511, Summer 2011School: UCF
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6/27/11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Version (check for updated list) CHAP 03 THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF LIFE Introduction @genetics Human evolution linked to processes Involving cells, genetic information, transmitting info between generations Genetics study how genes work, traits passed from generation to generation THE CELL @ basic functions of cells fundamental units of life cells single...
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Version (check for updated list)
CHAP 03 THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF LIFE
Introduction
@genetics
Human evolution linked to processes
Involving cells, genetic information,
transmitting info between generations
Genetics study how genes work, traits passed from generation to generation
THE CELL
@ basic functions of cells
fundamental units of life cells
single cell organisms- for example bacteria, blue-green algae
multicellular life forms complex, plants, insects, birds, mammals, others
eukaryotic cells complex cells with nucleus in multicelluar animals
@ cell structure (contents) see below
Organelles substructures in cell
Nucleus in eukaryotic cells , contains chromosomes
nucleic acids DNA and RNA molecules
Molecules- structure two or more atoms
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) double stranded molecule contains genetic code, main component
of chromosomes
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Cytoplasm semi-fluid in cell excluding nucleus
Mitochondria structure in cytoplasm, converts energy
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mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) DNA in mitochondria, inherited from mother
somatic cells body cells except reproduction
gametes (sex cells)- reproductive cells, eggs, sperm
Zygote cell formed by union of an egg and sperm cell
DNA STRUCTURE
DNA Molecule double stranded molecule, genetic code
Nucleotides basic unit of DNA molecule
double helix shape of DNA molecule
Adenine part of DNA molecule, base
Guanine part of DNA, base
Thymine part of DNA, base
Cytosine part of DNA, base
A, T, G, and C abbreviation of DNA bases
Replicate make copies
DNA REPLICATION
replication before divides DNA replicates
Enzymes specialized protein directs chemical reactions
Complementary attraction between bases
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Proteins molecules that can function by binding to other molecules
Structural proteins in body tissue for example
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functional type another of protein such as enzymes
Enzymes proteins direct chemical reactions
Hormones proteins released in blood stream to produce specific effects
amino acids molecules are components of proteins
triplet (3 bases) 3 base group part of DNA specifying a particular amino acid
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WHAT IS A GENE? - a sequence of DNA bases
genetics
Exons segment of genes involved in protein synthesis (Expressed)
noncoding sequence segments not directing production of protein
Introns segment of genes deleted, not expressed
genetic code DNA code universal on earth same material all life
universal
REGULATORY GENES
regulatory genes influence activity of other genes
homeobox (Hox) genes regulatory gene directing body plan
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CELL DIVISION
cell division produces new cells
Chromosomes
Chromosomes structure of DNA in nucleus
Autosomes all chromosomes except sex chromosomes
sex chromosomes in mammals X and Y chromosomes
Mitosis
somatic cells body cells (not sex cells)
Mitosis simple cell division in somatic cells producing identical cells
simple cell division - mitosis
Meiosis
gametes (egg/sperm) sex cells
Meiosis ovaries and testes produce cells with half of original chromosomes
Zygote fertilized egg
reduction division meiosis , half of chromosomes
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The Evolutionary Science of Meiosis
Variation increased by meiosis
Recombination crossing over , exchange between chromosomes meiosis
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NEW FRONTIERS
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@ discovery DNA revolutionizes biology
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) makes copies of DNA
recombinant DNA technology transfer genes to another species
Cloning make duplicate individual
nuclear transfer procedure in cloning
Human Genome Project (HGP) map entire human genome
Genome genetic makeup of individual or species
comparative genomics compare DNA between species, groups in species
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