akhook
January HST540
Password: 9th
Components of Intelligence
- Fiction of the spy world is seldom true but it has an incredibly important impact
- (1) Popular culture has an impact on intelligent services
- Canada does not have a foreign service agency that have spies, we gather information
from other international foreign services
- Pop culture/ fiction has made us believe a lot about the world of spies that is not true
(distorted our view)
- Always watch the relationship between fiction and fact
- Fictions in the world have in fact produced reality (cell phones, phasers)
- The very first intelligence services was made before WW1, approx 100 years ago
- Organized intelligence services are a phenomenon of the 20th C (1909) British
- CIA (central intelligence agency) 1947
- (2) Rapid evolution of intelligence services evolutionary scope
- 1939: Germany intelligence services murdering thousands of people
- Evolution driven by fear and uncertainty of the outside world
- (3) Technology
- Most technologies are developed by intelligence services
o Cell phones, textiles, microwaves, modern aviation etc
- Everything you take for granted are from intelligence services or military
- (4) Interaction between political culture and intelligent services
- How the intelligent services and the government of their regions interact
- The way they behave, and the power in which they have
- Intelligence services in authoritarian countries are VERY different than in democracy
- Democracy Intelligent Services = Agents of YOU (take orders from a government in
which you select)
- (5) National security perceptions, the way in which we think of their national security
is how their agents will respond to them
o Intelligent services are reactive
- Responding to developments around the world
- Respond to what their people want them to do
- Take their cues responding to the public action democracy
- Very seldom proactive, very reactive
- Espionage secret means, act of spying, act of gathering information
- Intelligence intelligence is information, but not all information is intelligence
o Disinformation, purposely wrong! LIES!!!
- Intelligence Agencies
- 50% of information that intelligence services receive is open facebook, search
engines
- Governments are not the only operators of intelligence
- If you want to understand the culture of a nation you observe natural societal actions
of that nation (what they buy, what they learn, etc..)
- Spying is age old, people have spied since the beginning of humanity
- Evolution of spying as an art
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Most of all intelligence services are defensive not offensive to optimize their
opportunities
o Want to know what others are doing or thinking (easier for response
techniques)
Intelligence is a consumer good Canada: university students, public (you see what
went on)
Intelligence Cycle
1. Identification of target
2. Collection of information
3. Processing
4. Analysis and production of intelligence determining what the fragments of
information truly mean, make those fragments into something
5. Discussion and dissemination
6. Action (policy)
7. Responding (public, etc)
8. Guarding and managing (security)
5 Different Kinds of Intelligence:
1. SIGNALS* (SIGINT)
- Technological oriented sign
- Radio, telephone, computer
- Smoke signals
- Lights, morse code
2. COMMUNICATIONS (COMINT)
- Driven by technologically created things
- Computers, emails
- Vast majority of intelligence today
3. ELINT
- ELECTRONIC information
4. HUMAN (HUMINT)
- Sexiest, most interesting
- Human stuff
- Human spying, people watching one another
- Deceiving, sleeping with
- Using human skills to deceive and gain intelligence
- Money, power, sex
- Weakest way to do intelligence humans are driven by sexual desires, and money
5. ANALYSIS
- Most important part
- How you analyze and understand something?
- Comprehensive package using the intelligence to understand
- Analysis is everything
FOREIGN INSTRUMENTATIO SIGNALS (FISINT)
** MISSING ONE LECTURE **
January 16th
- Nationalism
o Phenomena of the 19th C
Before people defined themselves of tribes, kings, cults
o Cancerous entity produced most war, revolution, and suffering
o Huge sculpting force of the 19th C
o Nationalism begins with language
You can build from a language
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Imperialism
o Empire building
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Militarism
o Economic system which governs great deal of national order in the 19th C
o Military economies, military economies
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Alliance System
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Social Darwinism
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All of these forces were causes directly leading to WW1
No surprises to WW1 people could predict from 1870s
People wanted the war to sort things out
o Though the war would be short and beneficial
15 million men go to war in 1914
o All people who die in WW1 equals all the people who died in war ever
In the 19th C the rate of change for urbanization and industrialization is large
o Innovations in health care and others ... EX. Soap
Crowding
Social problems
Social economic political pressures the nations must respond to
Empire and nationalism are fundamental opposites
Language (important in nationalism) families:
o Germans
o Slavs
#s game!!
The country of Germany does not exist until 1871
o Belong to other empires until the idea of German nationalism
o Unified Germany singular huge empire
o Most industrious, profitable and cohesive people
o Panic: France and Russia
Nationalism prompts countries to expand and to battle for the ownership of new
regions countries are beginning to be taken over
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o The need for spies!!!
- 1909: first organized centralized spy agency
Triggers:
- Naval Race 1906-1914 (or Scare)
o Precipitate global change
o Construction of a ship
o 19th C power is born at sea
o In order to have and protect colonies you need a navy
o British are the best at the navy game before 1906
Extremely expensive hard to stay the best
o Most of worlds navy try and build Dreadnought type ships
Even Canada tries to build ships for its empire
International race
o Naval Scare: public reaction to the real phenomenon
o Public (English and Germans) become convinced that its even worse than they
could imagine they panic
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HMS Dreadnought
o Super ship
o 12 inches of steel armour
most were thin sheets covered with wood
o All weather ship fights ice
o Salinity salt does not eat away at ship
o Steam engines coal turbine
Fast and efficient
o 5 turrets on board
o Fires 10,000 yards ship will shoot at you without being at visible range
o All the upgrades were revolutionary
o EXPENSIVE!!!!
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Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888-1918)
o Queen Victoria first grandson
o Wanted to make Germany better
o British thought it was good but were scared
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German Navy Law
o Make many more ships
o 500,000 Brits pour show up in response to this
We want 8, and we wont wait
Want new dreadnought ships
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William Le Queux Spies of the Kaiser (1908)
o Beginning of spies
o Former British navy officer
Pulp Fiction writer
Presented facts that people uncritically accepted
Talks about Germans in England
Thesis: there are 5000 German spies in England
Reality: 3 or 5 men
o Capitalized on the spy panic and creates more of a panic
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Spy Scare (1908-1914)
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Committee of Imperial Defense (CID)
o Most important people in Britain meet
o Talk about the spy scare
o They decide what to do about the spy problem
o ONLY react because the public pressures them to do so
They dont really want to
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British secret service (BSS)
o Directly related to spy scare and Le Queux
o HOWEVER: the coming of war changes their opininon on the need for spies
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MI (Military Intelligence)
o 5= domestic
o 6= foreign
Done only in response to the fundamental change and the public
opinion response to the government
Also aware that the world is changing
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Mansfield Cumming (head MI 6, 1909-1923)
o In the navy, developed chronic sea sickness, old man, lost leg
o Capital sport great fun
o No formal training, no understanding of the intelligence world
o MI6: Starts with 3 people 1914: several dozen people (not enough)
o Budget is 2000 pounds 1914: 10-15 thousands of pounds
o Really a superficial agency
o Unorganized agency submarine idea, kidnap Kaiser son, stole 1000 lbs
o C: Cumming signs this letter as his secret signature, in green writing
o M16: Bureaucratic structure beginning to develop but nothing is because of
Cumming
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Vernon Kell (head MI 5, 1909-1940)
o MI5: 1000 pounds
o Only one guy working for this sector
o Emerges quickly
o Inventive man, A+ man,
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A elite man, in the circle of the elites personal ties in govt
Accepted that the world is changing and adapted
Ruthlessly efficient bureaucrat
Organizer, manager, effective, runs the show
Bureaucratic survivability Convince a senior that they need you!
When they wanted to shut down this agency and give funds to other places
where needed Kell was able to keep MI5 alive
Slightly evil
Willing to push the boundaries of ethics and legalities
Has few resources and keeps it alive in masterful ways
PROs of Kell:
Forges important bureaucratic ties with other organizations such as law
enforcement
Pushes the ethics of Britain
Creates FAKE spies
Takes advantage of the spy scare
Present these fake spies to the British public
Kell has to keep his agency alive
January 16th
- RECAP:
o Fiction produces fact
o Government must respond to the public opinion
o Respond to real and perceived threats
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Intelligence knew that war was coming but they did not know the magnitude
Has to respond quickly without knowing any details (where do we start)
Less than 5 years to build a functional capacity and they cant because it takes decades
Eve of the 20th C spying was a joke they were not equipped for it yet
Lingering conception amongst most of the elites in Europe that spying is dirty, that it
is beneath them
o Ethics have changed dramatically
o Facebook and Twitter would have be preposterous
o Privacy was much more a personal thing
Why is spying so late in the game? Ungentlemanly
Scotland Yard
o National police force of the united kingdom
o Has organizational structure
o Kell: tapped into the police force intelligence
o Established efficient organizational structure
MI5 works with Scotland Yard closely
o Kell because he has no agents, he taps into the local police force
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Dr. Max Schultz (1911)
o German nationalist living in the UK
o Said to be a German SPY
o Had friends working for German intelligence but was not enough to convict
him to be a spy
o Purposely stands out does weird and stupid thing
Flies the German flag 24 hours a day
o Annoying habit of speaking German
o Odd habits
Collects newspapers
Interested in comings and goings of ships
o KELL: decides based on local information based on little old ladies he is a
problem Scotland Yard tells Kell Kell takes action (arrest Schultz)
o Found guilty of espionage in 4 MINUTES!!!
Defense lawyer not allowed any information on his conviction
ILLEGAL in a civil democracy
Allowed because the public is all for this
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Robert Blackburn (1914)
o Young 18 year old Liverpoolian
o Loves Germany
o Few months before the war, Blackburn does something stupid
He will offer up his services to the German government
Writes a letter in English and sends it to the German embassy
in London wants to be a spy
British government seizes and reads all mail sent to the
German embassy!
o Made a spy for the British public consumption
o Convicted in the courts
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Brandon and Trench (1910)
o British spies in German
o Caught and deported
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Pushing Moral Ethics
o Not only is imperative to spy on your enemies but also there is an underlying
importance in spying on your friends
o Moral ethical thresholds begin to change
Things are let go blind eye
o German spies = convicted of espionage
o French spies = released without any public fear
o Political considerations
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Central Nachrichtenburo (IIIb) (1911)
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National intelligence force created in Germany
Military intelligence unit that become central
Secret messages in code in German
Then they use vernacular
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Deuxieme Bureau (1914)
o French create centralized intelligence agency
o Start almost immediately to specialize
Create subsections
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Cabinet Noir
o Specialized subsection of the French intelligence agency
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Disinformation
o Cabinet Noir
o Feed bullshit information along with some real solid intelligence
o Code breaking and code making cryptology
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Specialization
o Must create educated people in a particular art
o Critical mass of experts (language, technology, etc)
o Takes time to train and get people, make sure they arent double agents
War is coming fast!
o Training people
o Get people who speak certain languages
o Technological experts
o Philosophical logic and mathematics
o Masters of deception
o Cultural experts, music experts
o Language experts: must COMMAND a language
Slang, dialect, tone
Hand signals
General cultural knowledge (pizza, pizzas phone #)
o Agencies understand they have to PROFESSIONALIZE
o Where do you find people to do these things?
Universities
Military, foreign service
* MOST SPIES are recruited out of university campuses
Undercover students
All countries are doing such
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Okhrana (1911)
o Old secret police reshaped and reformed
o Russian central agency
o Existed un kings (czars) of Russia
o RUSSIA: least prepared for the war
o Intelligence service tries and gets solid intelligence from their enemies
Foreign operations Austria
Best way spy is through diplomats
They all hang out together! All the elites
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Col. Alfred Redl (1910-1913)
o Head of Austria counter intelligence (root out spies in your country)
o Austria military intelligence
o Russians want him
Spy on him, trail him, trace him observation
o Redl is homosexual 1910 homosexuality is evil and disgusting
o The Russians find this out and use a very good looking naval guy
They plant this guy and they have a relationship
Wait for pillow talk leak secrets
o Redl leaks very valuable state information to his lover
o Lovers for 3 years
Have a plan to run away
Establish a bank account under a fake name
Take the money from the agency
o Russians let this happen knowing 2 things will occur
(1) The spy will get information
(2) Redl is deemed a spy and Austria embarrassed
o Bank account begins to haunt Redl
Austria panic and have an investigation on their own agency
Investigate Redl have no evidence but he becomes nervous
Follow Redl and find out he is stealing funds
Dont see him, but he leaves a monographed pen
He is caught!
o Austria say they disgrace him and convict him or he shoots himself
He kills himself!
Austrians dont manage to find out what he told the Russians
o He told them military plans!
Blueprints of war strategy
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Lemberg (1915)
o The place where the Austrians try and invade to take of Russia
o Know this because of Redl
o Austrian military is decimated
o They know Redl gave up this information
sexpionage
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Trainwatchers
o Watching trains
o You can build evidence from looking at the trains, what I s in the train, where
they are coming from, who is in the train, where they are going
o You can infer so much about the trains by spying on them
Beneficial to your country
o 1200 people recruited 45 caught 2 shot
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Women
o Great trainwatchers
o Dont generally do this
o Dont have to pay them as much
o They are lowkey, people dont question them
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La Dame Leblanc
o Ran a sophisticated network of trainwatchers
o Spoke to other soldiers, flirted with them, men would tell them and the
women would report it to their agencies
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WW1 Background
o Dual Alliance: Germany and Austria 1871
o Triple Alliance: with Italy 1878
o Dual Entente: France and Russia 1894
o Anglo-Japanese Accord 1902
o Anglo-French Entente 1904
o Anglo-Russian Entente 1907
o Entente (Allies) Powers:
France
Britain
Russia
Serbia
Rumania
Greece
Italy (1915)
USA (1917)
Japan
o Central Powers:
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman (Turks)
Bulgaria
January 23rd
- WW1:
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o World order
o Balance of power
o Women voting
o Totality of war
o Economic order
o Ideology of communism
o Global order
Intelligence agency originally starts as a joke spies now imperative in war
War and romantic notions?
Understanding, theory, speaking of is nothing like war itself
o Totally ill prepared for everything
o 1909-1914: no training, money, resources (spies)
Intelligence is no about getting lucky or guessing need foundation (not equipped
for fighting leads to millions of death)
If you are not prepared for conflict you are doomed!!! (important theme)
Young men 14+ went to war thinking it would be a great adventure
o They were propelled to think such from their leaders
Intelligence failure!!
New Technological Innovations:
o Machine Guns:
Machine guns locked in place that shoot you down in no mans land
DONT RUN!! Keep formation! Why? Cause great deal of panic
Shot for desertion! Walking into their own death
Intelligence Failure! They did not have those guns when they were
planning for the war
o New and Improved Rifles:
Snipers: 1000s of yards away
o Armor Piercing Bullets
o Land Mines
o Tanks
o Bombing Airplanes
o Long Range Artillery
o Mustard Gas
Burn your lungs, cough out, and choke
o Chlorine Gas
Technology and war go hand in hand
o War creates technology and technology creates war
* Schlieffen Plan
o Primary military strategic plan of the German army
o Quiet simple
o Developed by Von Schlieffen (1905) 10 years prior to the war
o They actually think about geography
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They know that they are going to go to war against France and Russia
This means they would have to fight on two fronts
They want to fight the war on only one front
German intelligence studies their enemies
Russia will take longer to mobilize their forces into war and deploy
into the field
6 weeks
French will deploy armies in 2 weeks
1 month lag between the two
How? Economic intelligence Trainwatchers, industry generations,
provision, mobilization
Mobilization: how many resources you can bring to war!
Military Strategy:
Quick full attack on French first destroy the French
Then, go and attack Russia
French intelligence probably know about the plan because they know about
Russia also
Solution? Attack the French through Belgium something they did
not anticipate
No defense in Belgium because they do not have an army
The French cannot put up a defense in Belgium because it is a
neutral ground
PROBLEM: Negative British reaction?
Belgium is close to Britain and the Germans going through could
potentially be a threat to Britain
British declares war on Germany
British deploy an army (300,000 men) in Flanders Field
British Canadian army show up and slow down the Germans
PROBLEM: United States is watching closely and they are pissed!
They see Germany attack through Belgium
Negatively affect American public opinion
Big country (Germany) VS. Little country (Belgium)
PROBLEM: The Russians are faster than they originally anticipated
2 million Russians
Force the Germans to split their forces
Intelligence you must hit the ball 11/10 times
Intelligence plan changes the war dramatically The plan, originally a great
idea, brings about new enemies and battles
48 hours of WW1 = 400,000 men died!
Normal total of entire wars
All of the services start to specialize (British)
o Planning for war is much different than fighting it
o Adapt!! Propaganda draw Americans in the war
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Civilizational values (fight amongst those who are like you)
Understanding the enemies and the alliances
SPIES!!!!!!! find out this information
Learning curve of intel services become very steep death, destruction,
economic disaster!
January 25th
- How rapidly intelligence services start to develop around WW1
o Speed of change
o Encompassing nature of change
o Moral and ethical compass with which most leaders and nations led their
actions on the eve of WW1 start to change with the beginning of the war
- Political culture dictates everything
o Slippery slope of moral ethics
- People still think intelligence is ungentlemanly
o Late start relative to WW1
o War itself is so disastrous THE GREAT WAR war to end all wars
- Intelligence is understanding context in which you live, themes of history,
understanding big, big ideas.
o Philosophy
o Enemies political culture
o Ideological
* Evident in the Schlieffen Plan as Germany underestimates a lot
- Evident in the need to professionalize, and specialize!
o * Important themes in WW1
o experts on particular things
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Radio War
o Race between Germany and British to master the art of radio
o Need to specialize very quickly
o Use the radio:
Information
Disinformation
Mastery of code complex
o British develop fairly specific radio codes purposely quite complicated
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Room 40
o Radio enterprise
o In room 40
o Excels because of complexity and importance
o Bureaucratic size
o This agency must prove its worthy
o Winston Churchill
o Offensive master radio
Interested in German codes radio intelligence
Sends radio messages, codes radio messages, decodes radio message
They want the book of the codes so they can master them
Men with travel with radio units are the prime suspects
They want the codes
o Pioneer in the world of propaganda became manipulative to the info going
to the USA
Want to draw the US into the war and on their side
o Nuance of American political culture become an important factor in WW1
American public culture never drifts towards the Germans
They were neutral
o Cease American public with Agents of Influence
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Winston Churchill, Lord of the Admiralty
o Related to Room 40
o Soon to be PM of England
o Has resources and political klout
o Good intelligence identify people who are rising stars
o Early convert to the world of intelligence did not think it was
ungentlemanly
o Understood the cruel world and that spying was a necessary evil
o Responsible for the engineering of Room 40
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Reginald Blinker Hall (Director of Naval Intelligence)
o Related to Room 40
o Organizational masters
o Does not think spying is bad
o Ups the anti to Room 40
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Battle of Jutland (May 1916)
o Naval war in WW1
o Information gets stuck in the process
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Under-Water (U) Boats/ Submarines
o Bicycle run
Air runs out in the submarine and they kill themselves. LOL!
o Most U boats travel on the surface
o Diving depth isnt very deep
o New invention, very important very easy to hit
o They go under water and their principal targets are convoys (ships holding
large supplies (textile, men, ammunition))
o U boats go underneath and attack
o They see an convoy and they call one another and attack as a wolf pack
o British reliant on stuff from their empire which is overseas
Germans realize this
o U boats know that there are defined shipping lanes
They sit and pray in particular places
INTELLIGENCE!!
o Block the Germany navy
U boats go underneath
o British built submarine nets hard to deploy
o Tough for Germany now cannot get resources
o PROBLEM: Germany might sink American interest ship
US might join
How do the Germans know which ship is US?
o The US arent happy about a blockade and they dont trade disproportionally
with the British and the French
Germans must do something
o Germans pursue restricted submarine warfare
Targets that are military in origin only
They know the types of ships
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Lusitania (May 1915)
o Sister ship of the titanic
o SUNK!! By a German U-boat
o The ship explodes!!! In fact not just carrying innocent civilians, they were
carry ammunitions as well not just a passenger liner
Normally the ships would sink slowly
o Some debate is that British intelligence might have had a hand in Lusitania
o Room 40: didnt report exactly where German U-boats were
ON PURPOSE? Wanted to get the US in the war
1000s of Americans die!
British REALLY want the US on their side
o April 1917 Americans come to war!
Before that this was just good for the British propaganda
o Germans apologize!!!
Will not engage in unrestricted warfare.
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Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
o Too proud to fight
o Business, economic, and other interests
Thats why they couldnt just go to war
o Why they are neutral from 1915-1917?
Huge population of Irish and even the Italians
Reluctant to go to war for the British Empire
Enormously complicated entity the US nation
Many factors to consider
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Woodrow Wilson has to consider his re-election
Zimmerman Telegram (1917)
o British decide, desperate to draw in the Americans, it is now necessary to spy
on their friends
o 1917: The war is going poorly
Germany: widespread starvation
o Listen to American diplomatic shit
o Underwater cables!
Tap those wires! Decode
Tap German cables (British)
o The Germans cant use their own cables so they pay a fee and use neutral
power enemies
German reliant on American cables
We need to use your cable to communicate with you
American = letter based, German = numeric
o Easy for British to see which is which and who
The British they decide to spy on their American friends
They DONT tell the US!!
o Agents of Influence: influencing a nation
Spying part of a larger effort
People who are spreading your gospel for you!
Not necessarily spies
Newspapers, Journalists, Politicians, Professors
British makes these people shine a bright light on Britain
o Not what brings the US into war!
o Arthur Zimmerman Germany secretary
o Germany army making advances in the east
German military can win the war in the east against the Russians
before the chance that the US can come in the war
Good because they could use those men at the western front
The hear the negative messages of Germany in the US
Few months to mobilize (6 months) before American entry into
the war!
Germans are more desperate
o Zimmermans Telegram
Secret message for German ambassador in Washington
Originate in Berlin through American cables to German embassy in
Washington then sent to German embassy in Mexico
Mexico dont have the facility to listen
o MESSAGE FROM GERMANY:
Germans intend to announce unrestricted warfare shoot down even
US ships
German ambassador should go to the Mexicans and intervene on
WW1 on their side
In return they would get southern states of the union
o New Mexico, Texas, Cali
Mexico would never go
Talk to the Japanese also
The Germans show how DUMB they are
The message shows desperation
Valuable to British, they need the US, listen to all messages on US line
The British decode the message and know they got to do something
The British cant say that they decode the message because they were spying
on US lines
They must find a way to tell the US
British stage a break in on the Western Union to steal the message
Thats how they get the message to the US that there is a German
threat
Americans confront Zimmerman he does not deny!
Americans understand that the Germans are the bad guys
British show that spying on your friends is VERY important
They understood American public culture
AMERICAN CONGRESS DECLARES WAR!
World order originates somewhat here
Enormous ramifications
Ideological, financial, political ideas of the war they bring with them
The British are very happy!
Americans dont fight for the same reason the British and French do
Americans dont share political culture of British and Canadians
US entry = victory for Allies
Converts in American intelligence
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
o Soon to be American president
o Elected 4 times most popular American president maybe
o American icon
o Early convert to intelligence
o British: identify to be an up an comer
If you cant get someone in authority to think that what you did was
cool it makes your job easier
o Education curve in the US
WW1 enormous catalyst
No intelligence until the end of WW2
o End of WW1 FBI
Intelligence operation
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Tannenberg
o Eastern front
o Russian and Germany fight
o Germany listen to Russia radio break codes find out where they are
doing and the annihilate the Russians
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Aerial Reconnaissance
o They fly around and find where guys are
o They develop
o Become killing machines dropping bombs
o They didnt need spies to find out, they use plane and radio
Spy planes
o This propelled the aircraft weapons
o Sophistication of planes technological innovations
o Revelation in the world of intel
o Now we need professionalized people (theme)
Pilots
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Somme (July 1916)
o British deploy aerial reconnaissance
o Deadly for both parties but good for Britain because they knew where the
Germans were now
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Saboteurs
o Ancient art
o Time, Honor, Tradition
BLOW SHIT UP!
o Orchestrated and carried out by intelligent services
o Networks of saboteurs around the world
o Here in N.A by German saboteur networks
American/ Canadian Germans
o Eve of WW1 German had a fifth column secret army
Exist in the German and American colony living in their country
o They go after the areas where there are large concentrations of Germans in the
US and Canada
Recently came from German
o These saboteurs are recruited by homeland spies to help them
o Tremendous advantage of being local, they dont stand out
o The advantage to language!
Vernacular
o Where do you attack? What do you blow up?
Transportation
Ammunition
Communication
Training Facilities
Food Supplies
Infrastructure
o Moral ethical compass change dramatically sabotage! Terrorism?
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Welland Canal
o Welland, Ontario
o Part of the St. Lawrence Seaway connects lakes!
o Trade is dependent upon the Welland canal
o Good spot for German saboteur
o Guys caught by US trying to blow up the canal
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Canadian Pacific Railway
o Guys caught when their bomb blue up prematurely PREMATURE
EBOMBULATION!
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Black Tom, NJ (July 1916)
o Greatest attack on US
o Ammunition depot! generated for WW1
o 32 railway cars sitting at facility, they go on ships, the ships go to Russia
o 2 million pounds of munitions
o German saboteurs sneak in, light fire, and the place goes BOOM!
Philly (100 miles away) rattle
Most windows in Brooklyn and Manhattan break
Statue of Liberty has acne because of black tomb bomb hit it
Approx. 30 million dollars of damage
Only 4 people die
o This wakes up the US
o American public become paranoid and inflamed!
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Kingsland, NJ (January 1917)
o Huge explosion
o Kills nobody
o Assumed that it must be the Germans
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Mare Island, CA (March 1917)
o Another attack
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Eddystone, PA (April 1917)
o 112 people killed in a munitions fire
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Lothar Witzke & Kurt Janke
o Naval officer and spy
o Blow up all these places in the US
o No evidence
o They find coded messages in Witzke luggage
o Americans say that this is enough to find him guilty
Put in prison
o 1923: Presidential pardon and goes back to Germany
THEMES:
- (1) Intelligence services are part of a much bigger war and endure painful growth, self
discovery and steep learning curve during WW1
o Intelligence can effect and maybe win wars for you
o No longer a game or joke necessary
- (2) Of all the protagonist that fight WW1, Britain is the best to master this
understanding
o Leading pioneer in the intelligence game
- (3) Intelligence services are totally incomplete for war, but becoming proving ground
for military technology and strategy
- (4) After WW1 it is hard to say that intelligence services were good or affective
o Largely amateur
o Low grade long way to go
- (5) Made aware is the tremendous impact of technology!
o Exam question: Map out the impact of technology
- War is an extension of our own societal values!
o WW1 mirror our own fundamental changes
o Ethics, stability start to change intelligence part of it
-
Intelligence make themselves so important they are here forever thanks to WW1
Intelligence service designed to make big changes to encourage the conspiratorial,
fear factor actually create them
Wednesday January 25th 2012
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The encompassing nature of change is important
War is sober education
Moral and ethical compass with most leaders and nations left their actions on the
eve of world war 1 starts to change during
Political culture dictates everything
Most leaders considered intelligence services as ungentlemanly WW1 cures them
of this
WW1 was the war to end all wars (considered at that time to be)
Intelligence is understanding the context in which you live, history, understanding
the enemies political culture and involves big ideas
Intelligence is information but not all information is intelligence
Von Sclieffen plan failed because it did not anticipate the British response to
invading Belgium
Intelligence at this time involved specializing in fields of intelligence services
-
Intelligence services need people who excelled in certain areas
-
Radio War
o Race between principally the Germans and the British
o Most important thing is knowing how to use the radio for sending
information and also false information to trick the enemy
o Sending and deciphering codes were a big thing
o You have to develop a series of code
o You always have to start developing a special service that deals with codes
-
Room 40
o Turns into burocratic size
o Benefactor always want somebody who sponsors you if you dont you
wont survive long
The Lord of the Admirality
Winston Churchill
Most famous Brit to ever live
Early convert to the world of intelligence
Realist
Spying was a necessary evil
Responsible for the engineering of Rooom 40
Good intelligence will identify people who are rising stars
You want to tie yourself to Winston Churchill at this time
-
Reginald Blinker
o Hall was the director of naval intelligence
o Organizational masters
o Doesnt suffer from ungentlemanly notion of spying
o He ups the anti and goes on a broad stroke offensive
-
Room 40
o They master radio and use it in purposeful information and disinformation
o Radio intelligence partly means intercepting and breaking enemy codes
o Room 40 was specifically designed for radio codes
o In the world of code breaking you need books (including coding systems)
o If you could get your hand on this code book it is a big deal
o Radio men would be in the field of war and would automatically become
the main target for the enemy
o All of this is the rich tapestry of Room 40
o Room 40 pioneered in the world of propaganda and became manipulative
in dissemination of information in USA
Brits needed USA on their side
Idea of USA leaving to go fight the Germans is not on their priority list
-
-
-
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Battle of Jutland (May 1916)
o Naval war in WW1
o Premise in part on British mastery of code
o U boats (German owned)
Really small
Diving depth isnt too long
Most U-boats travel on surface
Easy to hit
Go underwater and principle targets are big ships full of cargo
(convoys) traveling over the Atlantic probably from Canada and
carrying ammunition and supplies
When they sea a convoy they call other U-boats and form a Wolf
Pack
Ships have to follow a current, the Germans who know this plant
their ships in a prime position to attack
British tried building a blockade to stop these U-boats from leaving the German
ports
o Americans arent happy about this blockade
o They decide to trade with British and French
If your German the stockpile of resources becomes a major problem, Brits have a
massive empire so they do not have this problem
Their response is to go after ships at sea
Germans enter unrestricted submarine warfare
However, if you go after any ship the chances of it being American is high
-
Lusitania
o Sunk by German U-boat
o It explodes in rather fantastic fashion
o Leads to big conspiracy theory that the Lusitania was not just containing
civilians but also munitions underneath, which caused the huge explosion
o What is even more suspicious is that Brit intelligence may have had a
hand in this
o They are said to have listened to this in Room 40 and didnt do anything,
basically sending it into harms way, ethics and morality out the door.
Conspiracy theory also
o This is good for Brit propaganda
o They make this a front page story too incur the support of the American
military
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Woodrow Wilson
o Too proud to fight
o There are a lot of interests at stake, business, immigration, political etc.
o Harnesses that will prevent Woodrow Wilson from going to war huge
population of Irish and Italian people living in the USA who did not
support the war nor did they support the BRITISH EMPIRE
-
Zimmerman Telegram (1917)
o British decide its ok to spy on their friends, desperate to draw the
Americans into the war
o War is starting to get really bad, including widespread starvation
o Brits need to gauge American public opinion through spying on their
livelihood
o Brits tap German cable access
Therefore the Germans could not use their cables and thus pay a
fee so they can use neutral power enemies cables
Germans become reliant on American cables
The Brits know this and decide to spy on the Americans,
obviously not telling them
Agents of influence
Today their huge
Back then politicians and newspaper columnists were huge
in positively influencing the country that their in about the
country that their from (sympathetic in their oration about
them)
They are not necessarily spies but they do the bidding of
their home country
o Arthur Zimmerman is the German born secretary
o In 1917 the brits having cut german cables, the germans have made a deal
with the Americans to use their cables in exchange for money
o The German premise is that they need to maintain communications with
USA and brits have destroyed all theirs so the americans oblige
o The Germans arent winning on the western front, its a war of attrition
o Zimmerman and German planners decide that they can beat the Russians
before the Americans come to war
o The prospect of American war is rising so they need to plan ahead
o German military intelligence calculates that it would be a couple more
months until American entry (this time includes the time it takes to swell
the army, train, and ship them)
o Zimmerman decides to send a telegram for the German ambassador in
Washington and is ordered to be re routed to the German ambassador in
Mexico
o German embassy in Mexico does not have the facility to listen to the
original code
o It says two things
(1) German intends to resume unrestricted submarine warfare and
are desperate to go after everything until the balance of war is in
their favour
(2) German ambassador should go to Mexicans and intervene in
WW1 on German side
In return of their services they will get southern states of
the Union they lost in war b.w USA and mexico
This shows poor planning on Zimmermans and German side, British
intercept this message and de-code it
However, they cannot just tell the Americans they found it because it
would give away the fact that their spying on them
They decide to stage a break in in the western Union office in
Mexico, find the message and say its thugs in Mexico that found it
This is how they diplomatically present it to the Americans
Americans confront Zimmerman and he does not deny it
At this point the Americans understand that the Germans would want to go
to war with Mexico on their side
This shows the moral and ethical side of war (spying on your friends)
What your friends are thinking are just as if not more important
than what your enemies are thinking
Vast majority of intelligence is analytical
British understood American opinion enough to convince them and also
showed that the Germans are dumb
President Wilson then asks Congress for the declaration to join WW1
World order originates somewhat here, at the entry of the Americans into
WW1
This isnt just one sided (military) however, it is ideological
Americans bring different ideals to the war
American entry determines victory for the allies in WW1
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
o Elected 4 times (most popular president to date)
o FDR, American icon, proved positive of the idea of early congress
o Worked in Wilsons administration, runs navy
o FBI is introduced, police force under the attorney generals office
o WW1 is a catalyst for almost everything
-
Tannenberg
o Eastern front where Russia and Germany fight
o Russia has notoriously bad radio codes
o Germans break their code, find out where the Russians are deploying their
army, show up there and annihilate their army
-
Aerial Reconnaissance
o Planes were ok before WW1 and post war they became better
o Went from being a joke to being an absolute element of military power
o Planes would fly over enemy lines, find the coordinates of the army and
radio it in so the artillery could aim there
o This propelled the aircraft weapons
o Sophistication of planes technological innovations
o In the world of Intel the revelation of being able to see the enemies trench
networks is huge
o You now need men who become professionalized in this field of aerial
reconnaissance
o Now we use satellite imagery to our advantage
-
Somme (July 1916)
o British deploy aerial reconnaissance
-
Saboteurs
o Ancient art
o Blow shit up
o Tradition
o Done in desperation, but has huge political ramifications
o Saboteurs done here in north American, done principally by German
saboteur networks
Most of them arent even German, but American or Canadian
Germans
o During WW1 German intelligence understood they had a fifth column
(secret army) in Canada or USA
Help you in facilitating and understanding a country
o A lot of these Germans recently came from Germany or has romantic
visions of his/her home country
Germans found these people and offered them a reward in
exchange for information about the allying countries
There is an advantage of having these people because they sell
their loyalty to the country their in
-
Welland Canal
o Welland, Ontario
o Part of st. Lawrence seaway connects lakes
o Trade is dependent on the Welland canal
o Good spot for German saboteur
o Guys caught by US trying to blow up the canal
Canadian Pacific Railway
o Guys got caught when their bomb blew up prematurely amateurs
-
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Black Tom, NJ (1916)
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Munitions depot Generated for world war 1
2,000,000 pounds of munitions
German saboteurs sneak into the facility and lay fire to it thus destroying it
So boom, that Philadephia 100 miles away rattles
Most of the windows in Brooklyn are shattered
Statue of Liberty is hit by shrapnel basically hug explosion
$20 million in damage
This wakes up the US
American public become paranoid and angry
-
Kingsland, NJ (1917)
o Another big explosion
o The Americans assume that it must be the Germans without knowing
o There is a war on the homeland run by German networks
-
Eddystone, PA (April 1917)
o 112 are killed in munitions fire
o German network run by Kurt Janke (German naval officer)
o Lothar Witzke (spy run out of Mexico City)
Both are native Americans of German descent
o Never find evidence that either man committed the crime but Witkes
luggage contained coded messages and determines hes part of it
Message contains non-diplomatic terms
o Americans decided this is enough to find him guilty and he remains in
prison
o In 1923 he is given a presidential pardon and goes back to Germany
-
Margaret Zelle (1876-1917)
-
Mata Hari
Final Notes
- Intelligence services are a part of a much biggr way
- Painful self discovery and steep learing curve during the course of WW1
- Changed the landscape of the world we live in
- Realization that intelligence can affect war and some people believe that it will
win the wars for you
o Necessary
- Of all of the protagonists, its Britain who is the best at mastering this discovery
o Coordination of specialization in intelligence
o After WW1 hey bcome a leading pioneer in professionalization and
specialization in intelligence
- Services are totally incomplete for war, but becoming proving fgrounnd for
military technologay and strategy
-
-
After the end of WW1 it is extremely hard to prove that intelligence services are
good or effective
o Their material are still low grade, long time to get to where we are now
o Their proving ground is here
What is made abundantly clear is the tremendous impact of technology
Here you see the impact is so huge that intelligence services has a lot to cover
after WW1
Western democratic cultures you need to sell this, but still setting you up for the
inter war, there are political considerations that you dont need this tuff
Basically intelligence services and are conduct in WW1 are really only mirror
images of societal change extension of our own societal values
In 1916 even your most scoundrels of scoundrels would not want to engage in the
killing of women or children
After WW1 ethics of war changes
Intelligence services make themselves so important that they cease to be nonexistent
After WW1 the idea of conspiracy in the world grows
January 30th
- Propaganda important in mobilizing millions for war
- Portraying the enemy in a collective fashion to shine a desired negative light upon
them
-
Interwar Period: 1919-1939
o Everyone though that the war was done, would never be another war
o War to end all wars
-
Dichotomy
o Two fundamental opposites happening at the same time
o If you had survived WW1, there were two directions in regards to emotions:
(1) Live my life to its fullest
(2) Dark and angry
o WW1 produces these two perspectives on life
o Canadians came home from the war being angry and bitter although they won
o In Winnipeg, angry soldiers came home, unable to find work so other workers
in sympathy went on strike
o Workless men turned hostility towards large corporations and people who did
not have to go to the war
o Revolutions dont occur with great ideas alone, but with catalyst
Ex. Men who fought in the war
o People who come back from the war are dramatically affected
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Roaring 20s
o Enormous capital and economic boom
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
War converted into domestic opportunities
War factories stop making war stuff and start making stuff for society
Flappers, sex, alcohol, living every moment to the fullest
Rise of extremist, songstress notorious for orgies
Jazz music, Hollywood
Intelligence services react to the place and time in which they live
Radicalism and trying to govern the social change that is upon the time
-
Russian Revolution 1917 (Feb-Mar 1917, Oct-Nov 1917)
o Product of WW1 and changes world order
o Ideological point = communism
o Reason it affects the war is because it takes place during the war
o Timing is critical the reason Germany resumes submarine warfare because
they were confident they can win the war in Russia before Americans would
join
Zimmerman Telegram
This precipitates a revolution
o Because of the revolution, they take these chances in the war
o comes Revolution in stages
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Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) (1870-1924, ruled 1917-1924)
o Hard, mean, radical
o Removed from Russia, expelled sent to Switzerland
o German intelligence find him
o Make him an offer money, logistical support, friends
o 1916 take him on train (disguise) and bring him to St. Petersberg
Lenin builds his team
Causes a cancer in Russia from within
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Czar Nicholas II
o People want him to resign
o Moderates are interested in a sort of democratic Russia
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Bolsheviks
o Radicals, want communism
o Bring an end to a monarchy and the war
o War between class divisions
o Founded by Lenin
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Karl Marx
o Modern communism
o 19th C German philosopher
o Came up with theoretical version of the war
o Why western world react sharply to communism:
(1) Communism is anti-capitalistic State controlled
(2) Religion deemed to be an opiate (drug) of the masses
(3) This revolution is international/universal born of a class
Class consciousness, class warfare
o Men who come home constitute a potential class warfare
o Intelligence become interested in the revolution interest in communism
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Allied Intervention
o Allies intervene in Russia civil war
o Sent troops small in #
o Intervention is useless but it pisses of New Regime in Russia
o New government becomes anti-western and OBSSESSED with western
intentions towards the Russian regime
January 30th 2012
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Propaganda involved using caricatures portraying your side as superior and the
enemy in a bad light
Some shows what happens if you lose the war (Brits enslaving Germans)
The community guilted people into going war was how they got men to go to war
(alienated)
WW2 submarines were spacious compared to WW1 subs
Interwar period: 1919-1939
- Shows you important thing about humans
- Everybody thought WW1 was the war to end all wars
- Nobody believed that another war was possible let alone desirable
- Nobody entertained the prospect of another war
Dichotomy
- Two fundamentally different things happening at the same time
- If you had survived an unbelievable calamity like WW1 how would you react?
o Nations/empires no different than the thought process of regular people
- World war produces these two ideological/philosophical camps
o Embittered people and life loving people
- Canadians cam home angry and bitter sacrificed so much and got nothing in
return
o Greatest strike in Canadian history in Winnipeg
A lot of stuff comes from Winnipeg
o Soldiers couldnt find work because immigrants and women took their
jobs
o They become radicalized and goes on a strike that impairs the country
o A lot of young men turn their hostility towards corporations
o They are also rattled at men who didnt go to war
o You are revolutionary coming home from war rather you know it or not
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People who come home from war becomes totally dramatic, it changes everything
o Poetry
o Fashion
o Commerce
o Etc.
Roaring 20s:
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All of industry and commerce and war turns into productivity for consumers
(fridges, stoves)
Invigorates the economies of war
Beyond that there is this euphoric sense that the war is over
o Hedonistic expansive experiment of the 1920s
Living life to the fullest
Calamity
Drugs/booze
o In berlin you had the rise of extremists and on the other side of the
spectrum there were interracial/inter-religious stuff going on
o Rise of Hollywood, jazz
Russian Revolution (Feb-Mar 1917, Oct-Nov 1917):
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Changes world order because it is the worlds first ideological revolution
Has ideological point to it communism
Reason it affects the war is that it takes place during the war
Timing is critical
o Germans are so confident that the war in Russia will end before the
Americans could come in
By 1917 the Russians are fighting with sticks, stones snowballs against the
Germans
Cannibalism along Russian front
Veteran officers shot by own men
Millions of Russians peasants, commoners and soldiers become part of revolution
Revolutionaries because of context in which they live
Germans understand they could knock the Russians out of the war before they
place 2 million soldiers along the western front before the Americans come to war
Germans are so confident that they have an intelligence equation to it
Like all other revolutions it comes in stages
o You see factions and divisions in the revolution
Most people want the Czar to resign
Mensheviks
Moderates in Russian government want democratic
Russia
Bolsheviks
Radicals, want communism fascists
They portray the war as a war between class divisions
Founded by Lenin
Karl Marx
Modern communism as opposed to ancient communism
19th century german philosopher radical
Came up with a theoretical version of the war
Western world acts so negatively and sharply to
communism
o Because it is anti-capitolistic
o State controlled state run economy
o If youre a westerner that aint good
o Also because Karl Marx says religion is deemed to
be an opiate of the masses religion keeps you
stupid at night
Westerners find religion very important
o This revolution is internation, born not of race of
religion but of class
o Marx argues that all of historical conflict is driven
by class consciousness
He talks of revolution happening in most
prosperous countries didnt expect it to
happen in Russia
Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) (1870-1924, ruled 1917-1924):
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Hard, mean, radical
Have him removed from Russia, expelled
Ended up in Switzerland in exile
Germans find him using intelligence
o Make offer he cant refuse give money, logistical support, find friends in
Russian revolution
Instantly created a cancer
o Take Lenin under military trains, disguises him
o Sets up shop in St. Petersburg and builds revolution within
o Lenin builds his team
o Germany is winning on the front while they also decay Russia within
(fueling the revolution)
o Only 2 halves to the revolution
Western world is terrified by immigrants, soldiers, and spread of communism
spreading into their country
Russia leaves this war under Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
Germans never get chance to move their soldiers from east to west because
Russians keep fighting and Americans come in quicker than expected
Allied Interventions:
- In March 1918 allies decide to intervene in Russias civil war
- Too small and useless to make a change in the war
- Should know that just before Russias withdraw allies intervene an try to link up
with Russians opposing Bolsheviks (white Russians)
- Not in total control
- Even though intervention is useless it does 1 critical thing by pissing a political
regime off becomes anti western and totally obsessed with western intentions
towards the Russian regime
- Russia despises the west and west despises Russia
- West is obsessed with Russia (soviet union)
February 1, 2012
- USSR or Soviet Union
o CCCP
o Russia
-
Red Scare
o Has everything to do with espionage
o Not just the country its the idea
o Brought about because of communism
o There were two red scares
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CHECKA (1917-1922)
o First soviet intelligence agency
o It did not very last very long however its institution carried on
o Russia intelligence agency born of the revolution
o Obsessed with the threat of the west
o DEATH SQUAD!
o Lenin: I want a special system of violence (terror)
Defend the revolution without pity
o Very important in what Lenin says
o He inspires the public/military
o CHECKA: 250,000 people in its ranks
MI6: few thousand
o How do you build a special system of violence and keep it alive for 250
years?
Political culture
Understanding how one manipulates all these people Historical
context (facing WW1)
In desperation, poverty, and war people are in a rough state
o Russian people highly sophisticated and educated (same with Nazis)
Brilliant intellectuals are leading the people
Ex. Lenin (Hitler not but surrounds himself with them)
o CHECKA GPU NKVD OGPU KGB
o Must deliver a number of enemies of the state! bodies
If you dont kill enough you become and enemy
o Not in the middle of the night attacks! They are in the day and the accuse you
in public
o Best way to protect yourself?
Be an active citizen
Rat on other people
o People (Germans) started ratting out everyone for false reason
Nice people fall into system of violence
Special system of terror
o Want people to go into the Gulags (nowhere)
o Targeted specific groups: (Germans do that in the 1930 - Jews)
Religious people
Journalists
Intellectuals (university profs)/ Students
Foreigners
Ethnic Groups
People who have money
Minorities with potential of being rationalist
o They look outside of Russia to find escaping Emigres
Foreign intelligence
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Felix Dzerzhinsky
o Head of soviet Russian intelligence agency (CHEKA)
Lenin thinks Felix is the perfect fit
Grew up in violence
o Iron Felix never sleeps (eyes open when he did), incredible threshold for
pain (cigarettes put it out on his flesh or tongue)
Small knives and pokes him flesh
Violent and crazy guy
o Polish Polish nationalist for most of his life
o Spends most of time in Russia prison (11 years)
He is tortured over and over purposely not killed (Czar secret police)
o Independent Poland 1919
o Argues for polish independent state
o Lenin hauls him out of prison
o Institution is a reflection of his past
o Sets up networks across the country
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Gulag
o Prison
o Special kind of prison
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Prison without borders
Special camps in the middle of nowhere
You would die because there is nothing and nowhere to go
10-12 million at some point went to a Gulag
People preferred death instead of Gulag
Very few survived
No food, laws, clothes there is nothing
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Kulaks
o Ukrainian land owning peasant
o Not wealthy but they own their land
o CHEKA targets them
o Ukrainian nationalist made up reason for killing them
o one man, one problem.. no man, no problem
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Collectivization
o Mass dislocation of millions of people to work on farms
o Increase the food supply
o Move people from the land they have known for generations
o Have no reason to live anymore demoralized
o No storage food went rotten
o Food was destined to go to Moscow or St.Petersberg
o 1922-1929 7 million people died of starvation in the soviet union
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Purges (pogrom)
o The system of violence itself becomes an enemy of the state
o Russian system
o Cyclical purges of a society
o Do a lot of killing to scare the public
In their face all the time
o Purges not just the populous but ITSELF!
Intellectualist, journalists
o The revolution eats its children
o Against itself!
If you had a disagreement to someone they would leak their name and
say that they were enemies of the state
o 65% of senior core of Russia intelligence agency CHEKA purged (killed or
declared an enemy and put in prison)
o Go after the White Army and Red Army
o 85% of Russian senior military is purged
Not good because now you have young leaders
Emigres
o All Russians who have run away from the revolution
o Live elsewhere
-
o Set up communities outside of Russia
Paris, France
Somewhere, Poland
London
US
Canada
o Most intellectuals want to be in active Russian centers
o Exclusively White Russia
Loyal to the Czar
o Big in #s and big in money
o Fund the cival war going on in Russia
o Closley linked with the White Army
Money, training, relationship
SEMINAR #1
- What wars in the war were affected the technology?
o Battle of Somme
o Tannenberg
o Battle at Jutland
-
Mata Hari VS. Edith Cavell
o Propaganda
Wednesday February 1st 2012
Kulaks:
-
During the Russian revolution
Land owning peasant
Russians confiscate their land and shoot them
Call them Ukrainian nationalists
Collectivization:
-
Need to build economic systems
In Ukraine
The mass dislocation of millions of people to work on giant collective farms
Collectivize their industry to increase the food supply
The logic in here is to increase production
Initially there is an increase in food supply, however downside is you move all
these people from their homes
Food went rotten because the food was meant to go to places like Moscow and St.
Petersburg however, it never made it because of insufficient railways
7,000,000 died in Soviet Union of starvation
Forced economic planning
Purges (pogrom):
-
The system of violence itself becomes an enemy of the state
One of the key rituals during which a periodic review of party members was
conducted to get rid of the "undesirables
Undesirables include university professors, intellectuals, anybody who would go
against the mindset of the government in power
The Revolution eats its children
65% of senior core is purged
Purges got rid of a lot of military officers, it would be younger officers
eliminating higher ranking officers deeming them as enemies of the state
They ended up having no high ranking officers to fight, and thus had to call some
of them back
Emigres:
-
Classes of people who are wedded to politics
Well defined political people who live outside of the regime
Many millions of Russians leave Russia because they oppose the regime
Set up communities outside of Russia to take refuge
Warsaw, Paris (France), London (not as many as Paris), USA and to some degree
Canada are all examples
Toronto would qualify now but not then
Almost exclusively white Russians who oppose the Czar, in the Bolshevik regime
They set up communities elsewhere
Have money to fund the revolution in Russia (fund the white Russians)
White army:
-
Lots of soldiers
Large populous of Russian nationals who live oversees outside of Russia called
emigres
Red Army:
February 6, 2012
- His favourite spy is Duke!! (exam question)
-
White Army
o Loyal to the Czar
o Counter revolution
-
CHEKA Take on Emigres
o Obsessed with foreigners
o Russia emigres communities living elsewhere
o Russia spend great deal of time building connections overseas to penetrate
western communities intelligence politically communities (theme)
Plan for future intelligence operations
Russians become masters of human intelligence and it ALL STARTS
HERE!
Very patient importance in being patient
Watch people for long periods of time
-
Project SINDIKAT (1921-1924)
o Organization of Russia emigres community abroad
o Russia intelligence work with
-
Project Trust
o Western agencies working closely with Russian Emigres communities
o Penetrate western intelligence communities
o Disorient western intelligence and go after a guy like Reilly
Get a guy close to Reilly and say that they need him
Reily dumb because he doesnt even work for British intelligence
anymore
He is a spy and they dont support spies if they are caught
Reilly writes a letter home to his wife
im off to Russia
Trick him to stop a Russian counter revolution
-
Boris Sivinikov
o Upper elite Russia society
o Becomes a Revolutionary violent assassinations against royal figure
o Once the revolution begins he changes his mind
o Leaves Russia with family takes large sums of money
o Sets up show in Warsock and then in Paris
Poland hates the Russias sometimes
Worried that if it harvest Russia emigres the Russia will be mad
So thats why he moves to Paris
Paris is one of the most Russia cities in the world trust French
o They set up there
o Network of emigres closely connected to White Army
o Objective: Bringing Czar ancestors back in power
o Becomes obvious to CHEKA that they are someone he wants to go after
Have to be patient
They dont want to kill him
Try to get close to him
Want to breach intelligence
Long term operation
Send men posing as dissidents
Put men in position that they become known in his network
Then they project their image say stuff about Moscow
Tibits of political views
Then they are asked to become emigres
They get close enough to his network
They have a man that he trusts
He convinces him that the White Russias are fairly close to a
revolution
Convinces him to move back to Poland
We dont know how he is caught but there are a few stories about it
(1) Crash in Russia
(2) Go start a Revolution
(3) Brought to the border and they were paid to move the
border back a few hundred meters and they brought him in
July 1924
CHEKA interrogate him
Dismantle the organization because they have the leader and know the
members
Takes 3 years
Public official so he hides a lot well guarded
His little group was completely dismantled after this
Rest of them go underground
White emigres still exist
The return of the Czar
He falls out of a building and die even though he was going to be killed
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
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Robert Lockhart (Vice Consul, Consul 1911-1918)
o Britain second most senior men in the UK
o Loves women and sleeps with tons of them
o Sleeps with both sides
o Made his rounds through Moscow
o Dangerous crowds
o He is implicated in an assassination attempt against Lenin
o He is sleeping with someone who tried to assassinate Lenin
o Raid the British consul
o They find documents that incriminate Lockhart
o Russia has haunted me like a faithless mistress
o 8 long years in prison
o Russia have evidence that British are engaged in monkey business in their
country
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Sidney Reilly (Sigmund Rosenblum)
o British spy
o Compositional in creating the James Bond character
o Paul Dukes is his counterpart
o He is a JEW
Anti Semitisms in Russian culture
o Have money education and power
o Leaves before the war and goes principally to England
o Bilingual, binational, bicultural
o Abundantly Russian and English without even trying
o Learns other languages also
o Suffers from weaknesses:
Womanizer sleeps with anyone
Drunk
Arrogant even when he is fired by British he still thinks hes a spy
o Brilliantness is mitigated by character flaws
o Career is spectacular
o Spends a lot of time in Russia as the war breaks out
o Main interest is Russia
o Changes his name because immigrants usually do
o Very English educated and Russian
o Linked to Lockhart
o Linked to assassination attempt on Lenin
o British become nervous on Reilly
o Bring him back in the UK
o Longs for Russia, arrogance kicks in
o Tricked back into Russia with project TRUST
o He is tortured and he chirps
o Gives up names and structure and money and info exchange
o He gives them A LOT
o He tries to get out of it by saying he works for British government
o They dont even give him the chance
o 1925 He is transferred to prison and he is taken down a wooden path and
then invited to Take a walk in the woods shoot him in the back of the
head
o We know a lot about him because he chirps and is a failed spy
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Leon Trotsky
o Founder of the Red Army
o Right hand of Lenin
o Great revolutionaries of all time
o Intellectual behind the revolution
o Would have been in power but then Stalin came
He dips tho because of Stalin
Spends 15 years on the road lectures
Leading exile abroad
CHEKA spend 15 years going after him
Patients
Go after young westerners
o Dont kill him because then you make him a martyr
o Run down and humiliate his network
o 1941 Stalin delivers the blow
o
o
o
o
Monday February 6th 2012:
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Russians are obsessed with foreigners
o Russian migr communities to be specific
They wanted to penetrate these communities that are significant
Russians becomes masters of human intelligence (less successful of the
intelligences)
o It all starts here at Project SINDIKAT
Russians are very patient in this art
Conducted these operations for lengthy periods of time
They wanted to penetrate western communities inhabited by the migrs
Project SINDIKAT (1921-1924):
-
Demonstration of Russian paranoia and worry about emigres
Syndicate
o Going after Russian emigres abroad
Russian migr communities is connected to intelligence operations in the west
(especially British intelligence)
Russians try to dismantle this connection
Aimed at migr groups and in particular Boris Savinkov
Boris Savinikov:
-
Involved in assassinations of Russian royal figures
He leaves Russia and he takes large sums of money and moves to Warsaw first
and then Paris
Couldnt go to Poland because if they harbor these emigres Russia would consider
them an enemy
Russians set up on mass in Paris as a home away from home
Savinikov goes there because he could trust the French (anti-communist)
-
-
-
-
Have a very expansive network of emigres whoa re closely connected to the white
army
Funnel money, people into the Russian civil war with the objective of bringing the
Czar back to power
This doesnt work but doesnt stop Savinikov from trying
Russians go after him
Lasted 3 years
He hides a lot because he is wanted by the Russians, he is well guarded by a team
of thug type people
Russians thus must be patient
WHY DONT YOU JUST KILL HIM?
o Russians dont want this, they want to cut of the head after he gives you
the info you need
o If they do this they will be able to dismantle it a lot easier
The way you do this is set up a network sending men posing as dissidents
They put their guys in areas where emigres are known to hang out
Use any occasion you can to try to project your image
o Say critical things about the regime in Moscow
o You drop tidbits about your political leanings
o Someone will then notice you and ask you to join the emigres
One guy actually gets close enough to start influencing Savinikovs network
Savinikov gets convinced by this guy that the white Russians are fairly close to
winning the revolution
Savinikov goes along with it and starts to believe he is the final piece to finishing
this revolution
o This man convinces Savinkov to go to Poland supposedly to meet white
emigres
Savinikov is lured into Russia in July 1924 by the man he trusted so much (double
agent)
Interrogated by Czeka
Man brings back list of all addresses of people in this migr syndicate
Savinikov didnt say much and he wasnt tortured
He did get caught and the organization became ripe for the picking and thus were
dismantled by the end of 1924
Russians killed everyone they could find who was part of this network
The rest went underground
Falls out of 6 story prison building before he could be executed after a mistrial
Robert Lockhart (Vice Consul, Consul 1911-1918):
-
Britains second most senior man in UK
Loves women and sleeps with a lot of Russian ones
Indiscriminant sleeps with women on both sides
Puts him in dangerous crowds
He is implicated in an assassination attempt against Lenin
o Comes back to migr community
o Comes back to Lockhart because he is sleeping with a girl involved in the
assassination
o Russians raid British consulate using the excuse of Allied intervention
o They find documents that implicate Lockhart and arrest him for 8 years
when he is released
Sidney Reilly (Sigmund Rosenblum):
-
British spy
James Bond comes about because of Sidney
He and is family are prominent Jews living in Russia
Because of anti-Semitism they emigrate to England
He is in his 20s when he emigrates and at this time he is totally multilingual
Unbelievable womanizer who is indiscriminate about the women he sleeps with
and their background
Drunk
Arrogant that even when hes not working for British intelligence hes convinced
somehow he is
HUGE CHARACTER FLAWS
Spends a lot of time in many countries but his main interest is Russia
It is in Russia where he is linked to Lockhart and linked to an assassination
against Lenin
British drop him because he is dangerous, bringing unwanted attention to their
networks, loose cannon
They put a cap on him bringing him back to the UK where he works their for a
few years doing analytical work
Main target of Project TRUST
Project TRUST:
-
-
Western agencies working closely with Russian migr communities
Russia is abundantly foreign
o Members of various government
o NGOs
o Means that Russians are fixated on these foreigners
Going to be watched when you go oversees to make sure your not
talking to people your not supposed to be talking to
Make sure they dont fall into leagues with these migr
communities
Russian comes across names of British intelligence agents
British-Russian nexus
They try to penetrate British agencies
Disorient western intelligence
They go after Reilly
-
It is not hard to find him because he talks a lot and wants people to know hes a
spy
They get a guy close to him to convince him he is the final ingredient to complete
the Russian revolution
He is dumb because he leaves British intelligence
He acts on his own and thinks stupidly that British will back him up regardless,
authorize what he is doing
Spies have no protection under international law
Not under Geneva convention
He writes letter to his wife saying he is off to Russia saying he has to help these
Russian migr communities
He is lured back to Russia similar to Savinikov
He has no idea about Savinkov because Russians keep that a secret
It looks like he went there voluntarily to facilitate these migr communities
Reilly is tortured and talks like a little bird
He gives up names of British intelligence agents, detailed organizational
information about their network
In November 1925, he is transferred from one prison to the next where they stop
for a pee break and they tell Sidney Reilly to take a walk in the woods
o He goes and is then shot in the head by the Russians
He is a failed spy
Leon Trotsky:
-
Lenins right hand man
Leader of the red army
Great intellectual behind the Russian revolution, would be successor to Lenin
When Stalin comes into power Trotsky is exiled
1926-1941 he spends on the road, doing the lecture circuit speaking of the
revolution and communism
o Leading exile abroad
Czeka and his followers spend 15 years going after him but they cant kill him
because he will become a martyr they have to penetrate his networks
Stalin finally kills him using a kid within his network to find him
Russians in the late 1920s start to prey on young westerners with the objective of
making them Russian double agents
February 8
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Paul Dukes (1889-1967) (1917/18-1920)
o Very little is known
o Tradition of increasing professionalization
o A BETTER spy
o He is British
o WW1 he is in his early 20s
o Career: musician (classic) learned in St. Petersburg
Fluency in Russian
o Unbelievable gift for history and culture
o Has an incredible ability in language
Fluency
Vernacular
He even knows how to speak old Russian
o Comes to the attention of the British government
British foreign affairs office discovers him
MI6 wants him he works for him
Set him up as an agent working inside Russia
Sets him up with another agent
o Duke is a real spy with impressive networks
o British want him to go spy Russia (amateur)
o Duke is a inspiration for James Bond (& Reilly)
o No people in Russia he could rely on
o Works with some Russian migrs (12 people maybe he could trust)
o No connections when he begun
o Gets envelope, they tell him to go to a locker, he finds train tickets and goes to
Finland and then eventually illegally into Russia
o Master of Disguise
He used at least 12, maybe 20 different disguises
Made him adaptable
He could not stand out because the CHEKA would get him
He had to play the entire role
Posed as: soldier (Bolshevik), old people (respect the elderly),
CHEKA officer, crazy person
o He managed to get into a town hall meeting public discourse with Lenin &
Trotsky
o He was routinely arrested and interrogated CHEKA did that
When he was crazy person he dropped to his knees and ate dirt
o How do you exist in a society like this in absolute paranoia? Where do you
live?
He would stay in graveyards
Right in the city core and nobody went to them
Not always there, but tries to stay out of public view
He would sleep in over ground tombs take out body and sleep
inside
o He hangs out in St. Petersburg and went to Moscow on a couple occasions
however travel was dangerous
o He is gathering information by simply being there
o How does he keep his information?
Memorize it
Then he meets with a guy and then he relays what he knows
(periodically) meets near Finland frontier
Dead draw (drop) know the location, but you dont know the guy
o In one occasion he doesnt meet his guy and his feet freeze, loses use of feet
Poses as a wounded soldier
Bullshitter! Told people the story and they started crying for him
o He is a n unbelievable analytical mind, retention of detail
o When he releases his info they are without anything (bias, opinion) just the
fact
o He does not make any money out of this, he is not getting laid, he is the most
low key guy who ever existed
o He is doing it straight up for his country and because he believes in it
(different than Reilly and Lockhart)
o British get better understanding of what is going on they believe Duke is
important
o If you must live amongst wolves, howl. his view on spying in Russia
o 1920: increased attention by CHEKA (paranoid about westerners)
o MI6: they decide to pull out Paul Dukes (1920) withdrawn to Britain
o The British gloat! Build him up as a public hero
Duke goes public
Tell all book about his life
o Duke becomes a spy trainer in MI6
New generation of British spies
Intelligent
Culture
Politics
Languages (vernacular)
o Becomes professionalized model of intelligence
o Disappears than reappears as Paul Duka
o People stopped talking about him
o He is kind of crazy
Gets into yoga
o He joins hedonistic communities
Strange partners with men and women
Dips to South Africa with and lives with a bunch of women
Goes to Arizona
o Dies in South Africa in 1967
o He was knighted (SIR Paul Dukes)
Most people did not want him to be knighted spying is dirty
Churchill really wants him to be knighted
He is worth 10 divisions.
o Dukes is responsible for British having a desire to hire people like him
They go to universities
Breeding ground for young people
The CHEKA do this too they target straight up English people
People say yes b/c they want the power, riches, and sex
Best spies in the 40s, 50s and 60s are from there
They are all recruited on universities in the 20s
Russians are patient
-
Change in Britain View on Spying
o Dukes is illustrative of change in Britain
British understand they need him degree of professionalization and
specialization * (theme)
Specialization
Industrial Intelligence Center (IIC)
o Study countries and regions
o Economy and commerce
Indian Intelligence Bureau (IB)
o Study regions
o All of south Asia
o India is very important to Britain
o Need multiple languages and ethnicities at work
Irish Republican Army
o Government Code and Cipher School (GC/CS)
British
Master the art of radio
Cryptology!! Making and breaking of codes
Specialized service
Pay enormous dividends as we get closer to WW2
Codify create laws, set up legal infrastructure about world spying
1908 started as a joke, now they are very specific (build laws of
espionage)
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Federal Bureau (FB) (of Investigation) (FBI)
o Created in 1916 as an agency designed to route out foreign undesirables
o Interested in immigrant
Russians
Ukrainians
Poland
Communists possibly
o 1919 FB replaced by FBI
o Involved in the art of intelligence
o Had legal authority
o Police also did the intelligence problems of civil rights
o FBI does unethically immoral things shady
No where near the CHEKA however
Systematically violate the constitution
Violate civil liberties and rules for decades
o Go after badass people (Capone), public figures, foreigners
o Protect national security but at what cost?
o Dangerous because they have policing authorities
Highest national policing authority
o Intelligence agency
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J Edgar HOOVER
o Shaping intelligence
o Homosexual and cross dresser possibly true rumours
o Absolute bureaucrat only one to receive a state funeral
o Serve the FBI (1919-1970) 51 years
o Knows everything about everyone
President came to him
Most people had to play his game
o Has an enormous network
o Had files on EVERYONE! Kennedy, Elvis, etc
o He wanted to have something on everyone just incase they needed to leverage
them
Could destroy careers (blackmail)
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Military Intelligence (MI) or Army/ Navy Intelligence
o Product of the war
o Work closely with MI8
-
MI8
o
o
o
o
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Joint liaison with the American
American British cooperation
Soon to add Canada
Share a great deal of information
Black Chamber (1919-1929)
o Responsible for codes
o Reflects aftermath of WW1 and bitter economics
o Dedicated to code breaking and code making (American)
o Inspired by Room 40
o 45,000 Japanese messages they decode
o 1929- all comes crashing down
They cut intelligence because they have too
All intelligence agencies
o When you cut black chamber then they have nothing on Japanese codes
o They did not listen to them and then its too late (Pearl Harbor)
They would have been able to stop this if they had not cut funding
o They still have people listening to Japan but it is not specialized like Black
Chamber
Not as successful
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Herbert YARDLEY
o Works on railway telegraphs
o He has got a fascinating mind interested in codes
Invent themselves
o Mathematically and logically oriented
o Very good at Japanese
Vernacular
Codes dont go in formal language
o 1917- joins the army signal corporation
o British likes him, works with Room 40
Perfect the art of codes
o Comes home and tells Americans that they need a Room 40 (Black Chamber)
Main target: Japan!
Japan and US could be potential rivals some worry about Japan
intention
Japan coding isnt very good
o He has 4 nervous breakdowns and 3 marriages
o Hires a lot of women
o Yardley is fired and he writes tell all books about how he was listening to
Japanese codes
o Canada hires Yardley! Even though he did all that shit
o They tell the Americans and they say fucking fire him and they do
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Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)
o Conference in Washington
o World powers get together and try to control the construction of navies
o Do not want another naval race
o Important in intelligence
o Herbert spies on Japanese communication in the US
Listen to them
There are talking about what their bottom line is and they already
know how to negotiate with them
o Americans try and negotiate that their tonnage and British tonnage is greater
then everyone else
o Japan gets short end of the stick because the US knows shit already
o Sign a Treaty
o They are reliant on the US so they have to deal with it
o Spying on the allies!
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Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)
o Depression!
o Cut all funding
o All intelligence sectors
o US will pay for this Japanese attack! Pearl Harbor
They crack the code after the attack
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Mussolini 1922
o First fascist
o Italiano! Bello no? No!
o Right wing movements are growing through Europe
o More and more fascists coming around big news for intelligence
o Not many intelligence services in the west realize fascist threat
So fixated in the Russia they dont see Germany
Hitler says he was a sleep walker through history
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Adolf Hitler (1988-1945)
o Soldier in the war
o Joins national socialist (NAZI)
Had very obvious messages
Were not secret
o Hates!!!! Treaty of Versailles
Hates all that not is Aryan race
Believes there is racial hierarchy
Bottom is JEWs and slavs
o Lebensraum
Places that Germans need
He is going to get them by force
o Emphatic of German superiority
o Building German armed forces then wants to use them
o INTELLIGENCE SHOULD HAVE SEEN THIS!!!
Russians pay attention
Western agencies dont pay attention (US, CAN, BRIT)
o Comes in power 1933
Expands Abwehr
Growing German military
Challenging conventions of Versailles
o Why dont they pay attention to him?
(1) Russians
(2) Great Depression
Money
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Training
Networking
Appeasement
o Give into Hitler rather than confronting
o Makes sad concessions
o Were not prepared so they had to do it
o Americans isolationism
Turn head away
Wednesday February 8th 2012
Paul Dukes (1889-1967) 1917/18-1920:
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-
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Very little scholarship honor
He represents the tradition of increasing professionalization in the craft of
intelligence
Has a career musician (classical) learns it in St. Petersburg, Russia
Fluent in Russian
Uncanny student
o Gift for history and culture
Really quirky habit
o Incredible ability in languages (fluent)
o Could pick up the vernacular in each language
Learnt old Russian
He is doing a stint teaching in Latvia just before WW1
British foreign office asks them to come join them
o MI6 then inquires about him says come work for us
Sets him up with another agent
He is working at the same time of Robert Lockhart
Dukes is an honest spy and his networks are quite impressive
They intend for him to spy on Russia
James Bond came about from a mixture of Reilly and Dukes and a few other
agents
He has a mish mash of people working in migr communities
He doesnt know them by name but he knows how to find them
Very small # of people he can trust
When he starts this job of spying on Russia he starts fresh with no network, he
starts from scratch
He makes his way to Finland (near Russian border) where he is then on his own
and then he inserts himself illegally into Russia
He is a master of disguise
o Not that good but w.e
He became adaptable in using different disguises
Among his many disguises he posed as a Soldier (Bolshevik), quite commonly
-
-
-
-
-
o You have to take on a different persona, believe your the dude in question
o You have to know all bg info
o He posed as old people (Russians dont want to mess with old people
because of a respect issue)
o He posed as a Cheka officer
o He managed to get himself into a town hall and into the public discourse
of Lenin and Trotsky
Once when he was being interrogated by officers that kept going and going he
assumed the persona of a crazy person and dropped to his knees and ate dirt
He stayed in graveyards because they are right in the city centre
o He is trying to avoid being in public view
o He opened up sarcophaguss, took out the dead fuckers and slept in there
He hung out in Moscow sometimes and St. Petersburg gathering information
He couldnt take notes so he memorized it
o He meets with a guy and passes him the information periodically
usually in migr communities (Finland)
o Dead draw you know the location but not the guy
One time he did not meet the guy and lost toes because of frost bite
instead of leaving he goes
He has an unbelievable analytical mind and a great retention for memory
Why is he doing this?
o He believes in the craft
o He says, If you must live amongst wolves, Howl professionally
quality that British intelligence begin to use
All his info is important
MI6 decides to pull out Paul Dukes because he is too valuable he doesnt want
too though
He becomes a superstar, British want to build him up as figure of fear
They make him a spy trainer during WW2 (He is a professional model of
intelligence)
o Cultivate a new era of British spies that are a lot like himself
By 1920 he gets into yoga first English language real authors of tantric yoga
He joins hedonistic cultures he drifts off to places like South Africa
surrounded by women and also Arizona
He dies in South Africa
He is knighted (Sir Paul Dukes) causes men like Winston Churchill to commend
him for this honor
o Most men (including the king) do not want to knight him b.c they find
spies dirty
o Churchill forces the King to knight him anyways
Churchill says he is worth ten divisions
Dukes is illustrative of a change in British intelligence
o Brits understand they need a much higher professionalization in
intelligence and sophistication
o IIC industrial intelligence centre is made
Specialization trained in economy and commerce, engineering to
study other countries
o IB Indian Intelligence Bureau
Regional Capacity reasons
This shows a dramatic expansion of British intelligence
India is Englands crown jewel
Allows England to spy on Indias neighbouring Asian countries
o IRA Irish Republican Army/Sinn Fein
Train agents to specialize on Sinn Fein
Develop specific technological acumen
o GC/CS Government Code and Cipher School
Master the art of radio and cryptology
Set up separate centre to train people in this enterprise
Still to this day it exists
Some say they won WW2 because of this
Codification they set up an entire legal infrastructure for spying
They try to outline where spies exist within British law
Brits went from being a joke in 1900 to being very
sophisticated and specific in the field of espionage
The most interesting fact about a guy like Paul Dukes is that he is responsible in
calculating the desire of the British to hire guys like him
o Intelligence agencies now go to Universities to recruit agents
o Other guys are doing this too though
-
Cheka:
- The Cheka do this exact same thing to find things to spy for you
o They target people who are abundantly English to be agents on their
behalf
o A lot of people are attracted to the profession of espionage because of sex,
power, opportunity and money
o They go to universities like Cambridge and try to sway them to come to
their side
- Communism (romanticism):
- Most Westerners had a romantic theory about communism offers equality, no
race, no classes of people
o The reality of communism is a horrible historical reality
o Communism is not known to the people in the 1920s
o Instead people think it is a utopian society
o Some westerners left to Russia because it sounded so good
The Americans
J Edgar HOOVER:
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Cross-dresser and probably a homo
Given a state funeral
Served FBI until 1970
51 year career
He knew everything about everybody
In the process of running he amassed an enormous network of agents
Had files on almost everybody Rolling Stones, JFK, Elvis
They found out he was a homo and used that against him
o They used it as blackmail
Presidents came to him for his political fortunes
Busts unions, preys on foreigners, go after people they consider dangerous and
builds nefarious sub structure that haunts Americans for decades
They protect national security but at what cost
For generations people didnt ask questions about J Edgar Hoover and the FBI
Highest national police force in the USA
o They try to separate policing and intelligence but they are predominantly
an intelligence agency
Military Intelligence (MI) or Army/Nacy Intelligence:
-
Product of the war
Work closely with the British (MI8 Joint Liason with the Americans)
Brits train them and share information
Them and Canada today make up the intelligence triangle that it is today
Black Chamber (1919-1929) & Herbert Yardley:
-
1919 end of world war 1
1929 beginning of great depression
American agency dedicated to code breaking and code making
Created and nurtured by Herbert Yardley
o Yardley works on railway telegraphs
o Not an intelligence man at first
o He has a fascinating mind interested in and studies codes
o Very mathematically oriented, strategic and applies it to this world of
coding
o What comes naturally like Dukes is a facility for language (especially
Japanese)
o Comes to the attention of Americans and British
o Works very closely with Room 40 to perfect the art of code breaking and
code making
o He comes home and argues for the creation of an American agency to
make and break codes Black Chamber primary target being the
JAPS because Japan and USA in the future could be potential rivals
o Yardley delivers obvious results quickly
-
45,000 messages are intercepted without the Japs knowing
Japs are on the bottom of the intelligence power Jap coding isnt very good
Black Chamber basically hands the American government a blue print of the
Japan
In 1929 the Great Depression happens and the first thing the President cuts is the
military and intelligence funding
Cutting black chamber destroys all the facility to listen to Japan
o Americans dont listen to them again until it is too late
The Americans that cracked the Japanese cracked the one for pearl harbor after
the attack
Had they kept the agency alive even reduced and not told the Japs they were
spying on them they could have avoided the attack
When Herbert Yardley is let go he writes a tell all book about how he was
listening to Japanese codes
o Canada then hires Yardley but they let go of him because the Americans
tell him too
1921-22 Washington Naval Conference:
-
-
Make sure a repeat of the naval issue in WW1 does not occur
World powers try to get together and try to control the construction of navies
Do not want another naval race
Important in intelligence
Herbert spies on Japs communication in the US
o Listen to them
o They are talking about what their bottom line is and they already know
how to negotiate with them
Americans try and negotiate that their tonnage and British tonnage is greater than
everyone elses
o Japan gets short end of the stick
o Sign a Treaty
o Japs are screwed if they dont sign a treaty with the USA reliant on
USA
Herbert Hoover (1929-1933):
-
Cuts intelligence funding
There is this notion in Washington that spying is beneath them
Signals Intelligence Service (SIS):
Mussolini 1922:
-
First fascist
Right wing movements are growing throughout Europe
Take root in Canada, England enamored with the idea of socialist economies
-
1920s 1930s more and more and more fascists
Not many intelligence services in the west realize fascist threat
o So fixated in Russia they do not look at Germany
Adolf Hitler (1888-1945):
-
-
-
Soldier and after he joins nationalist socialists (NAZIS)
Nobody was paying attention regardless of how obvious their messages were to
the rest of the world
He hates the Treaty of Versailles
He believes that there is a racial hierarchy
o Hates all that is not the Aryan race
o Jews are at the bottom of this and Slavs
He is not on anybodys radar especially not westerners
As he comes to power in 1933 that one of the first things he does is to invigorate
and expand a German intelligence agency and structure
Aggressively rebuiulding the German military strictly illegal under TYreaty of
Versailles but he is challenging the convention
He is trouble
o Even then intelligence agencies are not paying attention to him
o Why?
Fixated on Russians
Great depression not enough funds
Sleep walker through history because people do not pay attention to him
Appeasement:
-
Countries like Britain, France, and Austria give into Hitler instead of confronting
him
- Make concessions
Isolationism:
- Americans shut them fruitless
Lebensraum:
-
Space that Germany needs
There is an implicit element that he is going to get this extra space by force
He is emphatic about German superiority and the rebuilding of German armed
forces
o He then wants to use them
Mein Kampf:
Treaty of Versailles (1919):
TERM TEST IS NEXT WEDNESDAY FEBRAURY 15TH
- 50minutes
- Not multiple choice
- Identify and explain the significance
- Bring in reading and seminar materials
- Pick 4 out of 10-12 short answer questions
- Good answer = of a full page