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35 Pages
grignardbenzoicacid(sonication)
Course: CHEM 318, Spring 2012School: George Mason
Rating:
Word Count: 2287
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- GrignardReagent/Reactions PreparationofaGrignardReagent (Phenylmagnesiumbromide)andreactionwith CarbonDioxidetoformBenzoicAcid throughanElectrophilicAdditionreaction References: Pavia p. 303 309; 313 314 Schornick http://classweb.gmu.edu/jschorni/chem318 04/22/12 1 GrignardReagent/Reactions SynthesisofBenzoicAcidElectrophilicAdditionreaction betweenafreshlypreparedGrignardReagent...
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- GrignardReagent/Reactions
PreparationofaGrignardReagent
(Phenylmagnesiumbromide)andreactionwith
CarbonDioxidetoformBenzoicAcid
throughanElectrophilicAdditionreaction
References:
Pavia p. 303 309; 313 314
Schornick
http://classweb.gmu.edu/jschorni/chem318
04/22/12
1
GrignardReagent/Reactions
SynthesisofBenzoicAcidElectrophilicAdditionreaction
betweenafreshlypreparedGrignardReagent
(OrganomagnesiumHalide)actingastheNucleophilie(Lewis
Base)andtheCarbonylgroupofCarbonDioxideactingasthe
positivelychargedElectrophile
TheGrignardReagentmustbepreparedandreactedwiththe
solidCarbonDioxidebeforetheendoftheday
SonicationofmixtureofMagnesium,Bromobenzene&
Ether(EtheractsassolventandGrignardstabilizer)
ReactionbetweenGrignardReagentandCarbonDioxide
HydrolysisofAcidSalt
ProductSeparation Liquid/LiquidExtraction
Precipitation
VacuumFiltration
ProductPurification
Recrystallization
ProductVerification
MeltingPoint
04/22/12
2
Grignard Reagent / Reactions
LaboratoryReport:
SynthesisExperiment
Mass,Moles,MolarRatio,LimitingReagent,
TheoreticalYield
Procedures
TitleConcise:SimpleDistillation,DrySample,IR
Spectrum,etc.
Materials&Equipment(2Columnsinlist(bullet)
form)
Note:includeallreagents&principalequipment
used
Description:
04/22/12
Descriptionsmustbedetailed,butconcise
3
Grignard Reagent / Reactions
LaboratoryReport:(Cont)
Summary
ResultsNeat,logicallydesignedtemplatetopresent
results
Paragraphsummarizingexperimentalobservations,
computedresults,andprincipalabsorptionsfromIR&
NMR
Analysis&Conclusions
Discussthereactionincontextwiththeresultsyou
obtained;whatevidencedoyouhavetoindicateyou
gottheintendedproduct?
04/22/12
Limitingreagent
YieldHowcouldtheexperimentalprocessbe
improved?
4
Grignard Reagent / Reactions
Background:
GrignardReagents,aka,OrganomagnesiumHalides
PreparedbyReactionofanOrganicHalideand
Magnesiummetalturnings,usuallyinanEthersolvent
RelativeReactivityofHalidesisimportant
RI>RBr>RCl>RF
ArylGrignardsaremoreeasilypreparedfromAryl
BromidesandArylIodidesthanArylChlorides
GrignardReagentsareseldomisolated,buttheycan
bestabilizedbrieflyinEthersolutionandthenusedin
thepreparationofothercompounds
04/22/12
VeryfewOrganomagnesiumFluoridesareproduced.
ThepreparationofaGrignardReagentusually
5
Grignard Reagent / Reactions
Reactions:
04/22/12
+
+
+
+
+
6
Grignard Reagent / Reactions
Reactions(Cont):
TheMagnesiumportionbearsthepositivecharge.
GrignardReagent,thus,actsasaStrongBaseandis
astrongNucleophilethatactsasaLewisBase
donatinganElectronpairtoapositivelycharged
Electrophile
04/22/12
TheAlkylportionoftheGrignardreagentbehavesas
ifithadthecharacteristicsofaCarbanionthe
carbonatombearsaformalnegativecharge
EspeciallyusefulinNucleophilicAdditionreactionsof
theCarbonylgroup,whichhaselectrophiliccharacter
wherethepositivechargeofthecarbonylcarbonatom
isattractivetotheGrignardNucleophile
7
Grignard Reagent / Reactions
Reactions(Cont):
Grignard & CO2 to produce Benzoic Acid
Grignard & Ketone to Produce Tertiary Alcohol
04/22/12
8
GrignardReagent/Reactions
Reactions(Cont)
Grignard&AldehydetoProduceSecondary
Alcohol
Grignard&FormaldehydetoProducePrimaryAlcohol
04/22/12
9
Grignard Reagent / Reactions
GrignardwithBenzophenonetoform
Triphenylmethanol
04/22/12
10
GrignardReagent/Reactions
GrignardwithDryIce(SolidCO2)toformBenzoicAcid
Salt,whichisthenhydrolyzedwithHCLtoformBenzoic
Acid
TodaysExperiment
04/22/12
11
GrignardReagent/Reactions
PreparationofBenzoicAcid:
ExperimentalPrecautions
TheGrignardreactionisveryreactive.Itmustbeused
inareactionassoonasitiscreated.
Moisturemustbeavoided.WateractsasanAcidin
thisreaction;thustheacidprotoncompetesforthe
Magnesiuminanacidbasereaction.
Therefore,moisturecouldresultintheformationofa
HydrocarbonRH
R:MgX+H:OHRH+HO+Mg+2+X
StrongerStrongerWeakerWeaker
BaseAcidAcidBase
04/22/12
AnhydrousEtherisusedtostabilizetheGrignard
12
GrignardReagent/Reactions
Useaslittleheataspossibletoavoidformationof
Biphenyl
Note:TheBiphenylproducedfromexcessiveheatisnot
thesameastheHydrocarbonformedinanacidbase
reactionabove.
TheOrganicEtherlayercontainsBenzoicAcid,
BiphenylandInorganicSalts.
04/22/12
TheBenzoicAcidisseparatedfromtheBiphenyl
byconvertingittoanaqueoussolubleformby
washingwithNaOH
13
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
Procedure(UltrasonicBathVersion)
NOTE:Water/Moisturemustbeavoided:
Allglasswaremustbedry
ObtainavialofBromobenzene(MW157.01)and
weighittothenearest0.001g
TransfertheBromobenzenetothetesttubecontaining
theMagnesiumfilings
04/22/12
Weighalittlemorethan0.5gofMagnesium(Mg)(MW
24.31)tothenearest0.001gandplacetheMagnesium
inalargeovendriedTestTubeorCentrifugeTube
Reweightheemptyviletoobtainthenetmassof
Bromobenzene
14
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
Procedure(UltrasonicBathVersion)(Cont)
AddaverysmallpieceofIodinetothemixture
Addacottonballtothetopofthetestorlooselyscrew
acapontheCentrifugetube(ifused)
PlacethetubeintheSonicationBathtostimulatethe
reaction.Thesolutionwillbegintoturnbrownish/gray
asthereactionproceeds
04/22/12
Addabout10mLofAnhydrousEthertothetesttube
containingtheBromobenzeneandMagnesium
After about 5 minutes in the Sonication bath, remove
the tube and gently swirl the mixture to insure
maximum exposure of the Magnesium filings to the
Bromobenzene
15
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
Procedure(UltrasonicBathVersion)(Cont)
RemainingintheHood,removethetubecontaining
theGrignardreactionmixturefromtheSonication
Bath
Pourthesolutionoverapproximately10gofDryIce
(solidCO2)inalabeled150mLbeaker.Leavethe
unreactedMagnesiumparticlesintheCentrifugetube
RinsethetubewithafewmLofEtherandaddthe
Ethertothebeakercontainingtheproduct
04/22/12
ReplacethetubeintheSonicationbathforabout40
minutesorso
Storelabeledbeakercontainingyourproductinthe
16
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
Week2Hydrolysis&PurificationofBenzoicAcid
Themixturemayshowsomereactionactivity,suchas
frothingandincreasedtemperature,whichmight
includethereactionbetweenanyremaining
MagnesiumandtheHCltoevolveHydrogen
add10mLanhydrousEthertothebeaker
Stirthemixturewithaspatula
Stirandscrapethemixturewiththespatulauntilthe
solidscompletelydissolve
04/22/12
Slowlyaddabout8mLof6MHCltothebeaker
containingtheproduct
Ifsolidsstillpersistinthesolution,useamedicine
dropperandaddsmalladditionalamountsofEther
andstir
17
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
Week2Hydrolysis&PurificationofBenzoicAcid
Ifsomesolidsarestillinsolubleineithertheether
layerortheaqueouslayer,addsmallamountsofthe6
MHClandstir
Thereshouldbetwodistinctclearlayersinthebeaker
Note:TheBenzoicAcid(andanybyproduct
Biphenyl)issolubleintheEther
Theinorganiccompounds(MgX2)aresoluble
intheaqueousphase
04/22/12
18
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
WeekTwoHydrolysis&PurificationofBenzoicAcid
Liquid/LiquidExtraction:
Rinsesidesofbeakerwithadditionaletherandadd
toSeparatoryfunnel
Insertstopperandsecureitwithyourfinger
Shakethemixturegently,invertfunnel,pointstem
upandawayfromyourfaceandslowlyopen
stopcocktoventanygas
04/22/12
Transferthemixturetoa125mLSeparatoryfunnel
Allowthelayerstoseparate(removestopper)
Discardtheaqueous(lower)phaseintoaseparate
19
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
WeekTwoHydrolysis&PurificationofBenzoicAcid
Liquid/LiquidExtractionwithDistilledWater(Cont)
Add5mLdistilledwatertotheorganicsolution
Shakethemixturegently,invertthefunnel,and
slowlyopenstopcocktoventanygas
Allowthelayerstoseparate(removestopper)
Discardaqueousphase
Repeattheliquid/liquidextractionwithan
additional5mLofdistilledwater
04/22/12
20
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
WeekTwoHydrolysis&PurificationofBenzoicAcid
Liquid/LiquidExtractionwithSodiumHydroxide
Shakethemixturegently,invertfunnelpointing
awayfromyourface,andslowlyopenstopcockto
ventanygas
Allowthelayerstoseparate(removestopper)
Drainaqueous(bottom)layerintoclean,dry100ml
beaker
04/22/12
Totheorganiclayer,whichcontainstheBenzoic
AcidandbyproductBiphenyl,add5mL5%NaOH
Repeatliquid/liquidextractionwithanother5ml5%
SodiumHydroxide,drainingbottomlayerintoyour
beaker
Repeatliquid/liquidextractiona3rdtimewith
21
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
WeekTwoHydrolysis&PurificationofBenzoicAcid
Liquid/LiquidExtractionwithSodiumHydroxide(cont)
Note:TheSodiumHydroxideconvertstheBenzoic
AcidtothewatersolubleSodiumBenzoatesalt
TheSodiumBenzoateisthustransferred
totheaqueousphase
04/22/12
DiscardtheorganicEtherlayerintothewastejarinthe
hood
22
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
WeekTwoHydrolysis&PurificationofBenzoicAcid
RemoveExcessEther
Gentlyheatthecombinedaqueousextracts(about
15mL)containingtheBenzoicAcidsaltonahot
plate(setsettingat34)untilformationofsmall
bubbles(Ether)ceases.Thisremovesanyresidual
Ether,whichisslightlysolubleinwater
Note:
off
04/22/12
Dontoverheat;heatjustenoughtoboil
Ether
23
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
WeekTwoHydrolysis&PurificationofBenzoicAcid
Coolthesolutiontoroomtemperature
Add10.0mL6MHClandstir(aprecipitateformsin
thebeaker)
Coolmixtureinwater/icebath
VacuumFiltration
04/22/12
VacuumfiltertheproductusingaBuchnerFunnel
Washcrystalsonthefilter2timeswith5mLcold
distilledwater
24
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
WeekTwoHydrolysis&PurificationofBenzoicAcid
Recrystallizeproductfromhot(nearboiling)water
TransfersolidfromBucknerFunnelto100150mL
beakerusingcoldDistilledWatertoinsurecomplete
transfer
Addanadditional15mLofdistilledwatertomixture
Heatsolutiontojustbelowboilingpoint,swirlingthe
mixtureoccasionallyuntilallsolidsgointosolution
Note:TheBenzoidAcidsolutiongivesoffastrong
pungentvapor;avoidproximitytonose
04/22/12
CheckwithinstructorifyoufeeladditionalDistilled
Waterisneededtoeffecttotalsolution
25
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
WeekTwoHydrolysis&PurificationofBenzoicAcid
RecrystallizeProduct(Cont)
If the cooled solution does not appear to have
sufficient water to suspend the purified crystals as a
slurry, add 10 ml of Distilled Water, redissolve the
mixture, and cool again slowly to room temperature
04/22/12
Allowsolutiontocoolslowlytoroomtemperature
effectingrecrystallizationofthepurifiedproduct
(Solubleimpuritiesremaininsolution
After mixture has reached room temperature, place
the beaker in an ice/water bath for about a minute
26
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
WeekTwoHydrolysis&PurificationofBenzoicAcid
2ndVacuumFiltration
CleananddrytheBucknerFunnel,addanewfilter,
andweighittothenearest0.001g
AssembletheBucknerFunnelandvacuumfilterthe
product
Washcrystalsonthefilterwith5mLcoldDistilled
Water
Drytheproductinapreweighedweighingtrayin
theclassdraweruntilnextweek
04/22/12
27
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
WeekTwoHydrolysis&PurificationofBenzoicAcid
Weighthedriedproduct&weighingtraytothenearest
0.001g
Computethemassofproduct(BenzoicAcid)by
difference
Determinethe%yield
Determinethemeltingpointoftheproduct
(MPofBenzoicAcid122.4oC)
NOTE:
next
04/22/12
Iflittleornoyieldwasobtained,see
slide
28
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
TheExperimentwasaBust!!
Occasionallystudentsgetlittleornoyieldforthe
Grignard/BenzoicAcidexperiment
Theprincipalreasonforthisisthefailureoftheoriginal
reactionbetweenBromobenzeneandMagnesiumto
formtheGrignardReagent
Therearetwomainindicationsofafailedreaction:
04/22/12
Noprecipitateformsupontheadditionofthe6MHCL
totheaqueousNaOHwashings
Theprecipitatelargelydisappearsafterthefirst
vacuumfiltration
29
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
TheExperimentWasaBust
Weighouttothenearest0.001gapproximately3
gramsofBenzoicAcidsuppliedbytheinstructor
DissolvetheBenzoicAcidin15mLAnhydrousEthyl
Ether.
WashtheEtherphase3timeswith5mL5%NaOHas
beforecombiningthe3aqueouswashingsinabeaker
04/22/12
Inordertogivethestudentsfullexposuretothe
completeprocedure,thefollowingstepsshouldbe
performed:
DiscardtheEther
30
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
TheExperimentWasaBust
GentlyheattheNaOHsolution,approximately15mL,to
driveoffanyresidualEther
Coolthesolutiontoroomtemperature
Add10mLHCL,asbefore,andplaceinwatericebath
Aprecipitateshouldform
Separatetheprecipitatebyvacuumfiltration
Washproductonfilterwith5mLcoldwater
Recrystallizetheproductfromhotdistilledwater
VacuumFiltration
DrytheProduct
DeterminetheMeltingPoint
04/22/12
31
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
Note:Labproceduresequencevs.Labreportprocedure
sequence
ThemeasurementoftheMassofareagentmaybe
immediatelyfollowedbyanapparatussetupor
transferofthesampletoapieceofapparatus
Thissameprocesscouldberepeatedwiththesecond
orathirdreagentusedintheexperiment
04/22/12
Thewritingofthelaboratoryreportdoesnotalways
followtheexactphysicalsequenceofprocedures
usedinthelab
Inyourreport,however,alldeterminationsofMassare
followedimmediatelybyallcalculationsthatcanbe
basedontheMassvalues,i.e.moles,molarratios,
limitingreagent,theoreticalyield,etc.
32
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
IntheGrignardexperimentthefollowingcalculations
arecarriedoutbeforeanyproceduredealingwiththe
mixingofthereagentsandsubsequentprocessingof
thereactionmixture
Massofsecondreagent(HCLVol&Density)
Molesofbothreagents(1procedure)
SetupBalancedStoichiometricEquation
DetermineMolarRatio
DetermineLimitingReagent
04/22/12
Massoffirstreagent
ComputeTheoreticalYield
33
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
Usethefollowingtableform(handout)asasubstitutefor
thetableintheLabManualDataReport.
Balanced
Equation
Mg
Ether
CO2
HCl
Mixed
Salts
MolWgt
Grams
Moles
04/22/12
34
GrignardBenzoicAcidProcedure
Hydrolysis of
Benzoic Acid Salt
Ether Layer
8 mL 6 M HCL
20 mL Anhydrous Ether
Separatory Funnel (Shake Gently)
Benzoic Acid
Biphenyl
Aqueous Layer
Inorganic Salts (Discard)
Add 5 mL 5% NaOH
(Repeat 3 Times)
Biphenyl (Discard)
Aqueous Layer
Soluble Benzoic Acid Salt
(Trace of Ether)
Heat on Hot Plate in Hood to Drive off Ether
Cool to Room Temperature
Add 10 mL 6 M HCl
04/22/12
35
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George Mason - OR - 649
Population-based metaheuristicsNature-inspiredInitialize a populationA new population of solutions is generatedIntegrate the new population into the current one usingone these methods by replacement which is aselection process from the new and curre
UC Davis - CHI - 10
1949, Migrantworkers andtheir familiesmove fromTexas toWyoming forwork in thesugar beetfields.Ethnic Mexicans were oftencharacterized as birds ofpassage who returned toMexico after the agriculturalseasons ended.The Great Mexican HarvestMuch
George Mason - OR - 649
Metaheuristics for Spring 2012OR 649Prereq: OR 541 or permission of instructorInstructor: Dr. Rajesh Ganesan, rganesan@gmu.edu, office hrs MW 3-4 PMThis course covers both basic and advanced topics on the theory and practice of metaheuristicapproache
UC Davis - CHI - 10
Repatriation:The Great DepressionIgnites XenophobiaU.S.-Mexico BorderInspectionsPresident Herbert Hoover, 19291933ForcedRepatriation,regardless of U.S.citizenshipMexicans and Mexican-Americans await deportation in Los Angeles'Union Station Marc
George Mason - OR - 649
Midterm Metaheuristics1.4)Practice problems 1-45) For a 2 machine flow shop (jobs flow from machine 1 to 2), and total weighted tardinessas the objective to be minimized, find a schedule.Apply the ATC heuristic with K=1Apply any local search. Compar
UC Davis - CHI - 10
The Bracero Program:Contract Labor Agreement between the U.S. andMexicoProcessingDisinfectingArrival via TrainMexican workers are seen arriving bytrain in 1942 as part of the Braceroprogram.Work in the RailroadsOral InterviewsAlberto CortesHer
UC Davis - CHI - 10
Mexican Americans DuringCold War:A Decade of Political TransitionOperation WetbackMilitarization of the BorderFred Ross, founder CSOCommunity ServiceOrganizationEdward R. RoybalDolores Huerta and CesarChavezSalt of the EarthWomens Auxiliary
UC Davis - CHI - 10
Chicanismo:Ideology of the Chicano MovementRodolfo Corky GonzalesI am JoaquinBy Rodolfo Corky GonzalesIam Joaquin.Lost in a world ofconfusion,Caught up in a whirlof a gringo society,Confused by therules,Scorned by attitudes,El Plan Espiritua
UC Davis - CHI - 10
TheChicanoMovementTheSecondPhaseClickicontoaddpictureClickicontoaddpictureMalcolmXByAnyMeansNecessaryYaBasta!(Enough!)SalCastro,LincolnHSteacherWalkouts,1968StudentstaketotheStreetsDemandsWewantimmediatestepstakentoimplementbilingual,bicultur
UC Davis - CHI - 10
SISEPUEDE!TheFarmworkersStruggleforJusticeMontereyCountysheriff'sdeputiesstruggletokeepUFWpicketsoutofacauliflowerfieldnearSalinas,Calif.,onFeb.22,1979.NationalFarmworksUnion,CoFoundersDoloresHuertaCesarChavezUFWFlag:UniversalColorsofRevoluti
UC Davis - CHI - 10
Sleepy Lagoon & theZoot Suit RiotsPachucosViews on Pachucas/osCounter Youth CultureJose Diaz, murderedThe Los Angeles PoliceDepartmentPachucas, ArrestedSleepy Lagoon TrialYoung men from 38th Street gang at the trail room for theirarraignment. (
UC Davis - CHI - 10
WWIIMexicanAmericanServicemen/womenandTheAmericanGIForumWWII&U.S.InvolvementWWII,1939 U.S.,PolicyofNeutrality PearlHarbor,1941 HomeFrontPlessyv.Ferguson,1896JimCrowEnriquetaAndazola,founderofMexicanWarMotherswithhersonsduringWorldWarIISa
UC Davis - GEL - 25
GEOLOGY 25 - LECTURE 1 - ACOLORADO PLATEAU: GRAND CANYONSelectively read the material on these websites that directly relates to what is in thesenotes and what we talk about in class. Read strategically and dont get bogged down inunnecessary details t
UC Davis - GEL - 25
GEOLOGY 25 - LECTURE 1 - BCOLORADO PLATEAU: DEEP TIMETo see a representation of the geologic time scale, see the figure in the lecture notesfolder on the class website or visithttp:/www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.htmlDeep Time . . . .Only in Gr
UC Davis - GEL - 25
GEOLOGY 25 - LECTURE 2COLORADO PLATEAU: Zion & Bryce Canyon NPs- Redrock country . . .National Park Service Geology of Zion NPhttp:/www.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/zion/index.cfmNational Park Service Geology of Bryce Canyon NPhttp:/www.nature.nps.g
UC Davis - GEL - 25
GEOLOGY 25 - LECTURE 3COLORADO PLATEAU: Arches & Canyonlands NPsNational Park Service Geology of Arches NPhttp:/www.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/arch/index.cfmNational Park Service Geology of Canyonlands NPhttp:/www.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/cany/
UC Davis - GEL - 25
GEOLOGY 25 - LECTURE 4National Parks of the Sierra Nevada:Yosemite, Kings Canyon-SequoiaNational Park Service Geology of Yosemite NPhttp:/www.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/yose/index.cfmNational Park Service Geology of Sequoia and Kings Canyon NPshtt
UC Davis - GEL - 25
GEOLOGY 25 - LECTURE 5National Parks of the Rocky Mountains:Glacier and Rocky Mountain NPsNational Park Service Geology of Glacier NPhttp:/www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/glac/index.cfmhttp:/www.nps.gov/glac/naturescience/geologicformations.htmNat
UC Davis - GEL - 25
GEOLOGY 25 - LECTURE 6 (2011)National Parks of the Basin and Range:Death Valley & Grand Teton NPs(& uplift of the Colorado Plateau)National Park Service Geology of Death Valley NPhttp:/www.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/deva/deva1.htmlNational Park
UC Davis - GEL - 25
GEOLOGY 25 - LECTURE 7 (2011)YELLOWSTONE NP- Hot Spot VolcanismNational Park Service Geology of Yellowstone NPhttp:/www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/geology.htmUnited States Geological Survey Geology of the National Parkshttp:/3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/yello
UC Davis - SAS 5 - 5
Introduction to PsychologyLecture 14:Social PsychologySocial Cognition Other People: Social Perception Person Perception: First impressions Person Perception: Social schema Attributions Attitudes The Self and Others Attraction Intimate Relation
UC Davis - SAS 5 - 5
SASSAS5Soil,Water,andCivilizationsSpring2012SanjaiJ.Parikhsjparikh@ucdavis.eduHowHowdoesmanagementofnaturalresourcesimpactthesuccessofacivilization?Howdocomplexsocietiesrespondtoenvironmentalproblems?Howimportantisagriculturefortheriseandstabi
UC Davis - SAS 5 - 5
Readings and Quizzes: When and What?Reading Assignments: Posted to SmartSite No SmartSite submissionSmartSite Quizzes: Quiz available for 1 week, 2 hour limit to complete, one submission only,late quizzes not graded Must be completed before class o
UC Davis - SAS 5 - 5
ClassBusiness InClassQuizToday Week2Reading(including,handout) Text:OutoftheEarth notavailableatUCDbookstoreRecommendbuyingonlineorotherretailer Tuesday,April17:Classfieldtrip MeetincourtyardofPESBuildingat9:00am Thursday,April19:WritingAssignment#