Set Problem #1
Due before class, January 19, 2011
Rules and suggestions:
(1) Please help each other, but be sure you can do the problems yourself.
(2) Neatness counts. You wont do well if I cant read or understand what you
have done. Please use sufficient paper, leave enough room in your calculations, write
clearly, and indicate where your answer is.
(3) Using spreadsheets will make it go much quicker.
(1) The following quote has been used to argue against the CO2-warming of Earths
atmosphere. In order for increased human CO2 emissions to cause accelerated global
warming, the climate models need to assume that CO2 remains in the atmosphere for a
very long time, up to 100+ years. Since the IPCC's task is to prove any global warming is
due to human CO2 emissions, they decided to proclaim that CO2 was long-lived in the
atmosphere - a fabricated assumption. They did this despite the overwhelming majority
of peer-reviewed studies (and corroborating empirical measurements) finding that CO2 in
the atmosphere remained there a short time. Literally, a fabricated assumption, driven by
political agenda, became a cornerstone of fraudulent climate model science. As a result,
billions spent on climate models that are unable to predict climate with any accuracy.
Considering that the atmosphere has about 750 Gt C and the flux in and out is about 200
Gt/yr (actually flux in is about 3.3 Gt/yr more than flux out), is the statement true that
CO2 has a short residence time in the atmosphere? If the residence time is short (i.e., <<
100 years), how can CO2 in Earths atmosphere warm the earth?
(2) Consider 0.8 kg of a 0.01 molal solution of NaCl 25C. at What is the mass of the
TDS? What is the molarity of the solution, given that the density of water at 25C is
0.99707 g/cm3.
(3) The following data are from wells and surface waters in the Santa Fe River Basin.
(a) Estimate the values for TDS of the water samples. Why are these calculations only
estimates? How good do you think the estimates are? Why are the well TDS values
higher than the surface water?
(b) Convert concentrations from weight to molar units.
(c) Convert the concentrations to meq/l.
(d) Calculate the charge balance error for each analysis. Evaluate how good the analyses
are and discuss possible reasons why there are errors.
(e) Plot the data on the piper diagram on the following figure.
Cl-
SO42-
Ca2+
Na+
Mg2+
K+
HCO3-
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
22.8
6.5
11.1
10.50
3.37
1.23
12.0
Well #2
46.0
305
152
26.9
27.4
1.71
206
Well #7
13.4
14.6
101
7.06
5.41
0.62
262
Surface Water
12.7
2.0
7.64
6.29
2.41
1.72
8.0
Well #2
21.3
114.0
79.10
14.10
13.80
1.43
102
Well #7
13.1
17.7
87.20
7.53
5.78
0.57
196
Location
Low Flow Surface Water
High
Flow
(4) If the fractionation factor for 18O between liquid and water vapor at 10 C is =
1.0101, what is the 18O of vapor in isotopic equilibrium with water having 18O =
-0.80?
(5) Calculate D of water vapor in isotopic equilibrium with fresh water whose D value
is -65, assuming that (liquid-vapor) = 1.090.
(6) Calculate 18O of raindrops forming in an air mass whose initial 18O value was
-9.2, assuming that only 20 percent of the original water vapor remain and that a
(liquid-vapor) = 1.0092.