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Introduction and Cautions
Phase 1: Our Place in Nature
Phase 1: Question 1: Naming Animals
Humans*
Bonobos 1
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class
Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Repitia
Parvorder
Animalia
Biota
Tuna* 6
Kingdom
Animalia
Biota
Eagle* 5
Eukaryota Eukaryota Eukaryota Eukaryota Eukaryota Eukaryota Eukaryota Eukaryota
Animalia
Biota
Gecko* 4
Domain
Animalia
Biota
Dog 3
Biota
Suborder
Biota
Gibbon* 2
Biota
Order
Biota
Chim-panze
1
Animalia
Biota
Animalia
Actinopter
ygii
Primates Primates Primates Primates Carnivora Squamate Falconifor Perciform
mes
es
Anthropoid Haplorhini Haplorhini Haplorhini
Scleroglos
ea
sa
Catarrhini Catarrhini Catarrhini Catarrhini
Gekkota
Super-family
Hominoide Hominoid Hominoide Hominoid
a
ea
a
ea
Family
Genus***
Hominidae Pongidae Pongidae Hylobatida Canidae
e
Homo
Pan
Pan
Lar
Canis
species***
sapiens
Aves
paniscus troglodyte carpenteri C.lupus
s
Gekkonid Accipitrida Scombrid
ae
e
ae
Diplodacty Geranaetu Thunnus
lus
s
alaunga
References: 1. Chimpanzee; 2. Gibbon; 3. Dogs; 4. Gecko; 5. Eagle; 6. Tuna
Phase 1: Question Two: The meaning of classication
If classication is based upon similarity, what two organisms do you think will be the closest to each other
genetically and evolutionarily?
I think Bonobo and chimpanzee are the closest to each other because their taxonomy are the same until
species.
Jun Ma, WEB 15326
Phase 1: Question Three: Living Beings
What makes an organism an ...
A.
animal (i.e. member of the order Animalia)
1. Animals are eukaryotes. All living organisms can be sorted into two groups depending on the basic
structure of their cells: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (Klappenbach, 2011). The reason is that they are
made of complex cell with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles.
2. Animals are heterotrophs. (Klappenbach, 2011). Animals can obtain energy from other organisms.
3. Animals are multicellular. (Klappenbach, 2011)
4. Most animals are capable to move (Klappenbach, 2011), which is very different from plants.
5. Most animals undergo sexual reproduction (Klappenbach, 2011) mainly through eggs and sperms.
6. Most animals are diploid, which means that animals cells contain 2 full sets of the cells genetic
material. (Klappenbach, 2011).
7. Animal cells do not have cell walls. (Klappenbach, 2011).
B.
vertebrate (i.e. Vertebrata)
According to the textbook, there are two characteristics which can dene a vertebrate. First of all, The
organism has to be bilateral symmetry, which means that the left and right side of its body are mirror
image. Second of all, the organism has to have an internal spinal cord covered by a series of bones
known as vertebrae.
C.
mammal (i.e. eutherian mammal such as yourself)
Mammals are members of a class of air-breathing vertebrate animals characterized by the possession of
hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young. (Mammal, 2011).
Another characteristic is that the lower jaw in mammals is a single bone on either side. In all other
vertebrates there are more than one bone on each side of the jaw. (Ramel, 2011). According to the
textbook, mammals need to give birth to live offspring, whereas other vertebrates lay eggs. Also, in the
textbook, it states that modern mammals are able to maintain a constant body temperature.
D.
primate (i.e. member of the order Primates)
According to the textbook, primate has the following characteristics: ve digits on the hands and feet;
they are binocular stereoscopic vision and vision oriented; they use brains to learn. Most primates have
long tails to help them balance, and some also have prehensile tails. (Vaage, 2011).
Phase 1: Question Four: Types of primates
A. What makes a primate a hominoidea?
According to the textbook, rst of all, hominoidea has no tails. Then, they have great intelligence and
learning ability due to large and complex brains. Last but not least, hominoidea is suspensory climbers,
because they are able to hang and swing from trees.
B. Other than Homo sapiens, name two living hominidea species.
Only humans and apes belong to hominidea. So the other two living hominidea species can be bonobos
and chimpanzees.
Jun Ma, WEB 15326
____________________________________________
C. What makes a primate a cercopithecoidea?
Ceropithecoidea is a superfamily which refers to Old World Monkeys. According to the textbook, many of
the species live in tropical rain forest, but others live in savanna or open grasslands. Also, they are
quadrupedal, which means that their arms and legs are equally long. And most Old World monkeys eat a
mixed diet of fruits and leaves.
D. Name two species living species of cercopithecoidea.
Two of the living species of Old World Monkeys can be mandrills and bonobos.
____________________________________________
E. What makes a primate a platyrrhini
Platyrrhini refers to the New World Monkeys. The textbook indicates they have three characteristics. The
rst characteristic is that New World Monkeys is quadrupedal. Also, the dental formula for most of the
New World Monkeys is 2-1-3-3. Whats more, they have prehensile tail, which works as the fth limb.
For example, the spider monkey can use that tail to grasp the tree as it is climbing.
F. Name two species living species ofplatyrrhini.
Two examples can be the spider monkeys and howler monkeys.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------G. What makes a primate a strepsirrhini
As indicated in the textbook, the very rst characteristic is strepsirrhini has a moist nose. With the
exception of the Aye-aye, all strepsirrhini species have a toothcomb that is used for grooming.
(Strepsirrhini, 2011). About 75% of species are nocturnal. (Strepsirrhini, 2011).
H. Name two species living species ofstrepsirhini.
Two examples of stepsirhini are and lemurs lorises.
Phase 1: Question Five: Whats the difference
I.How is an Old World monkey different than a New World monkey?
According to the textbook, the rst difference between Old World monkeys and New World monkeys is
that the New World Monkeys have four more premolar teeth. The dental formula is 2-1-2-3 for Old World
monkeys and 2-1-3-3 for Old World monkeys. Another difference is that Old World monkeys have tails,
but New World Monkeys have prehensile tails in order for them to grasp trees. There are some other
differences, for example, Old World monkeys tend to be larger and are only able to see things in black
and white. (New World vs. Old World Monkeys, 2011).
II.How is a Old World monkey different than an ape?
The biggest differences between Old World monkeys and apes is that apes are more similar to humans.
So apes are clever. Apes are closer to their human counterparts, able to learn forms of sign language,
use tools and display problem solving skills. (What is the Difference between Monkeys and Apes? 2011).
By comparing the size, apes are usually larger. Also, commonly, apes do not have tails while monkeys
do. In addition, Another remarkable feature in apes is the opposable thumbs like the humans. Monkeys
Jun Ma, WEB 15326
do not have this kind of thumbs. And The feet of monkeys are webbed. (Difference Between Apes and
Monkeys, 2011).
III.How are humans different than the other hominoidea
Although other hominoidea and humans derived from the same ancestors, humans are more intelligent.
According to the textbook, humans have the largest average brain volume compared to chimpanzee,
gorilla, and other selected hominoids. The book also mentioned that humans walk on two legs while apes
are quadrupedal, because the big toe of the human lies parallel to the other toes. Also, the human pelvis
and that of apes are different as well. Human pelvis is shorter top to bottom and wider side to side.
III.In terms of genetics (and thus taxonomy) are Old World monkeys more like humans or New World
monkeys? Explain your reasoning.
According to the textbook, Old World monkeys are biochemically more similar to humans. Because Old
World monkeys and humans both belong to the same infraorder: catarrhini. But New World monkeys
belongs to platyrrhini.
Jun Ma, WEB 15326
Phase 2: Spot the "Monkey"
Primate One
The rst one I found is Sun Wukong, or Monkey King. He is the major character in the classical Chinese
novel Journey to the West. Every Chinese kid knows him, because he is the representation of
intelligence, bravery and strength.
The character actually comes from the gure of a macaque, or a rhesus monkey, which belongs to the
family of Cercopithecidae. It is an Old World Monkey.
Primate two
Paul Frank is an American cartoonist, artist and fashion designer. His creations adorn clothing,
accessories, and many other products. Julius the Monkey is one of Frank's best-known characters, and
has appeared in a wide variety of media. (Paul Frank, 2011). I love the pajamas and iPhone cases that
have Julius on them. But there is no evidence showing what kind of monkey Julius is. I guess he is more
like an Old World monkey because he does not have a prehensile tail.
Jun Ma, WEB 15326
Primate three
This is the monkey in the movie Hangover 2. Her name is Crystal and she is a female capuchin monkey
as well as an animal actor. (Crystal the Monkey, 2011). Capuchin monkey belongs to the family of
Cebidae. She is a New World monkey.
Primate four
This is a main character in the movie Kong Fu Panda. His name is Master Monkey. And he is a golden
langur. He belongs to the family of Cercopithecidae, which is Old World monkey. However, my question
is if he is an Old World monkey, how com he can use the tail to grab things and ght. Maybe it is Kong
Fu.
Jun Ma, WEB 15326
References
Chimpanzee (2011). In Wikipedia. Web. Retrieved ob July 16, 2011 from
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee
Crystal the Monkey (2011). In Wikipedia. Web. Retrieved ob July 16, 2011 from
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_the_Monkey
Difference Between Apes and Monkeys (2011). DifferenceBetween. Web. Retrieved on July 16, 2011
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http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-apes-and monkeys/
Dogs (2011). In Wikipedia. Web. Retrieved ob July 16, 2011 from
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog
Eagle (2011). In Wikipedia. Web. Retrieved ob July 16, 2011 from
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle
Gecko (2011). In Wikipedia. Web. Retrieved ob July 16, 2011 from
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko
Gibbon (2011). In Wikipedia. Web. Retrieved ob July 16, 2011 from
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon
Klappenbach, Laura (2011). Animal Characteristics. Web. Retrieved on July 16, 2011 from
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http://animals.about.com/od/animal-facts/a/animal-characteristics.htm
Mammal (2011). In Wikipedia. Retrieved on July 16, 2011 from
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal
New World vs. Old World Monkeys (2011). Monkey Facts and Information. Web. Retrieved on July 17,
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2011 from http://www.monkeyworlds.com/new-world-vs-old-world-monkeys.html
Paul Frank (2011). In Wikipedia. Web. Retrieved on July 16, 2011 from
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Frank
Ramel, Gordon (2011). What is a Mammal? Web. Retrieved on July 16, 2011 from
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http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/mammal.html
Strepsirrhini (2011). In Wikipedia. Web. Retrieved on July 16, 2011 from
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini
Tuna (2011). In Wikipedia. Web. Retrieved ob July 16, 2011 from
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna
Vaage, Carol (2011). Primate Classication. Web. Retrieved on July 16, 2011 from
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http://www.zooschool.ecsd.net/primate%20classication.htm
Jun Ma, WEB 15326
What is the Difference between Monkeys and Apes? (2011). WiseGEEK. Web. Retrieved on July 17,
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2011 from
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http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-difference-between-monkeys-and- apes.htm