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and Phones Phonemes 1. Broad and narrow phonetic writing In phonetic writing, linguists have a choice as to how detailed the transcription of speech is. Example 1: coronal nasal consonants The point of articulation of a coronal nasal [n] changes according to its environment. [n] (alveolar): [n] (dental): [ ] (retroflex): [n ] (syllabic): [n w] [t n] [\r ] [b\tn ] Phones, phonemes, and allophones PHONEME: a set of phonetically similar noncontrastive phones. ALLOPHONE: each of the phones grouped under the same phoneme. English: Phoneme /n/ /^/ [^][^~][^...][^ ][^ >] /s/ [s][z][h] Allophones [n][n][ ][n ] Spanish: Phoneme Allophones /g/ [g][ ] Example 2: high front lax vowels The `manner' of articulation of a high front lax vowel [^] changes according to its environment. [^]: [^~] (nasalized): [^...] (lengthened): [^ ] (voiceless): [^ >] (raised): [s^t] [k^~n] [b^...d] [ nt^s^ pet] [f\n^ >] COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION: one allophone appears where the others do not. [n]: before dental fricatives [n]: elsewhere Narrow vs. broad phonetic writing Anticipate the tenth bid [ ~nt^s^ pet\t ~nb^...d] [ nt^s^pet\t nb^d] Grandes rasgos `broad features/terms' [gandesraz os] [gandehrah os] [gandesrasgos] 2. Phonemic writing Contrast Contrastive fetures: not required by neighboring phones, used to distinguish meanings. Non-contrastive features: required by neighboring phones, do not distinguish meanings. Contrastive [m]/[n] [i]/[^] [s]/[z] (E.) Non-contrastive [n]/[n] [^~]/[^] [s]/[z] (Sp.) (narrow) (broad) (Spanish) (narrow) (broad) FREE VARIATION: Any allophone can appear in any context (without a change in meaning). [^]/[^~]: before oral consonants Example 3: aspirated stops in English and Thai English: stops [p], [t], [k], have aspirated allophones [p], [t], [k] in initial position. [t b] `tab' [p^n] `pin' [kon] `cone' [st b] `stab' [sp^n] `spin' [skon] `scone' Thai: non-aspirated stops [p], [t], [k], contrast with aspirated stops [p], [t], in [k] initial position. [tam] `to pound' [tam] `to do' [paa] `to split' [paa] `forest' [kat] `to interrupt' [kat] `to bite' In English, [t]-[t] are allophones of the same phoneme /t/ In Thai, [t]-[t] are different phonemes /t/-/t/ Minimal pairs A MINIMAL PAIR is a pair of words or morphemes that differ minimally by one phone, and also differ in meaning. [rod]-[lod] [r js]-[r jz] [kat] -[kat] `to interrupt -to bite' 3. Allophonic rules Allophonic alternations are governed by ALLOPHONIC RULES Some English allophonic rules 1. A coronal nasal /n/ is dental [n] before a dental fricative /, /: te[n]th 2. A coronal stop /t, d, n/ is lax, short, and voiced (`flapped') before an unstressed vowel: wai[]er, wa[]er, di[ ]er. 3. A lateral liquid /l/ is velarized ["] at the end of a word or before a consonant: fee["], to["]d. 4. A stressed vowel is lengthened before a voiced consonant: b[^...]d, p[e...]ys. (English) (Thai) Phonemic representation Stress Aspiration Nasalization Lengthening Velarization Glottalization Phonetic representation /p^n/ [^'] [p] [^~] [^~...] /p^l/ /sp^t/ [^'] [p] [^'...] ["] [ t] [^'] [p^~...n] [p^'..."] [sp^' t] To get IPA fonts for your computer, visit the following sites: http://janmulder.co.uk/Phonmap/ http://linguistlist.org/sp/Fonts.html 4. Letters and phonemes Spelling dos not provide an accurate or consistent representation of the sounds of language (English in particular). Sound/spelling mismatches 1. /f/ `f', `ph' 2. /e/ `bait', `late', `say' 3. `lead' /li...d/, /l ...d/ 4. `knee', `comb' /ni/, /kom/ Reasons for the mismatches 1. Mixing spelling practices through time. 2. Borrowings from other languages, keeping the foreign spelling. 3. Changes in ponunciation through time, not updated in spelling. 4. Specificity in the purpose of writing. 5. Derivations The narrow phonetic representation is derived from the broad phonemic representation through step-by-step application of allophonic rules.

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