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Course: MGT 300, Spring 2012School: ASU
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eventsarebeyondpersonalcontrol Organizationalculture:systemofsharedbeliefsandvaluesthatdevelops OrganizationalCultures,Innovation,andChangeChapter9 Toleranceforambiguity:anabilitytodealwithuncertaintyevenwhen withinanorganizationandguidesthebehaviorofitsmembers Corporateculture:theatmospherewithinwhichpeopleworkthatcanhave astrongimpactonanorganizationsperformanceandthequalityofwork...
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eventsarebeyondpersonalcontrol
Organizationalculture:systemofsharedbeliefsandvaluesthatdevelops OrganizationalCultures,Innovation,andChangeChapter9
Toleranceforambiguity:anabilitytodealwithuncertaintyevenwhen
withinanorganizationandguidesthebehaviorofitsmembers
Corporateculture:theatmospherewithinwhichpeopleworkthatcanhave
astrongimpactonanorganizationsperformanceandthequalityofwork
experiencesofitsmembers
Strongcultures:areclear,welldefined,performancedriven,andwidely
sharedbymembersthatfitthenatureofthebusinessandthetalentsof
theemployees,whilekeepingaclearperformancevisionfrontandcenter
foralltorallyaround.Discouragedysfunctionalbehaviorsandencourage
positiveones,helpingcommitmemberstodothingsforandwithone
anotherthataregoodfortheorganization
Socialization:theprocessofhelpingnewmemberslearnthecultureand
valuesoftheorganization,aswellasthebehaviorsandattitudesthatare
sharedamongitsmembers
Observableculture:whatyouseeinpeoplesbehaviorsandhearintheir
conversations;isreflectedinhowpeopledressatwork,arrangetheir
offices,speaktoandbehavetowardsoneanother;foundinstories,
heroes,rituals,andsymbolsthatarepartofdailyorganizationallife
Coreculture:underlyingassumptionsandbeliefsthatshapeandguide
peoplesbehaviorsthatarefoundintheunderlyingvaluesofthe
organization
Corevalues:beliefsandvaluessharedbyorganizationmembers
Valuebasedmanagement:managingwithacommitmenttoactivelyhelp
develop,communicate,andrepresentsharedvalueswithinan
organization
o Ex:tomsofMainedeodorantdissatisfactionandhelpedreimburse
thecustomersandpulltheproductfromthemarketcostingthem
money
Symbolicleader:useslanguageandsymbolswelltocommunicatecore
valuesandwhoseactionsmodelthedesiredorganizationalculture
Workplacespirituality:usedinmanagementtoreflectpracticesthattryto
nourishpeoplesinnerlivesbybringingmeaningtoworkandengaging
eachotherwithasenseofsharedcommunity
o Strongethicalfoundations,recognizethevalueofindividualsand
respecttheirdiversity,andfocusoncreatingmeaningfuljobsthat
offerrealvaluetosociety
Innovation:theprocessofdevelopingnewideasandputtingtheminto
practice;theactofturningnewideasintousableapplications
Processinnovations:resultinbetterwaysofdoingthings;ex:southwest,
IKEA,amazon,Nike
Productinnovations:resultinthecreationofneworimprovedgoodsand
services;ex:groupon,apps,facebook/twitter
Businessmodelinnovations:resultinnewwaysofmakingmoneyforthe
firm;ex:Netflix,google,zynga
Greeninnovationorsustainableinnovation:supportsustainabilityby
reducingthecarbonfootprintofanorganizationoritsproducts;
businessesstrivetocreatenewproductsandproductionmethodsthat
haveminimalimpactonthenaturalenvironment
Socialinnovation:describedasinnovationdrivenbyasocialconscience
Socialentrepreneurship:uniqueformofentrepreneurshipthatpursues
innovativewaystosolvepressingsocialproblems;thesepeoplereallytry
tomaketheworldabetterplace
Commercializinginnovation:turnsnewideas,theinventions,intoactual
throughmoresalesorlowercosts
o
products,services,orprocesses;theapplications,thatgenerateprofits Ideacreation,initialexperimentation,feasibilitydetermination,and
finalapplication
Reverseinnovation:trickleupinnovationconceptstartedintheworldof
globalbusiness;recognizesthepotentialforvaluableinnovationstobe
launchedfromlowerorganizationallevelsanddiverselocations,including
emergingmarkets;takesproductsandservicesdevelopedinemerging
markets,oftensubjecttopricingconstraints,andfindswaystousethem
elsewhere
Skunkworks:oftenusedtodescribespecialunitssetfreefromthenormal
structureandgivenseparatelocations,specialresources,andtheirown
managers,allwiththepurposeofachievinginnovation;ex:yahoohasthe
brickhousethatexistssothatgoodideasdon'tgetlostinYahoos
bureaucracy
Changeleader:managerswhoactaschangeagents,whotakeleadership
responsibilityforchangingtheexistingpatternofbehaviorofanother
personorsocialsystem
o Changeleader:confidentofability,willingtotakerisks,seize
opportunity,expectsurprise,andmakethingshappen
o Statusquomanagers:threatenedbychange,botheredby
uncertainty,preferpredictability,supportthestatusquo,waitfor
thingstohappen
Transformationalchange:thatresultsinamajorandcomprehensive
redirectionoftheorganizationnewvision,newstrategy,newculture,new
structure,andevennewpeople
Incrementalchange:modest,framebendingsidetoorganizational
change;tweaksandnudgespeople,systems,andpracticestobetteralign
themwithemergingproblemsandopportunities.
KurtLewinsThreephasesofplannedchangeareunfreezingpreparinga
systemforchange,changingmakingactualchangesinthesystem,and
refreezingstabilizingthesystemafterchange
Unfreezing:thestageinwhichmanagershelpotherstodevelop,
experience,andfeelarealneedforchange;goalistogetpeopletoview
changeasawayofsolvingaproblemortakingadvantageofan
opportunity(burningbridgephase)
Changing:whereactualchangetakesplace
Refreezing:focusisonstabilizingchangetomakeitaslonglastingas
needed;rewards,positivereinforcement,andresourcesupport
Forcecoercionstrategy:usesthepowerbasesoflegitimacy,rewards,and
punishmentsastheprimaryinducementstochange
o Directforcingstrategychangeagenttakesdirectandunilateral
actiontocommandthatchangetakeplace(involvesformal
authority,legitimatepower,offeringspecialrewardsand/or
threateningpunishment)
o Politicalmaneuveringchangeagentworksindirectlytogainspecial
advantageoverotherpersonstoforcethechange(involves
bargaining,obtainingcontrolofimportantresources,forming
alliances,orgrantingfavors)
Rationalpersuasionstrategy:attemptingtobringaboutchangethrough
persuasionbackedbyspecialknowledge,information,facts,andrational
argument(likelyoutcomeiscompliancewithreasonablecommitment)
Sharedpowerstrategy:engagespeopleinacollaborativeprocessof
identifyingvalues,assumptions,andgoalsfromwhichsupportforchange
willnaturallyemerge;slow,buttheprocessislikelytoyieldhigh
commitment
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