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9 Pages
Lecture 5
Course: BAIT 370, Fall 2011School: Rutgers
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Networks Whatisacomputernetwork? Twoormoreconnectedcomputers Majorcomponentsinsimplenetwork Clientcomputer Servercomputer Networkinterfaces(NICs) Connectionmedium Networkoperatingsystem Huborswitch Router Asimplecomputernetwork Networksinlargecompanies Componentscaninclude: Hundredsoflocalareanetworks(LANs)linkedtofirmwidecorporatenetwork Variouspowerfulservers Website Corporateintranet,extranet...
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Networks
Whatisacomputernetwork?
Twoormoreconnectedcomputers
Majorcomponentsinsimplenetwork
Clientcomputer
Servercomputer
Networkinterfaces(NICs)
Connectionmedium
Networkoperatingsystem
Huborswitch
Router
Asimplecomputernetwork
Networksinlargecompanies
Componentscaninclude:
Hundredsoflocalareanetworks(LANs)linkedtofirmwidecorporatenetwork
Variouspowerfulservers
Website
Corporateintranet,extranet
Backendsystems
MobilewirelessLANs(WiFinetworks)
Videoconferencingsystem
Telephonenetwork
Wirelesscellphones
CorporateNetworkInfrastructure
Keydigitalnetworkingtechnologies
Client/servercomputing
Distributedcomputingmodel
Clientslinkedthroughnetworkcontrolledbynetworkservercomputer
Serversetsrulesofcommunicationfornetworkandprovideseveryclientwithanaddresssootherscan
finditonthenetwork
Haslargelyreplacedcentralizedmainframecomputing
TheInternet:Largestimplementationofclient/servercomputing
Packetswitching
Methodofslicingdigitalmessagesintoparcels(packets),sendingpacketsalongdifferentcommunication
pathsastheybecomeavailable,andthenreassemblingpacketsatdestination
Previouscircuitswitchednetworksrequiredassemblyofcompletepointtopointcircuit
Packetswitchingmoreefficientuseofnetworkscommunicationscapacity
TCP/IPandconnectivity
Connectivitybetweencomputersenabledbyprotocols
Protocols:Rulesthatgoverntransmissionofinformationbetweentwopoints
TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)
CommonworldwidestandardthatisbasisforInternet
DepartmentofDefensereferencemodelforTCP/IP
Fourlayers
Applicationlayer
Transportlayer
Internetlayer
Networkinterfacelayer
CommunicationNetworks
Signals:digitalvs.analog
Modem:Translatesdigitalsignalsintoanalogform
Typesofnetworks
Localareanetworks(LANs)
Client/serverorpeertopeer
Ethernetphysicalnetworkstandard
Topologies:star,bus,ring
Campusareanetworks(CANs)
Wideareanetworks(WANs)
Metropolitanareanetworks(MANs)
FunctionofaModem
NetworkTopologies
CommunicationNetworks
Physicaltransmissionmedia
Twistedwire(modems)akaTwistedpair
Coaxialcable
Fibreopticsandopticalnetworks
Wirelesstransmissionmediaanddevices
Microwave
Satellites
Cellulartelephones
Transmissionspeed
Hertz
Bandwidth
TheInternet
WhatistheInternet?
ConnectingtotheInternet
Internetserviceproviders(ISPs)
Services
DSL,cable,satellite,Tlines(T1,T3)
Internetaddressingandarchitecture
IPaddresses
Thedomainnamesystem
Hierarchicalstructure
Topleveldomains
TheDomainNameSystem
TheGlobalInternet
InternetArchitecture
Trunklines(backbonenetworks)
Regionalnetworks
ISPs
InternetGovernance
Noformalmanagement
Policiesestablishedbyprofessional,governmentorganisations
IAB(InternetAdvisoryBoard),ICANN(InternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers),W3C
(WorldWideWebConsortium)
TheFutureInternet
IPv6
Internet2,NGI(nextgenerationinternet)
InternetNetworkArchitecture
Internetservices
Email
Chattingandinstantmessaging
Newsgroups
Telnet
FileTransferProtocol(FTP)
WorldWideWeb
VoiceoverIP(VoIP)
Unifiedcommunications
Virtualprivatenetworks(VPNs)
Client/ServerComputingontheInternet
HowVoiceoverIPWorks
AVirtualPrivateNetworkusingtheInternet
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Rutgers - BAIT - 370
TheInternet(continued)TheWorldWideWebHTML(HypertextMarkupLanguage):FormatsdocumentsfordisplayonWebHypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP):CommunicationsstandardusedfortransferringWebpagesUniformresourcelocators(URLs):AddressesofWebpagesE.g.,http:/www.cio.
Rutgers - BAIT - 370
OrganisingDatainaTraditionalFileEnvironmentFileorganisationconceptsComputersystemorganisesdatainahierarchyField:Groupofcharactersasword(s)ornumberRecord:GroupofrelatedfieldsFile:GroupofrecordsofsametypeDatabase:GroupofrelatedfilesRecord:Describesan
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UsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformance&DecisionMakingVerylargedatabasesandsystemsrequirespecialcapabilities,tools ToanalyzelargequantitiesofdataToaccessdatafrommultiplesystemsThreekeytechniques:DatawarehousingDataminingToolsforaccessinginternal
Rutgers - BAIT - 370
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Rutgers - BAIT - 370
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Rules and guidelinesremain faithful to the requirementsavoid redundancy: less is more; say things at most onceo e.g., do not add an attribute which is already captured in a relationship,or vice versao not only inefficient use of storage, buto we des
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Rules and guidelinesremain faithful to the requirementsavoid redundancy: less is more; say things at most onceo e.g., do not add an attribute which is already captured in a relationship,or vice versao not only inefficient use of storage, buto we des
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Introduction to the relational data modelproposed by Edgar Codd in 1969centered around its primary element: the relationeverything is a relation in this modelWhy the relational model?clean separation between physical and logic layers; ANSI Sparc arch
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Rutgers - BAIT - 470
Keys of relationsa set of one or more attributes of a relation forms a key for that relation if theyfunctionally determine every other attribute of the relationkey must be minimal, i.e., no proper subset is a keyremember there may be more than one key
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Introduction to the relational data modelproposed by Edgar Codd in 1969centered around its primary element: the relationeverything is a relation in this modelWhy the relational model?clean separation between physical and logic layers; ANSI Sparc arch
Rutgers - BAIT - 470
Overviewcartesian product (aka cross-join): theta-join: |><|Cnatural join: |><|outerjoin:o full outerjoin: |>o<|o left outerjoin: |>o<|Lo right outerjoin: |>o<|Rjoin tuples(left and/or right) dangling tuplesconcept of NULL ()Cartesian productu
Rutgers - BAIT - 470
Overview (and recap)Converting atomic attributesclass Movie (extent Movies) cfw_attribute string title;attribute integer year;attribute integer length;attribute enum Film cfw_color,blackAndWhite filmType;;Movies(title, year, length, filmType)Issu
Rutgers - BAIT - 470
Simple properties is commutative, i.e., R S = S R is commutative, i.e., R S = S R is commutative, i.e., a (b (R) = b (a (R) is commutative, i.e., a (b (R) = b (a (R)List all relations in databaseSELECT * FROM TAB;Relation schemasMovies(title, year
Rutgers - BAIT - 470
Why study multiple query languages? (revisited)database systemimplementation(query processing(and optimization)relational algebraSQLDatalog AIknowledge-based systems, LP(PROLOG)data mining, ILP (PROGOL)Overviewwhy did we study multiple query
Rutgers - BAIT - 470
Subqueries (vs. Joins)we already seen them: (.) (.)other wayso in FROMo constant in WHEREo relation in WHEREstored relation vs. parenthesized subquerycorrelated subquery: subquery which must be evaluated more than once(NOT) EXISTS, IN, ALL, ANYCr
Rutgers - BAIT - 470
Three types of relationsstored relation (as known as a table or base relation)virtual relation (as known as a view)temporary results (i.e., subqueries in FROM or WHERE clause)Relation with a viewviews are the relational database analog of iTunes play
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