11
True chapter / False Questions
1. Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch.
True
False
2. A dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments is known as an
H band.
True
False
3. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber.
True
False
4. Clinically, dystrophin is the most important noncontractile protein to occur in muscle fibers.
True
False
5. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction has emerged from research only in the last 10 to
15 years.
True
False
6. A deficiency of acetylcholine receptors leads to muscle paralysis in myasthenia gravis.
True
False
7. An isometric contraction does not change muscle length.
True
False
8. Some smooth muscle is autorhythmic.
True
False
Essay Questions
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Smooth muscle
9. Which muscle tissue listed above is most dependent on extracellular Ca2+?
10. Which muscle tissue listed above contracts in response to conscious nervous stimulation?
11. Which muscle tissue listed above does not exhibit striations?
12. Which muscle tissue listed above has the widest T tubules?
13. Which muscle tissue listed above has the greatest capacity for regeneration?
Multiple Choice Questions
14. Which marks the boundaries of a sarcomere?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
15. Which is predominately made up of myosin?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
16. Which band contains overlapping thick and thin filaments?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E.
5
17. Which of the following is not a purpose of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption in
muscle?
A. to neutralize carbon dioxide buildup
B. to replenish the phosphagen system
C. to oxidize lactic acid
D. to serve elevated metabolic rate
E. to restore resting levels of ATP and CP
18. Which muscle type depends solely on the sarcoplasmic reticulum as its calcium source?
A. skeletal muscle
B. smooth muscle
C. cardiac muscle
D. skeletal and smooth muscle
E. smooth and cardiac muscle
19. Which muscle(s) can contract without the need for nervous stimulation?
A. skeletal muscle
B. smooth muscle
C. cardiac muscle
D. smooth and cardiac muscle
E. skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
20. 80% of the lactic acid produced by skeletal muscle is converted to pyruvic acid
A. by the kidneys
B. in the liver
C. in the muscle tissue
D. in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
E. in the neuromuscular junction
21. During muscle contraction, a single myosin head consumes ATP at a rate of about
A. 1 ATP per second.
B. 3 ATP per second.
C. 5 ATP per second.
D. 7 ATP per second.
E. 9 ATP per second.
22. The term for shortening of a muscle while maintaining constant tension is
A. treppe.
B. tetanus.
C. isokinetic contraction.
D. isometric contraction.
E. isotonic contraction.
23. Which fibers are primarily responsible for producing lactic acid?
A. type I slow oxidative fibers
B. type IIA intermediate glycolytic fibers
C. type IIB fast glycolytic fibers
D. type I slow-twitch fibers
E. red fibers
24. Michael Jordan was arguably the best player in professional basketball history. Scientifically one
would expect him to have highly developed
A. red fibers.
B. white fibers.
C. intermediate fibers.
D. fast-twitch fibers.
E.
slow oxidative fibers.
25. Where would you expect to find numerous gap junctions in muscular tissue?
A. the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle
B. the A bands of skeletal and cardiac muscle
C. the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle
D. intercalated discs of cardiac muscle
E. multiunit smooth muscle
26. The contraction strength of smooth muscle is relatively independent of its resting length partly
because
A. it gets nearly all of its Ca2+ from the extracellular fluid.
B. it does not have intercalated discs.
C. it does not have sarcomeres.
D. it is regulated by a length-tension relationship.
E. it is involuntary muscle.
27. In comparison to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle
A. contracts more slowly but relaxes more rapidly.
B. contracts more rapidly but relaxes more slowly.
C. contracts and relaxes more slowly.
D. consumes more ATP to maintain a given level of muscle tension.
E. depends on a nerve fiber to supply the calcium needed for contraction.
28. Which of the following is very important for muscle to continue contraction during anaerobic
respiration?
A. cholinesterase inhibitors
B. protease
C. myokinase
D. acetylcholinesterase
E. acid phosphatase
29. The minimum stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction is called
A. the threshold.
B. the latent period.
C. twitch.
D. recruitment.
E. innervation.
30. If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber has only partially relaxed
from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be
A. fatigue.
B. treppe.
C. incomplete tetanus.
D. complete tetanus.
E.
flaccid paralysis.
31. Which of the following is true concerning isotonic eccentric contraction?
A. The muscle shortens but tension remains constant.
B. The muscle lengthens but tension remains constant.
C. The muscle tenses and shortens.
D. The muscle tenses but length remains unchanged.
E. The muscle lengthens and tension declines.
32. Which of the following has the largest mitochondria?
A. slow oxidative fibers
B. fast glycolytic fibers
C. cardiac muscle
D. smooth muscle
E.
intermediate fibers
33. One somatic motor neuron is stimulated by how many muscle fibers?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E.
4
34. To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the
synaptic cleft.
A. synaptic knob
B. junctional folds
C. sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. sarcolemma
E.
terminal cisterna
35. The absence or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to which of the
following?
A. flaccid paralysis
B. tetanus
C. atrophy
D. numbness
E. muscle wasting
36. Which statement best describes the goal of medications used to treat myasthenia gravis?
A. to increase the number of acetylcholine receptors
B. to decrease the number of synaptic vesicles
C. to promote multiple motor unit summation
D. to inhibit Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
E. to inhibit the function of cholinesterase
37. The process of bringing more motor units into use during a muscle contraction is called
A. wave summation.
B. recruitment.
C. treppe.
D. incomplete tetanus.
E. complete tetanus.
38. Aerobic respiration produces approximately _____ more ATPs per glucose molecule than
glycolysis does.
A. 12
B. 24
C. 36
D. 48
E. 100
39. Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count and thus increase their
oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in
A. increased glycolysis.
B. increased use of myokinase.
C. longer aerobic respiration.
D. longer anaerobic fermentation.
E. reduced ATP consumption.
40. Cardiac muscle has very little capacity for regeneration because it lacks
A. satellite cells.
B. endomysium.
C. sarcomeres.
D. dense bodies.
E. somatic nerve fibers.
41. Which of the following would be caused by contraction of smooth muscle?
A. goose bumps
B. blood leaving the left ventricle of the heart
C. elevating the eyebrows
D. blinking the eyelids
E. deep inspiration
42. The triads of a muscle fiber consist of
A. two A bands and one I band.
B. two T tubules and one terminal cisterna.
C. two terminal cisternae and one T tubule.
D. two thin myofilaments and one thick myofilament.
E. two thick myofilaments and one thin myofilament.
43. As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue
contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must
A. recruit more muscle fibers.
B. lower its threshold.
C. reduce its wave summation.
D. shift from isometric to isotonic contraction.
E. shift from slow-twitch to fast-twitch mode.
44. The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is
A. F actin.
B. tropomyosin.
C. troponin.
D. titin.
E. dystrophin.
45. Drugs called calcium channel blockers may be used to lower blood pressure by causing arteries
to vasodilate. These drugs
A. prevent calcium from entering the sarcoplasmic reticulum of smooth muscle.
B. stimulate the calcium pump in smooth muscle, thus removing calcium from the calmodulin.
C. prevent calcium from exiting the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle.
D. prevent calcium from entering cardiac muscle, thus slowing down the heart rate.
E. prevent calcium from entering smooth muscle, thus allowing the muscle to relax.
46. Exposure to Clostridium tetani causes continuous release of acetylcholine. What effect does this
have on smooth muscle?
A. flaccid paralysis
B. spastic paralysis
C. lockjaw
D. no effect
E. myocardial atrophy
47. Dystrophin, the protein that is defective in muscular dystrophy, is normally found
A. between the outermost myofilaments and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber.
B. as a transmembrane protein of the sarcolemma.
C. in the Z discs of skeletal and cardiac muscle.
D. in the dense bodies of smooth muscle.
E. bridging the gap between the sarcolemma and synaptic knob.
48. A reason that muscle twitches become progressively stronger in treppe is
A. Ca2+ accumulates in the sarcoplasm faster than the sarcoplasmic reticulum can reabsorb it.
B. ATP is regenerated faster than it is consumed.
C. myosin heads show faster and faster power strokes.
D. more and more acetytlcholine is released with each stimulus.
E. as the muscle warms up, aerobic respiration is accelerated.
49. The purpose of varicosities in motor nerve fibers in muscle physiology is
A. to link the thin filaments to the inside of the sarcolemma in smooth muscle.
B. to reabsorb the decomposition products of acetylcholine after acetylcholinesterase breaks it
down.
C. to enable each cardiac myocyte to directly stimulate its neighbors.
D. to release neurotransmitter onto smooth muscle cells.
E. to prevent single-unit smooth muscle cells from pulling apart.
50. Creatine kinase
A. donates one of its phosphate groups to ADP.
B. phosphorylates and activates certain enzymes in the sarcoplasm.
C. acts as a second messenger in muscle fibers.
D. catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from CP to ADP.
E. functions as a substitute for ATP during anaerobic fermentation.
51. Release of acetylcholine at a neuromuscular junction
A. decreases the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B. increases permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+.
C. decreases the positive charge on the sarcolemma.
D. lowers the threshold of the muscle fiber.
E. overrides the inhibitory effect of acetylcholinesterase.
52. Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential (RMP)?
A. The intracellular environment is negatively charged.
B. The intracellular environment has more positively charged sodium.
C. The extracellular environment is negatively charged.
D. It has a voltage of about +75 mV.
E. It depends on the muscle fiber absorbing potassium ions from the ECF.
53. The sarcolemma of a resting muscle fiber is most permeable to
A. calcium.
B. potassium.
C. sodium.
D. lithium.
E. magnesium.
54. What is the purpose of the triad?
A. The triad stores sodium.
B. The triad synthesizes ATP.
C. The triad maintains the resting membrane potential.
D. The triad removes acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft.
E. The triad allows for Ca2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited.
55. Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in her skeletal muscle?
A. a 50-year-old sedentary computer programmer
B. a 22-year-old football player
C. a long-term hospice patient
D. a model on a reduced-calorie diet
E. a newborn
56. Which of the following systems would provide energy for a racquetball player?
A. the respiratory system
B. the glycolysis system
C. the phosphagen system
D. the anaerobic system
E. glycogen-lactic acid system
57. Loss of muscle mass from lack of activity is termed
A. myopathy.
B. dystrophy.
C. apathy.
D. atrophy.
E. treppe.
58. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell?
A. plasticity
B. contractility
C. conductivity
D. extensibility
E. excitability
59. Collagen is
A. contractile.
B. excitable.
C. elastic.
D. expendable.
E. impermeable.
60. A myofilament that flanks a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called
A. a myofibril.
B. a thin filament.
C. a myoglobin.
D. a sarcoplasm.
E. an elastic filament.
61. The bladder's ability to greatly distend and return to normal tension is due to the ___ of smooth
muscles.
A. elasticity
B. longevity
C. tensile strength
D. plasticity
E. tone
62. A skeletal muscle generates the greatest tension when it is
A. greatly stretched before being stimulated.
B. partially stretched before being stimulated.
C. fully relaxed before being stimulated.
D. well-rested and low in creatine phosphate.
E. in a state of treppe.
63. A volleyball player depends on the gastrocnemius muscles for plantar flexion, whereas a
marathon runner depends more on the soleus muscles for the same action. This is because the
soleus muscles
A. have smaller mitochondria.
B. have more glycogen in them.
C. don't have as many blood capillaries per gram of tissue.
D. make more use of aerobic respiration.
E. break ATP down to ADP and Pi faster.
64. In skeletal muscle, alternating light and dark bands are termed
A. strabismus.
B. striations.
C. treppe.
D. myofibrils.
E. myoblasts.
65. The training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to
A. convert certain parallel muscles into stronger pennate muscles.
B. increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber.
C. convert white muscle tissue to red muscle.
D. increase the size of his motor units.
E. lower the threshold for muscle excitation.
chapter 11 Key
True / False Questions
1.
Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch.
TRUE
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.01.a Describe the physiological properties that all muscle types have in common.
Section: 11.01
Topic: Muscular System
2.
A dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments is known as
an H band.
FALSE
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.02.b Relate the striations of a muscle fiber to the overlapping arrangement of its protein filaments.
Section: 11.02
Topic: Muscular System
3.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber.
TRUE
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.02.a Describe the structural components of a muscle fiber.
Section: 11.02
Topic: Muscular System
4.
Clinically, dystrophin is the most important noncontractile protein to occur in muscle fibers.
TRUE
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.02.c Name the major proteins of a muscle fiber and state the function of each.
Section: 11.02
Topic: Muscular System
5.
The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction has emerged from research only in the last
10 to 15 years.
FALSE
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.04.c Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction.
Section: 11.04
Topic: Muscular System
6.
A deficiency of acetylcholine receptors leads to muscle paralysis in myasthenia gravis.
TRUE
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.04.a Explain how a nerve fiber stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber.
Section: 11.03
Topic: Muscular System
7.
An isometric contraction does not change muscle length.
TRUE
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.05.d Distinguish between isometric and isotonic contraction.
Section: 11.05
Topic: Muscular System
8.
Some smooth muscle is autorhythmic.
TRUE
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.07.d Relate the unique properties of smooth muscle to its locations and functions.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
Essay Questions
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Smooth muscle
9.
Which muscle tissue listed above is most dependent on extracellular Ca2+?
C
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.07.a Describe the structural and physiological differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
10.
Which muscle tissue listed above contracts in response to conscious nervous stimulation?
A
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 11.07.a Describe the structural and physiological differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
11.
Which muscle tissue listed above does not exhibit striations?
C
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.07.c Describe the structural and physiological differences between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
12.
Which muscle tissue listed above has the widest T tubules?
B
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.07.a Describe the structural and physiological differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
13.
Which muscle tissue listed above has the greatest capacity for regeneration?
C
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.07.c Describe the structural and physiological differences between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
Multiple Choice Questions
14.
Which marks the boundaries of a sarcomere?
A. 1
B. 2
C.
3
D.
4
E. 5
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Figure: 11.05
Learning Outcome: 11.02.b Relate the striations of a muscle fiber to the overlapping arrangement of its protein filaments.
Section: 11.04
Topic: Muscular System
15.
Which is predominately made up of myosin?
A. 1
B. 2
C.
3
D.
4
E. 5
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Figure: 11.05
Learning Outcome: 11.02.b Relate the striations of a muscle fiber to the overlapping arrangement of its protein filaments.
Section: 11.04
Topic: Muscular System
16.
Which band contains overlapping thick and thin filaments?
A.
1
B. 2
C.
3
D.
4
E. 5
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Figure: 11.05
Learning Outcome: 11.02.b Relate the striations of a muscle fiber to the overlapping arrangement of its protein filaments.
Section: 11.04
Topic: Muscular System
17.
Which of the following is not a purpose of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption in
muscle?
A. o neutralize carbon dioxide buildup
t
B. to replenish the phosphagen system
C. o oxidize lactic acid
t
D. o serve elevated metabolic rate
t
E. to restore resting levels of ATP and CP
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 11.06.c Define oxygen debt and explain why extra oxygen is needed even after an exercise has ended.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
18.
Which muscle type depends solely on the sarcoplasmic reticulum as its calcium source?
A. keletal muscle
s
B. smooth muscle
C. ardiac muscle
c
D. keletal and smooth muscle
s
E. smooth and cardiac muscle
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.07.a Describe the structural and physiological differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
19.
Which muscle(s) can contract without the need for nervous stimulation?
A. skeletal muscle
B. smooth muscle
C. ardiac muscle
c
D. mooth and cardiac muscle
s
E. skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.07.d Relate the unique properties of smooth muscle to its locations and functions.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
20.
80% of the lactic acid produced by skeletal muscle is converted to pyruvic acid
A. y the kidneys
b
B. in the liver
C. n the muscle tissue
i
D. n the sarcoplasmic reticulum
i
E. in the neuromuscular junction
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.06.b Explain the basis of muscle fatigue and soreness.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
21.
During muscle contraction, a single myosin head consumes ATP at a rate of about
A. 1 ATP per second.
B. 3 ATP per second.
C. ATP per second.
5
D. ATP per second.
7
E. 9 ATP per second.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.04.c Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction.
Section: 11.04
Topic: Muscular System
22.
The term for shortening of a muscle while maintaining constant tension is
A. treppe.
B. tetanus.
C. sokinetic contraction.
i
D. sometric contraction.
i
E. isotonic contraction.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.05.d Distinguish between isometric and isotonic contraction.
Section: 11.05
Topic: Muscular System
23.
Which fibers are primarily responsible for producing lactic acid?
A. type I slow oxidative fibers
B. type IIA intermediate glycolytic fibers
C. ype IIB fast glycolytic fibers
t
D. ype I slow-twitch fibers
t
E. red fibers
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.06.d Distinguish between two physiological types of muscle fibers, and explain their functional roles.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
24.
Michael Jordan was arguably the best player in professional basketball history. would Scientifically
one expect him to have highly developed
A. red fibers.
B. hite fibers.
w
C. ntermediate fibers.
i
D. ast-twitch fibers.
f
E. slow oxidative fibers.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.06.d Distinguish between two physiological types of muscle fibers, and explain their functional roles.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
25.
Where would you expect to find numerous gap junctions in muscular tissue?
A. the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle
B. the A bands of skeletal and cardiac muscle
C. he sarcolemma of skeletal muscle
t
D. ntercalated discs of cardiac muscle
i
E. multiunit smooth muscle
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 11.07.a Describe the structural and physiological differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
26.
The contraction strength of smooth muscle is relatively independent of its resting length partly
because
A. it gets nearly all of its Ca2+ from the extracellular fluid.
B. it does not have intercalated discs.
C. t does not have sarcomeres.
i
D. t is regulated by a length-tension relationship.
i
E. it is involuntary muscle.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.07.c Describe the structural and physiological differences between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
27.
In comparison to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle
A. contracts more slowly but relaxes more rapidly.
B. contracts more rapidly but relaxes more slowly.
C. ontracts and relaxes more slowly.
c
D. onsumes more ATP to maintain a given level of muscle tension.
c
E. depends on a nerve fiber to supply the calcium needed for contraction.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.07.c Describe the structural and physiological differences between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
28.
Which of the following is very important for muscle to continue contraction during anaerobic
respiration?
A. cholinesterase inhibitors
B. protease
C. yokinase
m
D. cetylcholinesterase
a
E. acid phosphatase
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.06.a Explain how skeletal muscle meets its energy demands during rest and exercise.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
29.
The minimum stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction is called
A. he threshold.
t
B. the latent period.
C. witch.
t
D. ecruitment.
r
E. innervation.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.05.a Describe the stages of a muscle twitch.
Section: 11.05
Topic: Muscular System
30.
If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber has only partially relaxed
from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be
A. fatigue.
B. treppe.
C. ncomplete tetanus.
i
D. omplete tetanus.
c
E. flaccid paralysis.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.05.c Explain how successive muscle twitches can add up to produce stronger muscle contractions.
Section: 11.05
Topic: Muscular System
31.
Which of the following is true concerning isotonic eccentric contraction?
A. The muscle shortens but tension remains constant.
B. he muscle lengthens but tension remains constant.
T
C. he muscle tenses and shortens.
T
D. he muscle tenses but length remains unchanged.
T
E. The muscle lengthens and tension declines.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.05.e Distinguish between concentric and eccentric contraction.
Section: 11.05
Topic: Muscular System
32.
Which of the following has the largest mitochondria?
A. slow oxidative fibers
B. fast glycolytic fibers
C. ardiac muscle
c
D. mooth muscle
s
E. intermediate fibers
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.07.a Describe the structural and physiological differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
33.
One somatic motor neuron is stimulated by how many muscle fibers?
A.
0
B. 1
C.
2
D.
3
E. 4
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 11.03.a Explain what a motor unit is and how it relates to muscle contraction.
Section: 11.03
Topic: Muscular System
34.
To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the
synaptic cleft.
A. ynaptic knob
s
B. junctional folds
C. arcoplasmic reticulum
s
D. arcolemma
s
E. terminal cisterna
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.03.b Describe the structure of the junction where a nerve fiber meets a muscle fiber.
Section: 11.03
Topic: Muscular System
35.
The absence or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to which of the
following?
A. flaccid paralysis
B. etanus
t
C. trophy
a
D. umbness
n
E. muscle wasting
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.04.d Explain how a muscle fiber relaxes.
Section: 11.03
Topic: Muscular System
36.
Which statement best describes the goal of medications used to treat myasthenia gravis?
A. to increase the number of acetylcholine receptors
B. to decrease the number of synaptic vesicles
C. o promote multiple motor unit summation
t
D. o inhibit Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
t
E. to inhibit the function of cholinesterase
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.04.c Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction.
Section: 11.03
Topic: Muscular System
37.
The process of bringing more motor units into use during a muscle contraction is called
A. wave summation.
B. ecruitment.
r
C. reppe.
t
D. ncomplete tetanus.
i
E. complete tetanus.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.03.a Explain what a motor unit is and how it relates to muscle contraction.
Section: 11.05
Topic: Muscular System
38.
Aerobic respiration produces approximately _____ more ATPs per glucose molecule than
glycolysis does.
A. 12
B. 24
C. 6
3
D. 8
4
E. 100
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.06.a Explain how skeletal muscle meets its energy demands during rest and exercise.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
39.
Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count and thus increase their
oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in
A. increased glycolysis.
B. increased use of myokinase.
C. onger aerobic respiration.
l
D. onger anaerobic fermentation.
l
E. reduced ATP consumption.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.06.b Explain the basis of muscle fatigue and soreness.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
40.
Cardiac muscle has very little capacity for regeneration because it lacks
A. atellite cells.
s
B. endomysium.
C. arcomeres.
s
D. ense bodies.
d
E. somatic nerve fibers.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 11.07.a Describe the structural and physiological differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
41.
Which of the following would be caused by contraction of smooth muscle?
A. oose bumps
g
B. blood leaving the left ventricle of the heart
C. levating the eyebrows
e
D. linking the eyelids
b
E. deep inspiration
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.07.d Relate the unique properties of smooth muscle to its locations and functions.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
42.
The triads of a muscle fiber consist of
A. two A bands and one I band.
B. two T tubules and one terminal cisterna.
C. wo terminal cisternae and one T tubule.
t
D. wo thin myofilaments and one thick myofilament.
t
E. two thick myofilaments and one thin myofilament.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.02.a Describe the structural components of a muscle fiber.
Section: 11.02
Topic: Muscular System
43.
As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue
contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must
A. ecruit more muscle fibers.
r
B. lower its threshold.
C. educe its wave summation.
r
D. hift from isometric to isotonic contraction.
s
E. shift from slow-twitch to fast-twitch mode.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.03.a Explain what a motor unit is and how it relates to muscle contraction.
Section: 11.03
Section: 11.05
Topic: Muscular System
44.
The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is
A. F actin.
B. tropomyosin.
C. roponin.
t
D. itin.
t
E. dystrophin.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.02.c Name the major proteins of a muscle fiber and state the function of each.
Section: 11.02
Topic: Muscular System
45.
Drugs called calcium channel blockers may be used to lower blood pressure by causing
arteries to vasodilate. These drugs
A. prevent calcium from entering the sarcoplasmic reticulum of smooth muscle.
B. stimulate the calcium pump in smooth muscle, thus removing calcium from the calmodulin.
C. revent calcium from exiting the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle.
p
D. revent calcium from entering cardiac muscle, thus slowing down the heart rate.
p
E. prevent calcium from entering smooth muscle, thus allowing the muscle to relax.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.07.d Relate the unique properties of smooth muscle to its locations and functions.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
46.
Exposure to Clostridium tetani causes continuous release of acetylcholine. What effect does
this have on smooth muscle?
A. flaccid paralysis
B. spastic paralysis
C. ockjaw
l
D. o effect
n
E. myocardial atrophy
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.04.a Explain how a nerve fiber stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber.
Section: 11.04
Topic: Muscular System
47.
Dystrophin, the protein that is defective in muscular dystrophy, is normally found
A. etween the outermost myofilaments and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber.
b
B. as a transmembrane protein of the sarcolemma.
C. n the Z discs of skeletal and cardiac muscle.
i
D. n the dense bodies of smooth muscle.
i
E. bridging the gap between the sarcolemma and synaptic knob.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.02.c Name the major proteins of a muscle fiber and state the function of each.
Section: 11.02
Topic: Muscular System
48.
A reason that muscle twitches become progressively stronger in treppe is
A. a2+ accumulates in the sarcoplasm faster than the sarcoplasmic reticulum can reabsorb it.
C
B. ATP is regenerated faster than it is consumed.
C. yosin heads show faster and faster power strokes.
m
D. ore and more acetytlcholine is released with each stimulus.
m
E. as the muscle warms up, aerobic respiration is accelerated.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 11.05.c Explain how successive muscle twitches can add up to produce stronger muscle contractions.
Section: 11.05
Topic: Muscular System
49.
The purpose of varicosities in motor nerve fibers in muscle physiology is
A. to link the thin filaments to the inside of the sarcolemma in smooth muscle.
B. to reabsorb the decomposition products of acetylcholine after acetylcholinesterase breaks it
down.
C. o enable each cardiac myocyte to directly stimulate its neighbors.
t
D. o release neurotransmitter onto smooth muscle cells.
t
E. to prevent single-unit smooth muscle cells from pulling apart.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.07.d Relate the unique properties of smooth muscle to its locations and functions.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
50.
Creatine kinase
A. donates one of its phosphate groups to ADP.
B. phosphorylates and activates certain enzymes in the sarcoplasm.
C. cts as a second messenger in muscle fibers.
a
D. atalyzes the transfer of phosphate from CP to ADP.
c
E. functions as a substitute for ATP during anaerobic fermentation.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.06.a Explain how skeletal muscle meets its energy demands during rest and exercise.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
51.
Release of acetylcholine at a neuromuscular junction
A. decreases the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B. ncreases permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+.
i
C. ecreases the positive charge on the sarcolemma.
d
D. owers the threshold of the muscle fiber.
l
E. overrides the inhibitory effect of acetylcholinesterase.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 11.03.c Explain why a cell has an electrical charge difference across its plasma membrane and, in general terms, how this relates to
muscle contraction.
Section: 11.03
Topic: Muscular System
52.
Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential (RMP)?
A. he intracellular environment is negatively charged.
T
B. The intracellular environment has more positively charged sodium.
C. he extracellular environment is negatively charged.
T
D. t has a voltage of about +75 mV.
I
E. It depends on the muscle fiber absorbing potassium ions from the ECF.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.03.c Explain why a cell has an electrical charge difference across its plasma membrane and, in general terms, how this relates to
muscle contraction.
Section: 11.03
Topic: Muscular System
53.
The sarcolemma of a resting muscle fiber is most permeable to
A. calcium.
B. otassium.
p
C. odium.
s
D. ithium.
l
E. magnesium.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 11.03.c Explain why a cell has an electrical charge difference across its plasma membrane and, in general terms, how this relates to
muscle contraction.
Section: 11.03
Topic: Muscular System
54.
What is the purpose of the triad?
A. The triad stores sodium.
B. The triad synthesizes ATP.
C. he triad maintains the resting membrane potential.
T
D. he triad removes acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft.
T
E. The triad allows for Ca2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.02.a Describe the structural components of a muscle fiber.
Section: 11.02
Topic: Muscular System
55.
Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in her skeletal muscle?
A. a 50-year-old sedentary computer programmer
B. 22-year-old football player
a
C. long-term hospice patient
a
D. model on a reduced-calorie diet
a
E. a newborn
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.06.a Explain how skeletal muscle meets its energy demands during rest and exercise.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
56.
Which of the following systems would provide energy for a racquetball player?
A. the respiratory system
B. the glycolysis system
C. he phosphagen system
t
D. he anaerobic system
t
E. glycogen-lactic acid system
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.06.a Explain how skeletal muscle meets its energy demands during rest and exercise.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
57.
Loss of muscle mass from lack of activity is termed
A. myopathy.
B. dystrophy.
C. pathy.
a
D. trophy.
a
E. treppe.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.06.e Discuss the factors that affect muscular strength.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
58.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell?
A. lasticity
p
B. contractility
C. onductivity
c
D. xtensibility
e
E. excitability
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.01.b List the defining characteristics of skeletal muscle.
Section: 11.01
Topic: Muscular System
59.
Collagen is
A. contractile.
B. excitable.
C. lastic.
e
D. xpendable.
e
E. impermeable.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.01.c Discuss the possible elastic functions of the connective tissue components of a muscle.
Section: 11.01
Topic: Muscular System
60.
A myofilament that flanks a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called
A. a myofibril.
B. a thin filament.
C. myoglobin.
a
D. sarcoplasm.
a
E. an elastic filament.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.02.c Name the major proteins of a muscle fiber and state the function of each.
Section: 11.02
Topic: Muscular System
61.
The bladder's ability to greatly distend and return to normal tension is due to the ___ of
smooth muscles.
A. elasticity
B. longevity
C. ensile strength
t
D. lasticity
p
E. tone
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.07.d Relate the unique properties of smooth muscle to its locations and functions.
Section: 11.07
Topic: Muscular System
62.
A skeletal muscle generates the greatest tension when it is
A. greatly stretched before being stimulated.
B. artially stretched before being stimulated.
p
C. ully relaxed before being stimulated.
f
D. ell-rested and low in creatine phosphate.
w
E. in a state of treppe.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.04.e Explain why the force of a muscle contraction depends on sarcomere length prior to stimulation.
Section: 11.04
Topic: Muscular System
63.
A volleyball player depends on the gastrocnemius muscles for plantar flexion, whereas a
marathon runner depends more on the soleus muscles for the same action. This is because
the soleus muscles
A. have smaller mitochondria.
B. have more glycogen in them.
C. on't have as many blood capillaries per gram of tissue.
d
D. ake more use of aerobic respiration.
m
E. break ATP down to ADP and Pi faster.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.06.a Explain how skeletal muscle meets its energy demands during rest and exercise.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
64.
In skeletal muscle, alternating light and dark bands are termed
A. strabismus.
B. triations.
s
C. reppe.
t
D. yofibrils.
m
E. myoblasts.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 11.02.b Relate the striations of a muscle fiber to the overlapping arrangement of its protein filaments.
Section: 11.01
Topic: Muscular System
65.
The training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to
A. convert certain parallel muscles into stronger pennate muscles.
B. ncrease the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber.
i
C. onvert white muscle tissue to red muscle.
c
D. ncrease the size of his motor units.
i
E. lower the threshold for muscle excitation.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 11.06.f Discuss the effects of resistance and endurance exercises on muscle.
Section: 11.06
Topic: Muscular System
chapter 11 Summary
Category
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
# of Quest
ions
25
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
5
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
32
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
3
Figure: 11.05
3
Learning Outcome: 11.01.a Describe the physiological properties that all muscle types have in common.
1
Learning Outcome: 11.01.b List the defining characteristics of skeletal muscle.
1
Learning Outcome: 11.01.c Discuss the possible elastic functions of the connective tissue components of a muscle.
1
Learning Outcome: 11.02.a Describe the structural components of a muscle fiber.
3
Learning Outcome: 11.02.b Relate the striations of a muscle fiber to the overlapping arrangement of its protein filaments.
5
Learning Outcome: 11.02.c Name the major proteins of a muscle fiber and state the function of each.
4
Learning Outcome: 11.03.a Explain what a motor unit is and how it relates to muscle contraction.
3
Learning Outcome: 11.03.b Describe the structure of the junction where a nerve fiber meets a muscle fiber.
1
Learning Outcome: 11.03.c Explain why a cell has an electrical charge difference across its plasma membrane and, in gene
ral terms, how this relates to muscle contraction.
3
Learning Outcome: 11.04.a Explain how a nerve fiber stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber.
2
Learning Outcome: 11.04.c Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction.
3
Learning Outcome: 11.04.d Explain how a muscle fiber relaxes.
1
Learning Outcome: 11.04.e Explain why the force of a muscle contraction depends on sarcomere length prior to stimulation.
1
Learning Outcome: 11.05.a Describe the stages of a muscle twitch.
1
Learning Outcome: 11.05.c Explain how successive muscle twitches can add up to produce stronger muscle contractions.
2
Learning Outcome: 11.05.d Distinguish between isometric and isotonic contraction.
2
Learning Outcome: 11.05.e Distinguish between concentric and eccentric contraction.
1
Learning Outcome: 11.06.a Explain how skeletal muscle meets its energy demands during rest and exercise.
6
Learning Outcome: 11.06.b Explain the basis of muscle fatigue and soreness.
2
Learning Outcome: 11.06.c Define oxygen debt and explain why extra oxygen is needed even after an exercise has ended.
1
Learning Outcome: 11.06.d Distinguish between two physiological types of muscle fibers, and explain their functional roles.
2
Learning Outcome: 11.06.e Discuss the factors that affect muscular strength.
1
Learning Outcome: 11.06.f Discuss the effects of resistance and endurance exercises on muscle.
1
Learning Outcome: 11.07.a Describe the structural and physiological differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal musc
le.
7
Learning Outcome: 11.07.c Describe the structural and physiological differences between smooth muscle and skeletal musc
le.
4
Learning Outcome: 11.07.d Relate the unique properties of smooth muscle to its locations and functions.
6
Section: 11.01
4
Section: 11.02
8
Section: 11.03
9
Section: 11.04
7
Section: 11.05
8
Section: 11.06
13
Section: 11.07
17
Topic: Muscular System
65