SECOND SOCIOLOGY HALF TERMS Demography--study of population Sex ratio: number of males for 100 females in a population o Alaska has most males o Washington D.C. has most females Birth Rate: number of babies born in year for 1000 members in population Death Rate: number of babies born in year for 1000 members in population Rate of Natural Increase: birth rate minus death rate Fertility Rate: Number of children that each woman who has completed child bearing years has had Death rate for American service members is lower than civilian society Infant mortality rate--how many 1 year and under children die per 1000 people o Best measure of health of society o States tied for lowest rate: Colorado and Wyoming o State with highest: Washington D.C. Suicide rate o White male is 3x more likely than black male to commit suicide o White male is 4.5x more likely to commit suicide than white woman o Male blacks 6x more likely than female blacks Demographic transition theory o Stage one: high birth rate and high death rate Hunting gathering societies o Stage two: high birth and low death Industrialization Health care/Good medical care Africa o Stage three: birth rate low and death rate very low Western Europe USA o Stage four: lower birth rate than death rate Europe moving towards this Benedict's Cultures of 3 pre-literate societies o Pueblos (Indians)--society of agreeable cooperation, no one sought to stand out, did not get excited o Dobus--society near South Pacific, did not trust other people, emphasis on private property,
o Kwakiutls--Vancouver Canada, society of individuals, conspicuous consumption, show off what you have Celebration called Potlatch, burning own objects showed off your wealth Reisman's 3 types of societies o Tradition Direction High birth high death Do things the way they've always been done, grow up like same sex parent One feels shamed when violating norms o Inner Direction High birth low death Do things because they've been taught to live up to ideals, be individualist Guilt when deviant o Other Direction Low birth low death Do things because what's everyone else doing, be a conformist, pressure from peer group Anxious when deviant Medium Media o Oral, Print, Electronic Cool Media vs. Hot Media o Unstructured communication (print) vs. Structured communication (internet, TV) McLuhan's Stages of society o Oral No print, people talk o Pictographs Hieroglyphics, symbols that represent words o Alphabet Symbols mean sounds o Print o Electronic Urban life has become American life o 75% of people live in cities o Standard Metropolitan Areas--a city of at least 50,000 and everyone who lives adjacent to it o Only 2% engage in farming o Less than 20% of Americans live in small town less than 5,000
Ecology--how cities are spread out geographically--three phases o Pre-industrial (Traditional direction) Built for walking. No public transportation. Few big parks. Acamo, New Mexico is oldest community in America Places like Venice, Jerusalem, Amsterdam US: Charleston, Manhattan, San Francisco, New Orleans o Industrial (inner directed society) Rise of factories, Steam power, Railroad. Public transportation. Downtown areas . Concentric circle theory 1st circle: Downtown 2nd circle: Factories 3rd: middle class living spaces Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburg, new England Declining in populations because people are moving into suburbs o Post-industrial (other directed society) Automobile becomes use of transportation. Electricity instead of steam. Telephone Houston, Denver, Los Angeles, Phoenix Suburbs become predominant Structure--a regular and observable unit of society o Really exists, like a city, country, factory, this classroom Function--a consequence that results from the structure o A school is a structure. The function is to teach. Institution--a particular kind of structure involving large numbers of people and carries out important functions of society o 4 Main: Family, religion, political system, economy One structure can have many functions If society does not perform universal functions/functional requisites it will fail o Reproduce new members for group Religion o Socialize new members Education o Produce goods and services necessary for life Economy o Maintain order within group Government o Defining the meaning of life
Religion
Manifest Function--what is intended by the structure Latent Function--what is unintended by the structure In your life you'll have three choices: o Careerism--successful career o Consumerism--good standard of living o Family--raise a good family DINK--double income no kids Family of Orientation--family your born into Family of Procreation--family you produce Nuclear family--Mother and father and kids Extended family--Grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins Estimated that today 40% of people getting married will get a divorce o 50% of this population will have a second marriage ending in divorce Rights Duty o Wife-mother Role Bearing raising children Domestic service at home Narrow range of activities outside home Right Alimony o Companion Role Preserve beauty Intellectual alertness Right Pleasures with husband He should also be alert o Partner Role Must contribute to family funds Don't expect chivalry Rights
Economic independence Joint decisions Career Track--or fast track, putting career first and competing with men Mommy Track--taking maternal leave and then coming back to work In U.S. 9 out of 10 people believe in God out 8 of 10 believe life after death 7 of 10 believe Heaven and Hell 3 Colonial Religions o Anglicans (Episcopalian) o Presbyterian o Congregationalist (Protestant) th 19 century churches o Methodist o Baptist Immigrant Churches o Roman Catholic o Lutheran o Jews o Eastern Orthodox o Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim Made in America churches o Jesus Christ church of the latter day Saints, Mormonism o Christian Scientists o Jehovah Witnesses o Seventh Day Adventists o Scientology Fastest growing religions o Mormonism o Southern Baptist wings Northwestern students o 27% Protestants (majority)
More divisions in denominations than between them Old theology vs. new theology o Old (conservative, fundamental, orthodox) Religious groups emphasizing heaven and hell
Prayer in school Conservative Catholics o New (liberals, reformed Jews) Religious groups emphasizing social things like political correctness, poor people For gay rights and abortion Against prayer in school SectChurchSect o Sect Poorer people. Emphasis on conversion of adults o Church More prosperous. Seminaries. Religious education o Sect (Again) Once church gets stable and enlarges and sect breaks away from it Not class variables, but effect voting patterns o Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Religion Cultural issues effecting voting patterns o Abortion, Gay Issues, Gun Control, Death penalty, Bilingual education, Drugs, Stem Cell research Four categories of politics--Economic/Cultural: LL, CL, LC, CC o Economic Liberal and Cultural Conservative New Deal o Economic Liberal and Cultural Liberal Democratic party, Al Gore, Ted Kennedy, University faculty o Economic Conservative and Cultural Liberal Suburban, Bill Clinton, George Bush Sr., Environmental issues o Economic Conservative and Cultural Conservative Small business owners, Immigrants, Small town America NU 2007 o Liberal Liberal 42% o Conservative Liberal 53% Years Back o Liberal Liberal 49% o Conservative Liberal 43% American Jobs gone up o Prof MGR o White Collar
o Service American Jobs gone down o Farming o Blue Collar Who should get paid more? o Based on training o Based on usefulness of job o How unpleasant work it Taxi Driver is most dangerous job Chicken feather plucking is worst job Vacations in America are 2 weeks vs. Vacations in Europe are 4-6 weeks Hollywood Effect--make it big or don't make it at all Robert Reich's New types of work changing world o (America excels) Symbol analysts Manipulation of symbols and communication--lawyers, bankers o (America not competitive) Production and Processing Closely supervised factory work--manual labor o (Americas good at some) Personal services Essential services--restaurants, cab drivers, security guards "Theory Z" o Theory Y is American Model American workers are lazy Americans promote individuality Breeds resentment and malcontent Money is incentive for hard work o Theory Z is Japanese Model Work hard without supervision Promotion by cohorts, which breeds cooperation Non-monetary incentives Predictions about economy o Families will be stretched out because more women work. Taking care of family becomes more work. New appreciation of mommy-trackers o Earlier retirements o Survey shows that more Americans say work is more important than leisure, but since 1990, leisure is more important
Vietnam Dead Killed/Wounded ratio Tour Length Draft Women Hispanic Reserves Civilian Contractors Alcohol Location Men Communication Rear-echelon Transportation Latent Ideology 47,000 1:3 1 year Yes 0 Few Stayed at home Minor role Legal Fun of Saigon Single Snail Mail REMF Helicopter Fight communism
Iraq 3200 1:8 15 months No 10% Many 30% deployed 25,000 (Many) Illegal Shit of Bagdad Married Internet Fobbit Armored Tanks Fight terrorism
Deros--Date Eligible to Return Over Seas REMF-- Rear-echelon mother fuckers Fob--Forward Operating Base Latent Ideology o Not overtly believing in cause, but finding some subconscious truth Conscientious Objection o Group1) No combat service People who are willing to put uniform, but not kill o Group 2) No military service Won't wear uniform, but will serve as civilians o Group 3) Refuse to fight, period
Jehovah's witnesses Vietnam had 1 million conscientious objectors o Cold War = 30,000 o WWI = 20,000 o WWII = 10,000 Civilian Service Institutions o FDR--Civilian Conservation Corps o JFK--Peace Corps o LBJ--Vista o Clinton--AmeriCorps Peace Corps more popular than AmeriCorps. Only 1/4 th have heard of AmeriCorps. G.I. Bill--Receive educational benefits to go to college 3 Tiered National Service Program o Military Draft o Civilian Service o Homeland Security Millennial o People born from early 1980s and on o "Generation Y" o Since 1994, crime, pregnancy under 18, drinking has gone down Stanford o Careerists Males from upper middle class families Keep away from faculty, do not get into personal relations Few extracurriculars Major in science, engineering, economics o Intellectuals Female Interact with faculty Extracurriculars Humanities What to do with one's career? o Strivers Minority group members from lower income groups Varied majors
Often first in family to go to college o The unconnected Mediocre performance Do not get involved with students or faculty Few extracurriculars 33% of Northwestern University students have family income of $200,000 + "Not to show you strange things and make them familiar, but show you familiar things and make them strange."