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111 HUM RETURN TO ORDER: TOWNS, GUILDS, AND UNIVERSITITES Chronology: Rise of Midieval Towns: Crusades: University of Bologna: University of Paris: Scholasticism & Aquinas: 11th-13th centuries 1095-1204 1116 1150 1200-1300 Rise of the Medieval Town Feudalism & manorialism: agrarian economy, surplus traded by barter Until this point, most families just grew enough for themselves. Early middle ages, cold and wet. Late middle ages it became warmer and drier, people could grow more crops, so they could have some surplus. With surplus you can trade more and support more people... the normal family could probably keep about 1/3 of their products, enough to save and stuff. Early markets: informal, met at cross-roads, always near castles, later formalized With surplus people started to set up little trade fairs: everyone would agree to meet a certain day and bring their goods. At first these were very informal, with people bringing their stuff and exchanging... eventually they became more formalized, people started bringing tables and chairs, had tents to protect... slowly these became permanent markets, people would built warehouses on site and permanent shops... these informal trade fairs grew into the new medieval cities. At the end of the middle ages with the establishment of feudalism, peace, things settled down, had the foundation of europe. Land boundaries were better established. There was a reestablishment of cities in europe. When there were invasions people didn't want to be in the cities because they were dangerous to be in. for hundreds of years people didn't live in cities... but now they are living there more often. Athens, for example, grew up around an acropolis and had a religious basis, they all grew up around religious sites.... "tun" = (town) enclosure or walled area: "burg" = (Hamburg) fortified community This comes from the latin "tun" so a town actually means enclosure. Every medieval town had a wall encircling it. The suffix burg means walled enclosure or a fotified community. In French, the word bourgeoisie (a person who lives in the city, in an enclosed area) 11th & 12th centuries: improvement in weather, excess crops, surplus for trade This surplus also allowed for population increase and the support of more people Opening up of the East by the Crusades, influx of goods ...explained? The crusades (knights of europe to go and free the holy land) the crusaders opened up trade from the east, from asia (silk and spices- were used as preservatives)... and people really wanted the goods once they had them once. The warmer climates have more spicy foods, note this!!! The people didn't need spices in scandanavia, for instance very bland food there... italy was a recipient of this. Much of the trade went by ship. It was safer to carry it this way. When the crusaders went to the east and found that the Byzantine and muslim scholars had kept old learning, the influx of trade bringing wealth to the Italians, the people had money to spend on art, villas, etc. and the renaissance began there... Establishment of trade fairs (Dukes of Champagne, tolls) The trade fairs became permanent Some aristocrats set up malls, trade centers, because they didn't want everyone else getting the money, they wanted a piece of the wealth.. They would be protected by knights and castles... they started to protect the roads... the aristocrats at the commercial fares would protect the roads for the traders, this increased the trades... People started to mint coins again and facilitate trade through coinage, which helped to increase the trade... History of towns: Greek: acropolis, religious basis (polis) Athens, for example Hellenistic: king's palace, political basis (cosmopolis) Roman: army camp, military basis (civitas) Medieval: market, economic basis (tun or town) Began with an economic basis but soon needed a political structure. Greek Hellenistic, & Roman: interacted with rural areas Medieval towns: separate and independent from rural areas In the past, most people who could afford to live in town, would have lands outside in the countryside where they would get their produce. But in the Medieval town this was not true. It was self sufficient and independent because it was based on trade. People flocked to the town to become merchants... they didn't produce anything but simply made money just trading Development of middle class: burgers or bourgeoisie (neither serf nor aristocrat) Before, there was no middle class... now there is a class between the aristocrats and the peasants... people could start to work their way up the social ladder Towns paid fees to lords who owned land, received charters in return In return for a charter to use the land and freedom of the lord to bother them about it, they would give the lords fees. A person would be designated as the berger or mayor: man in charge of the town. Development of city government, mayors; serfs free if resident 1 year and 1 day They began to say that a serf (individual tied to land) who made it to the city and lived there for 1 year and 1 day they would be free. So cities became synonymous with freedom, people would try to escape to the cities. Rome had over 1,000000 people at its height. Medieval cities at the height had 40,000 people. They are not large urban cities, this is small scale urbanization The Medieval Guild System: Medieval hierarchy in the marketplace Manufacturing started. Guild systems... Merchant Guilds: governed marketplace, set hours and days of operation This is a guild that governed the marketplace, they would set hours of operation and days of operation. The merchant guild also controlled the prices of goods and standards of weights and measures Established weights, measures, and quality of goods There wasn't a standard for that at first, so you couldn't compare prices if you didn't know the real weights... so the merchant guild started to formalize this. They also controlled the quality of merchandise. People with shoddy goods would get a talking to by the merchant guild. Craft Guilds: came with increased specialization within individual crafts Supervised production of goods and training of craftsmen The training of the people as well... Most education had been continued in the monasteries and the cathedral schools, but these were primarily to teach people to work in the church. Later, they needed ways to learn the trades so they got... Apprentice: lowest, worked in return for training Apprenticeships: you would send your son at 7 or 8 years old to live with the worker and his family... the son would live with the family and work in return for room and board and trading... the sons would leave home very young... not live far, but not live with the family. Journeymen: licensed artisans, paid by the day (journee) french word journee, meaning you got paid by the day. This was after the trainee good good enough to work and live on his own. Masters: operate workshops, train others, vote in guild Once you are good enough, and have worked for a long time, you have to create a work that represented his best quality work. You have to pick something to make, and submit your work to the guild to become a master. This was called a masterpiece... if the guild approves it you can open your own shop and take apprentices of your own Economic and personal benefits offered by guilds The guilds were economic but also social... guilds would care for sick members, bail out of gail, throw parties for marriages/children, and give you a funeral. We start to see a social responsibility to the community, those with who you have social relationships... not just family. You start to see social organizations like hospitals and orphanages... The guilds would adopt a patron saint... Position of women in guild system Women couldn't go off and join a guild themselves. But if a woman's husband died and he was in a guild, the woman could take his place in the guild and continue to run the business... the women could be fairly influential in some of the medieval cities Commercial Revolution: (13th century) partnerships, insurance, credit/usury, Gold coins/banking, commercial capitalism There is a very definite change in the way large numbers of people are living tgheir lives... there is a commercial... idea of partnerships- pooling capital and going into business together, inverst and share profits... insurance on ships going overseas or on caravans to the east (in the old days there was betting, but actual insurance is good now)... in this time also there was credit (interest for money) and usury (charging exorbitant amounts of money)... banking also developed during this time... and commercial capitalism started, money making money. Using money to make money. Not your back or your brain, but money. Problems of Medieval Cities: pollution, overcrowding, crime, disease (Black Death) Life wasn't all wonderful. Cities were crowded and dirty. Disease would spread like wildfire... there was all kind of air pollution... In 1348 the black plague came on fleas on rats, after about 50 years, 1/3 of the population died... some say about 50% died... the plague came in waves and people died in masses... people thought it was gods wrath because people were becoming materialistic and he was punishing them. The Rise of the University There was a demand for other types of professions that monastery and cathedral schools couldn't deal with. This started very humbly... individuals wanting to be doctors or lawyers... and people knew people who had books, groups of men would pay men who had books to read to them from his books and teach them. The word lecture comes from a latin word meaning to read. A man would read the book to the men and teach them. There were guilds of students and teachers... People debate where the first university was... it was probably the university of bologna in italy in 1116... although in france people will get angry if you say so!!! Right away it became evident that there was some discrepancy between the church learning and the classical learning (plato, Aristotle, etc...)... people saw these two things contradicting and being mutually exclusive of each other... but other people saw that the pagan philosophy could enlightened Christian beliefs Monastery Schools; Cathedral Schools Universities Scholasticism: reconcile classical philosophy with Medieval theology, syncretism Saying that classical philosophy and medieval theology are not mutually exclusive is scholasticism. Dialectics (pro & con); Encyclopedias (circle, educate); Summas (summaries) Thomas Aquinas: (1225-1274), Summa Theologica, two-fold mode of truth Individuals like he tried to compile info... he came up with the two-fold mode of truth, that you can reconcile faith and reason... Visual Tour of the Medieval City A building with large windows that looks medieval is a replica... back in the real times you wouldn't have such large windows... the crenellated wall is defensive so the guard could hide behind the pokes on the wall... and he could throw arrows out between peaks This is the time of castles, knights, ladies, courtly love tradition... many have moats... We see hospitals, orphanages, public service agencies, etc. They started to use glass for windows, came up with clear glass... Medieval houses get progressively larger as they go up in floors... you were taxed based on how big the base of your house was, so the higher levels got bigger... Streets were very narrow and windy... People kept paving over so much that a big archway and canal got totally covered up. A weigh house was part of the city wall, the canal came in, and the boats would go into the weigh house.... And leather straps would weigh your boat... and you would be taxed by how much it weighed... Street bridge... if youre going to be taxed the by amount of land your ground takes up, you can build up to the next of peoples houses next to you so you don't have to take up ground space. HUM 111 THE GOTHIC ERA: THE SUPREMACY OF SPIRITUALISM Chronology: Period of Crusades: Rise of the University: Scholasticism & Aquinas: Gothic Era: Transition to Renaissance: Black Death: 1095-1204 1100-1300 1200-1300 1150-1300 1300-1400 began 1348 The Gothic Era: Improved climate, rise of towns, increased trade & optimism These things were all characteristic of this era... The very end of the middle ages was referred to as the gothic era... Gothic= Goth-like, derogatory, coined in the Renaissance The term gothic was not used by the people of the time.. Vessari used it to describe the type of architecture that he hated from the medieval times... he looked at the architecture of the time and he said ew, it looks like the primitive horrible Goths did it... he said it looked very barbaric and goth-like.... The people of the time didn't call it gothic they called it... Opus modernum= modern work Opus means work, all through history people call themselves modern. Every era has thought they were modern. Opus francigium= Frankish work they also called their work this... Chartres Cathedral: we are going to look at one cathedral to exemplify gothic work... if we know the qualities of this work we can apply it to all of the gothic cathedrals. It is in the town of Chartes, south of Paris. Medieval Summa Chartres, France, southwest of Paris (Ile de France); 1194-1260 They didn't call it chartres, they called it notre dame Notre Dame= Our Lady; dedicated to the Virgin Mary all of the gothic cathedrals were called Notre Dame, meaning Our Lady, dedicated to Mary there was an emphasis on mary, the mother of Christ... the church has become more and more hierarchical, inserting itself between the worshippers and Christ. Now you go to mary with prayers and requests, not directly to Christ. The church brought mary into a more central position. They say that they did this maybe because the women of the later middle ages had a higher status... and some people say that they put mary up in the front and took a place of importance which let women be more important.. this is like the chicken and the egg questin... Mary= salvation, intervention, forgiveness, grace Mary symbolized all of these things... a softer tone than how Christ was viewed as a harsh judge a feudal king, so mary mitigated this and softened the image of harsh Christ... Elevation in the position of women: courtly love Women had a higher position at the same time that mary became more important. Women contributed a lot and could contribute in the guilds, it appears that in the late middle ages when the women can handle some leadership, women get a higher position and mary becomes important... Cult of Relics: crusades; site of Marian pilgrimage, mantle of Mary The actual garment (cloak or cape) of the virgin mary is housed here, so many people go there... people go on a pilgrimage to this site to see this. Cult of the relics: people would bring back bones, skills, of saints, pieces of the cross... these relics were placed at holy sites and people would go worship at these sites... All of the gothic churches were dedicated to mary Cathedral: seat (cathedra) of a Bishop; "city" must have cathedral We call this a cathedral (we called basilicas because they were in the shape of the basilica law courts) because the word cathedral means seat in latin, and the cathedral is a seat of a bishop... the Church had taken the system of Diosyses and put a bishop over each diosyses... his church was called a cathedral, there would be lots of little parish chrches, but the one big church would be the cathedral... when the church was planted in the center of town, it was the center of all activities in the middle ages... the church also served as a public meeting hall (could hold 10,000 people) there were marketplaces in the steps, theatrical performances... it was the center of life in the middle ages... they took decades to build, the idea wasn't to get in and worship... and the idea was to show ongoing piety Competition: highest cathedral; act of ongoing piety (value) The idea was everyone to contribute, participate, know that generations could work on the church and show their piety to god.... Not expected to finish and get in there and worship... we don't know the names of builders... and only know the names of 1 or 2 bishops... men, women, children, rich, and poor helped build... people weren't hired to build, but everyone participated in it, and lived it. Cities competed to have the highest and the best cathedrals... they call it a frenzy of piety (people hoped to win a place in heaven by showing their devotion to god) there began a competition to see who could have the highest cathedral -took so long to build that by the time one tower was done the style was out, so a new gothic tower was built in the in-style kind "The highest building reflects that culture's most cherished values." This is what historians say for most places... Oriented: (oriens) choir end on east (Jerusalem); entrance on west The front side was the west side, it would be the last thing they would do on the cathedral... it often wouldn't ever get finished or would get finished centuries later... they would face eastJerusalem... Plan: Latin Cross, based on modules of three (number theory) They were always in the shape of the latin cross... one long arm and three short arms... By the late middle ages number theory became very important... by now every number has a special significance... 9 had a significance for the virgin mary. Everything was in 3 or multiples of three... Much more complex and much larger than, say, old st. peters... this particular church has the veil of mary in the east end... During this time the mass could take 4, 5, 6 hours... there were little walkways so you could go into a little chapel and worship alone without being involved in the main mass... 9 was the symbol of Mary... Dante wrote "the blessed virgin is 9, for she is the root of the trinity" Interior: pointed arches, ribbed vaults, stress vertical to Heaven Early Christian churches of the pagan world had big thick walls and only a few high windows, blocking off the outside windows... but by the gothic age, all of europe was Christian, so it is more friendly to welcome in the outside world, they don't fear it... there are a lot of points... pointed arches are the giveaway that it is gothic... the idea is that it leads your eye up to heaven... the vertical leads your way to heaven... there are vaults in the ceiling Windows, importance of light (spiritual); Dante: light The goal was to open up the walls to as much window space as possible... pointed arches allow for bigger windows than round arches as well... this could bring more light into the cathedral, as much light as possible... Dante spoke that light was important Technology: flying buttresses; dematerialization of walls In this they tried to dematerialize the walls, they want the walls to be least obtrusive as possible with as many windows as possible... they do this by using flying buttresses, all churches would have thick areas of wall to help hold it up... but when you have real thick walls with buttresses you wouldn't have room for windows... so they put buttresses on the outside going out and down to have not as much thrust down on the inside wall.. the buttresses were flying buttresses, not attached to the wall... so there was more room for the windows... the flying buttresses were very cool architecture... very beautiful... Stained glass windows: otherworldly, spiritualism Stained glass represents the heavenly light coming into the church... you wanted to have as much glass as possible to tell the old and new testament stories in the stain glass windows... the iconography of the windows was amazing.. the people going to the worship, even if they couldn't read, could learn of the stories from the windows... Most of the windows deal with the story of mary and her life... she is shown very much like a feudal, medieval queen, she is known as the queen of heaven... she becomes the throne of Christ and is at the center of most of the imagery of any of the gothic cathedrals City of God and the New Jerusalem Medieval Summa: comprehensive summary They called the gothic cathedrals the medieval summa... a sum of the bible through stain glass windows and sculpture on the outside (early Christians didn't want to draw attention, in contrast with this)... they say that with stain glass windows and the sculptures all of the learning of the church is revealed... a summa can be in anything, here it is in theology The Bible in Stone and Glass This is the place where the average person could go and learn the stories Biblia Pauperum The bible of the pauper... it isn't till the renaissance and late late gothic that rich families would have their own bibles and worship at home... there is some debate about how much the average person could understand, cuz some of the imagery is elitist Encyclopedia: encyclos (to encircle), pedia (to educate) They also called the building the encyclopedia... bringing together all of the knowledge of the day Tympanum: arched area over doors, didactic (instructional) One of the most studied off all of the doorways Tympanum is the arched area over the doors is... The Virgin Portal: This is about mary, shown as queen of heaven on Dionysus (raised pedestal), with Christ on her lap. Around the outside is the medieval scholasticism, trying to reconcile pagan philosophy with Christian philosophy... Thomas aquanis said that mary had the seven liberal arts... There are paired figures... saints paired with classical thinkers... this really shows scholasticism!! And syncretism... Mary: Queen of Heaven, Seat of Knowledge She is known as the queen of heaven, and she was the seat of knowledge... Mary: Patron of the Seven Liberal Arts Thomas Aquanis said this... forms the basis of medieval scholasticism... people are struggling with a way to bring in ancient greek and roman learning... the universities reintroduced the concept of the seven liberal arts that started with the greeks... Learning is divided into 2 main parts... words and numbers... Trivium: grammar, dialectic, rhetoric Words... classified as the trivium, need the 3 parts Quadrivium: geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, music Numbers... classified as the quadrivium, need the four parts.. they have thought since ancient greece that if you have these education components, you are a well-educated person. What they do on the cathedral is scholasticism, bring things together... Labyrinth: on floor of Nave, symbolic pilgrimages (piety) Inside the cathedral there will often be a labyrinth in the pavement of the floor... it is a maze, you follow it around, it is wide enough for a person to walk, but people most often kneel and walk on knees... eventually you end up in the center... this was a symbolic pilgrimage... people of the time in good health were expected to have some type of pilgrimage... most people didn't have the money to leave for a long time and go somewhere for a pilgrimage, so people would follow this on their knees for a symbolic pilgrimage... and pilgrimage still happens today... the overall shape is a circle, it is the perfect shape, represents the perfection of Christ, has no beginning, no end, all points equidistant from center Rose Windows: circle= perfect geometric shape (Mary) Large circular stain glass windows... called rose windows in gothic churches... this is another way to identify gothic cathedrals... Rose was considered the highest form of plant and represented mary... Shapes were ranked, blotch to circle... Plants were ranked weed to rose...

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