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111 HUM ANCIENT EGYPT II: THE NEW KINGDOM AND THE AMARNA PERIOD Herodotus ("Father of History, 5th century BC, Greece): "Egypt is the gift of the Nile." Egypt is the gift of the nile- Heroditus said it, a greek historian in the 5th century BC, about 2000 years after the great pyramids were built He is a good primary source about Egypt, firsthand account he saw how they lived very similar to how they had been 2000 years before Geography: Nile flows south to north, South= Upper Egypt, North= Lower Egypt This is reversed from how ours will be, Upper Egypt is where the river came from, old kingdom was right along the water's edge, and new kingdom expanded and all the way up to Palestine and present-day Syria The river delta is so called because it looked like the Greek letter Delta The Nile divides Egypt in half East (sunrise) = Land of the Living, West (sunset) = Land of the Dead In the east the sun appeared to be reborn, houses, temples, workshops, on the west side of the nile the sun seemed to die, all tombs were on the west side and all things associated with the tombs Nile: annual flooding deposits layer of silt; transportation, communication The Nile is the world's longest river, starting in the depths of Africa, as it moves through the jungles it collects organic materials and deposits, brings them down (up) towards Egypt, every year, almost on schedule, it will flood its banks and deposit the silt along its banks, stay that way for a while, then go back to its normal dimensions. So every year the people have new soil brought to them, this is amazing for farming, as you can't plant crops on the same dirt every year, so the Egyptians didn't have to worry about this Agriculture was very reliable, could rely almost without exception on the floods (unlike Tigris and Euphrates that were undependable and destructive), Nile was very predictable, so they developed a very different culture than the Sumerians, they had an optimistic culture, the river caused this Today the Nile no longer floods the same ways, they damned the river at Aswan and created Lake Nasser, a huge lake, as the flooding isn't good for large condos, etc. some think that the food isn't as good without the organic material coming down every year. Tigris and Euphrates are very difficult to Navigate because they have dry areas, marshy shallow areas, weren't good for shipping and trade, weren't good for armies, or sending messages from leaders. The Nile is perfect for navigation (4 little areas called cataracts that are small waterfalls or rapids, but you can take boats out of the water and go around the cataracts), you can sail with the current without much effort, if you want to go back up the Nile, that is the direction the winds go, so you just put your sail up, its perfect for communication, defense, trade- with trade everyone has a higher standard of living, also good to unify all of Egypt, so better stability, so better optimism throughout the culture The Nile was so important to the people that they considered it to be a god, they worshipped the river, sang hymns to the Nile- people laughed were happy when the river rose, one of the first references, very unlike the middle east Deserts with occasional oases; desert preserves artifacts, serves as defense A little away from the river there was a huge desert, kind of like a boundary around Egypt, weren't completely cut off but deterred most armies from coming through the huge desert. This was unlike the flat planes of Mesopotamia that caused turmoil. There are 3000 years of continuous Egyptian history, with the exception of 2 blips on the screen. It was a very stable, unchanging culture Deserts also preserve things, dry out things, the archaeological record of Egypt is very complete With agriculture, abundant food, secure borders, they had lots of time for other things Hieroglyphics (sacred writing): Rosetta Stone (Greek, Demotic, Hieroglyphics) Heiro means sacred, glyph means writing They used papyrus to write on, unlike the heavy clay tablets, they pound the papyrus very thin and it makes paper, is lighter, easier to write on, a few challenges of storing it, a little hard to store when in scrolls Used all through Egyptian history until almost the middle ages, they cut off source of papyrus until books Writing, like all ancient cultures, was the domain of the priests, was the source of power, not egalitarian cultures where everyone deserved to have the right to read, it was a sense of power held by the aristocrats Hieroglyphs were not deciphered till the early 19 th century, thought they were only pictograms before this, but now we know they actually depict phonetics, evolved from pictograms Were able to decipher with the rosetta stone, found at rosetta, napoleon fought the british in the 1800s, when he went to Egypt he had a real interest in archaeology, discovered the stone, has 3 scripts on it, 1 is hieroglyphs (upper class language), 1 script is the demotic (language of the ordinary people), then it has a second language for the third script, Greek. All educated people knew latin and greek, so they were able to decipher, to break into the hieroglyph meaning was very difficult took like 20 years With the decipherment, the world of Egypt was opened up, learned that the Egyptians were polytheistic Religion: polytheistic, Osiris (god of the Dead), belief in the afterlife; mummification Poly- many, theistic- of gods Had to appear in front of Osiris to get into the afterlife, you had to go to him and recite the lines that they wrote in the book of the dead, that you were good and pure, very different from the Hammurabi law code, that you were good and otherwise you had to The afterlife was believed to be very good Egyptians believed that everyone had a soul, called the Ka, that lived in your body, and they believed that when you died it needed your body to live on, that is why they mummified the body, essential to preserve the body, Herodotus tells all about the mummification, less formal & ritualized than it used to be. We know people live on the east side of the nile, and they were ferried across the nile, depending on your wealth it took 40 to 70 days to be mummified, if you were more wealthy there was a more elaborate process, after you were your family would come over and bring the goods for your tomb. They would take out all of your internal organs except your heart, the organs were put in canopic jars, they actually discarded the brain, believed you fought with your heart, they didn't know what the brain was for, they would scramble your brain till it was liquid then pour it out, after you were completely dried out you would be wrapped in linen strips, they would then have a mouth opening ceremony, they would use a little knife to open your mouth so you could breathe and talk in your afterlife Recently, they had someone mummify a body that was dedicated, now they're observing how long it would last History: divided into dynasties (families) and kingdoms: Pharaoh ("great house") 3 main kingdoms, old, middle, and new. Within each kingdom are dynasties. Each dynasty is a family, when it dies out and there are no more heirs then there was a new dynasty Rulers, people say they weren't called pharaohs till the new kingdom, others disagree, means the man who lives in the great house, the great house says this, like we say the white house says this Pharaohs were considered to be gods themselves, unlike the middle east where hammurabi, for example, was an intermediary between the gods and the people, Egypt the king was a god and was worshipped as a god, so they are more likely to go do huge amounts of work for their god than their ruler, like pyramids The dynasty was hereditary, didn't just go from the father to the oldest son. When the father died it went to the daughter, which was very unusual in history. So this caused the girls to have to marry her brother, so that the throne wasn't passed into another family, he could marry other women as well, but she always was the highest queen the most important, pharaonic line married this way to keep the power in the family, not like the normal people. For the Egyptians this was perfectly normal to marry the sister Murder and incest are always bad the value they held was Ma'at, translates roughly as right order, means balance, harmony, everything in its place, even excellence, "the sculpture has ma'at," "my daughter has ma'at" Narmor- in Egyptian art the biggest is the most important, called hierarchy of scale, he unified egypt Pre-dynastic Period: Palette of Narmer (c. 3000-2920 BC) The pharaohs wearing both crowns mean they rule both upper and lower Egypt, haven't found crowns, thought that maybe the one thing that they couldn't bring was the crown cuz it was passed down In the picture he is in frontal pose, face profile, shoulders square, feet profile Pharaohs are also always idealized, look very young and in good shape Western cultures have gods and goddesses in human form, these ancient dynasties have gods that are in animal form In the makeup palette, the makeup would be ground, the pharaohs was very elaborate compared to normal people. The Egyptians wore a lot of eye makeup, they believed it protected eyes from the glare off the Nile and sand. They would grind up Kohl, drop it in their eyes, and it would line the eye, malachite (green) was also used for eye shadow. The Egyptians were extremely clean people, but most people bathed a couple times a day they shaved their entire bodies, even their heads, then they would wear wigs Aristocrats would put on a linen cap and a wig, and the linen cap could be washed while keeping the wig cleaned They had mirrors as well, used bronze to have mirrors, would polish bronze a lot and use it too look into Old Kingdom: Evolution of the pyramid, mastabas (Arabic=bench) Before pyramids people were buried in mastabas, had walls that leaned in slightly, a little more stable, inside the mastaba was a room for relatives to bring offerings, food, etc. the actual body was underneath the mastaba, not in it, also true for most pyramids. These lead eventually to great pyramids Stepped pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara, (2630-2611 BC); architect Imhotep The people tried to outdo previous rulers, began stacking mastabas, architect of Zoser made stepped pyramids, a step on the way to pyramids Architect means high builder, earliest architect was Imhotep, it was common to work up through the ranks, it wasn't very common but it happened. Architect was right up there with the pharaoh, very important, that we know their name is amazing, so important that when Imhotep died he was worhsipped as a god Greece took fluted columns, stone monuments, etc from the egyptians once they started having contact with the egyptians Great Pyramids at Giza: Menkaure, Khafre, Khufu; (2551-2472 BC) These were on the west side of the nile, for death, around 2500 BC, REMEMBER, started before and ended after KNOW DATES FOR STONEHENGE 2000 BC, ZIGGURATS 2100 BC So you can see the europe, Britain, lagged behind the Egyptians, because of the ice age, so they didn't have the same conditions that Egypt and the ancient near east Built at the height of the old kingdom Theories of why they are parametal in shape: explanation theory, pyramid is the most stable architecture you can build, some think that it came out of a myth, that god reached into nile and created Egypt in a pyramid shape, w/ creation theory, others think it had to do with the rays of the sun, when they draw a sun disc w/ rays coming out, use parametal form, and pyramid was symbol of sun god, others think pyramid was a mountain to reach the sun god, the ka could go out of the pyramid and reach the sun god, become the sun god, another theory that they represent triangular looking mountains, the effect is a timelessness, eternal, they are oriented to the cardinal points of the compass, most stones come from the east side of nile and are floated over Length 775 ft, height 480 ft, covers 13 acres on the ground Figured out there are 2,300,000 stones each weighing over 5000 pounds/ with the stones you could build a wall around france 10 ft high They wanted to please god to live with forever, so there was the motivation If they had to use slaves, they would have been too valuable, it wasn't the whip cracking image that is in most minds. The ancient cultures most often took their neighbors and used them as slaves, not racial, that took much longer, all ancient cultures were slave based Appears very little work was done by slaves, probably done as a labor tax, instead of paying a commodity or whatever you grew or built to the pharaoh, you would give your labor for a certain amount of weeks or months, called Mita The inca also had a mita task, certain # of months each year Different estimates, probably like 3 and a half months or less a year Now say that people work till july 6th every year before you keep money from all tasks Herodotus was told that the average diet was bread, onions, and beer, for the workers. There are records that confirm this Originally faced in beautiful, smooth stone that shone white in the sunlight, but then people took it over the years Wasn't till later that people realized they were losing history and stopped taking the facing stone There is a gallery that goes under the pyramid, started to put the body way under, but then they would sometimes put the coffin in the middle of the pyramid, too big to steal so its in there If you go down there under the pyramids, a lot of people have been there for a long time, so its not really pleasant, take a perfumed handkerchief because it smells really awful Grand staircase going up into the middle chamber, the body was entombed in the middle Archaeologists believe that it was sacked and plundered within 20 to 30 years, because a huge thing was in the desert with tons of wealth There was a queen's chamber, they have their own separate pyramids, weren't killed when the pharaoh died like once believed Traditional view is that there are air ducts that go to the outside, facing stones covered up the air holes some people look at the passageways and see an alignment with constellations, thought it was for the ka to look up and connect with the gods and the heavens. there is a little angle at the beginning, so we couldn't look out and see stars, but the ka might have been able too The hollow space in the center is very vulnerable, it has so much rock above it, insert triangular rocks above the hole, they displace the weight onto the solid parts of the pyramid Lots of shows saying people from outer space did it, but grad students have proven you can do it, used dirt ramps to construct Inside the pyramid... mummy a Great Sphinx: (2520-2494 BC), 65' high, 240' long Probably a portrait of the pharaoh Khafre, it looks like him, most of his face is gone. Popular story is Napoleon & troops used face for target practice, but there are drawings before showed that it was defaced Contemporary with the pyramids, some say that it is 10,000 BC, reasoning is that they dated the stone. You can't date the stone to find out when it was, that is the worst archaeological film in history This is Ramses the great, (II), there is a lot of ethical issues about people digging up the mummies. Can you do this? We dig up ancient cultures and put in museums, we wouldn't imagine doing this with out own cultures, we learn a lot about medicine diseases, contents of stomach, what kinds of foods they ate, about nutrition In the center of the cairo museum is the mummy room. A lot of people think you pay for the whole thing to see everything, you need extra Egyptian money to get into the mummy room. The mummy in the picture is unwrapped, many still have the eyelashes, doing DNA studies, hard to do but they are, and are tracing various lineages You need the Mummy for the Ka Statue of Khafre: serdab statue, held ka if mummy was destroyed The serdab statue is from the same time period as the sphinx. The statue serves as a replacement body, the Ka can live there if the body is destroyed The statue is a very idealized form of the person, sits in a comfortable pose, had to stay like that for all of eternity. He has the symbol showing he unified upper and lower Egypt If body and serdab statue were destroyed you would have a... Reserve Head and Tomb Items A reserve head is limestone plaster, is very lifelike, was painted, we are used to seeing all the paint gone and have it look like white marble, but actually the ancient cultures did paint everything They've even carved the linen cap for the wig on the head, you're covered so the ka has somewhere to live You take gold sandals, bracelet, gold was actually pretty prevalent in ancient Egypt, there are lots of areas with gold, gold was more prevalent than silver, silver was used for details like eyelashes and eyebrows on sculptures They would use gold because it doesn't tarnish, representative of eternity, also because it shone like the sun, like the sun god Rah To eat you took little statues of servants, didn't have to kill real servants, statues could fill the same roles that real people could do after death Servant grinding wheat for bread, churning barley for beer Little models of boats as well, might want to take a ride on nile Perfume bottles, we can learn so much about ancient life, technology of boats, what they ate There are even 5 100 foot long boat burials in ancient Egypt, some have been reconstructed and taken out of the ground, largest is like 150 ft. long Other activities could be depicted in paintings as well Painting of hunting, etc. Even a painting could supply the ka in the afterlife Old kingdom carvings are extremely laborious, the backgrounds are carved out and the figures are out Hippopotamus Hunt & Geese of Medum The pharaoh over the people, even the geese End of the Old Kingdom: First Intermediate Period, civil unrest and war Old Kingdom: Great Pyramids First Intermediate Period: Period of civil unrest, uprising of feudal lords Time of political strife, people eventually began rebelling against the pharaoh. This was the first disturbance. Could have been some indication that he wasn't so powerful, not a god, so that's why they could rebel. People began to challenge that pharaoh's authority, lasted about 100 years. During any period of strife such as this, not much art or architecture Middle Kingdom: People started to realize that the pyramids attracted robbers, so pyramids pretty much died out so they started making their tombs in natural rock hills, they excavated tombs out of rocky outcroppings, the tombs would be a lot cheaper to make, and easier as well, expedient work here Beni Hasan: Rock Cut Tombs (c. 2000 BC) time period of decreased wealth greeks once again borrowed the rock cut tombs Sesostris: sense of pessimism and uncertainty The sesostris statue shows they are aware that times aren't the same Time of real insecurity, unusual for the egyptans There is some sculpture, not a lot, when there are the statues look tired, deep in thought, older, the poetry is not as lively & positive as that of the old kingdom Second Intermediate Period: Hyksos Invasions (horse, chariot, weapons, empire) They had had previous contact with people from the outside, but they had never had a mass invasion of people There was never evidence with mass amounts of foreigners in Egypt until this time In the second intermediate period Egypt was really opened up to the outside world The people were probably all kinds of different people, but we call them the Hyksos, from Mesopotamia, came down into Egypt and caused a lot of disruption and warfare the first invasion by outside people There is no architecture or art of significance from this time But during this time period the egyptians did gain a lot of technology, they got the horse, before they only had oxen or men, they also got the wheel from the Hyksos, they had rolling things previously but no axle & spokes, now they brought the horse drawn chariot, new methods of warfare, they also got a new idea, empire building so instead of looking inward they began to look outward The Egyptians didn't have an organized defense The hyksos were already among the Egyptians but when a new mass came they all rose up so the disruption came within When the hyksos are put down and expelled, evidence some did marry in but in either case when the war is over it starts the new kingdom, goes all the way up to modern turkey, they have new areas of trade and influence New Kingdom (Empire Period): They call the new kingdom the empire period, Egypt looks outward to conquer other areas and becomes an empire, some call it the golden age, not historians because ancient Egypt was more pure, but these new conquering does provide renewed optimism, confidence, and real positive influence, these were all supported by the huge wealth going into Egypt Deir el-Behri: Mortuary Complex of Queen Hatshepsut, architect Senmut Once again the pharaohs wanted to have wealth and large buildings, so Queen Hatshepsut was probably the only female pharaoh. One of the signs of kingship was a beard, so since they were shaven, pharaohs wore false beards of gold or hair, held on, she wore a beard, showing that she was a pharaoh They learned that pharaohs and rock cut tombs both get plundered, so they learned that the tombs need to be way far off, so her actual tomb was way off, hidden But they still wanted some remembrance structure (designed by her and her architect Senmut, they had children together, but she couldn't marry him or the pharonic line would be transferred to his family) called Deir el-Behri, funerary complex, book called child of the morning, makes Egypt live, story about Hatshepsut The Egyptians, at this point, have been over to Mesopotamia, saw architecture, so they introduced the long, ceremonial ramps to their architecture- the ramps had beautiful reflecting ponds, had topiaries, fountains, everything was green, people could go there to honor Hatshepsut This building actually influenced a lot of modern 20th century architecture, frank Lloyd wright said it was his favorite building Architects try to make winding paths, to enhance the experience, manipulate you, excite you Today if you go to Egypt they will have a guard and people to go with you if you want to visit this palace Lots of people want to destroy tourism in Egypt, bring government to its knees, terrorists want to stop tourists because it's the major income in Egypt Abu Simbel (relocated): Temple of Rameses II, c. 1290-1224 BC, 65' high Ramses II was the last great warrior pharaoh, contemporary with moses and the exodus, Aswan dam is near ancient Abu Simbel, His temple is excavated into natural rock, when they build the dam on the nile and created lake nasur it would have flooded and put most of the ancient architecture underwater, so they moved the temple complex up higher in the rock and relocated it, moved it up higher so that it wasn't flooded Others in the same area were flooded, but this was the most important Egypt is not a particularly wealthy country so they cant preserve all their architecture and heritage on their own, they need international help The pharaoh is carved out of the rock, his son, his wife, although smaller is there There are more monumental images of the pharaoh Ramses inside, used as columns, the greeks copied this idea too Edfu: Pylon Temple of Horus, c. 237 BC Pylon temples are huge temples, like huge billboards, pylon is greek for gate, you can tell its new kingdom because they just carve out the figure outline and leave most of the rock alone, the care and attention and workmanship is not as fine, they still have monumental architecture, but there is not as much attention to worksmanship as their was in the old kingdom They got bigger and bigger as each pharaoh tried to outdo the pharaoh before him There are paintings with what the kings did, king would get credit for military victories where he sent people out even when he didn't actually do much Fowling Scene, c. 1400-1350 BC There were more paintings in the tombs instead of carvings, as carvings are more expensive and take longer Egyptians could weave diaphanous material (almost transparent) princes didn't shave one part of the head, let that grow long, they could weave material smaller than most of our machines today They had a throwing stick, had a small curve in it, could be thrown and ring the neck of a duck and fall it to the ground The fish in the nile depicted in the painting In the paintings during the new kingdom, the frontal pose wasn't exclusive anymore People would wear perfumed wax combs in their hair at night, it was hot and as it melted it would perfume their body They would put henna on their palms and the bottom of their feet, paint fingers and toes The henna was a status sign, showed that they didn't labor Musicians and Dancers, c. 1400-1350 BC We don't know a ton about ancient music, but we do have good representations of their instruments Amarna Period: Named after the area Akhenaton may have been a product of incestuous relationships, during this time he changed from worshipping all gods, he believed they should only worship one god, the sun god In order to get everyone away he moved the capital to Amarna Monotheism, capital moved to Amarna He moved the capital to a blank area and had a city build Akhenaton: Dynasty XVIII, c. 1353-1335 BC his real name was akhenhotep, but renamed himself to honor the sun god, just like Louis XIV did out of Paris. He moved everyone away from the old capital with all the priests who worshipped the other gods He took them away from the businesses and temples where they had been worshipping, he made the priests powerless when he took them from their temples He is very unusual looking, heavy thighs & hips, protruding stomach, long face, skinny waist, huge cranium easy to recognize Some people say he looks weird because of too much inbreeding, you can't have good offspring through all generations, others say he might have had a disorder Because he had a huge cranium he had to wear a huge crown, so all of his aristocrats had to follow, he was the standard of beauty of the time His wife was Nefertiti, one of the most beautiful women of the ancient world After he died, his successors once more moved away from Amarna and back to where they were before, Thebes Queen Nefertiti: artist Thutmose, c. 1355-1335 BC The sculpture was actually a model for sculpture of the royal family, this was left behind, they think king tut was her son, so they are trying to do the DNA to prove it Post Amarna Period: Everyone went back to thebes, cranked up polytheistic temples again, took away reference to his name in the texts, chipped away his face, tried to obliterate the period of Amarna and monotheism Tutankhamen: "King Tut" Probably nefertiti's son w/ Akhenaton, he was one of the most famous of all of the pharaohs of Egypt, he was a very late pharaoh, when Egypt had been through 3000 years of Egypt when it was on its decline, he died very young, insignificant ruler Ruled 1333-1323 BC, died at age eighteen, Thebes He was the most famous, discovered in 1920's by howard carter, he had a sense there was another tomb behind one that was discovered. He found an untouched Egyptian tomb, which had never been found before. This is why the discovery was so great! It was in perfect condition. He found three nested coffins of gold, inset with semi-precious stones like carnelian, malachite, turquoise, lazican?? Beard of pharaoh, starched crown, crook (shepherds crook, shepherd of people), flale shows he's the leader of his people Found the mask of tut there as well Some people thought it was cursed as some died Over a quarter of a ton of gold in his tomb, he was a minor, young pharaoh at the end of egypts history, so it indicates a pale shadow of what must have been in the first periods of Egypt, it really must have upset the old pharaohs to see such plunder going on There is a small piece of bone in tut's brain, so he might have died by a blow to the head They also found that when they lowered the head off of the end of the table to drain the brain, sometimes causes bone fragments to go into the brain, so this is common, so might now have died by that People sometimes think he was murdered because he died so young, no reason for him to die, he had an advisor called Ti, who appears prominently in all pictures with tut, and when tut died Ti became pharaoh, so Ti probably married tut's wife and killed tut so he could become pharaoh, she also disappeared entirely There are letters that she says shes in danger and wants them to send a son to marry her after tut died, sent an ambassador, and he was killed Don't be concerned about the later history of Egypt, just for later reference! Study notes from In here, look in book Test is from the lectures and handouts Multiple choice, true/false, 2 essay questions, get to choose which one to write on, you'll see the themes, things that influence people and cultures, remember examples! It will be fine DATES GREAT PYRAMIDS 2500 BC ZIGGURATS 2100 BC STONEHENGE 2000 BC No maps How long should the essay be? Depends on how concisely you write use examples that show blah blah blah. Coax us into what we should be talking about No lecture the second half of the day, that's enough mental exercise for one night... phew

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