38th The parallel
UNSC authorizes MacArthur onlyt o repel aggression
MacArthur wanted to keep moving north, and Truman and JCS give their approval,
despite Chinese warnings of intervention
Chinese Intervention
Enter conflict after warning US
CALLED MACARTHURS TO OCNFERENCE IN WAKE ISLAND (TINY ISLAND IN
PACIFIC THAT AMERICANS had taken from japs)
When Truman got there and got off the plane, MacArthur didnt salute Truman (which
offended him) and just shook his hand
o Truman wans to get rid of Macarthur
o Sadfhjkasdfhkjadsf im taking notes
B-29 ripped apart by something
China renames their military force Peoples Volunteers (CPV) rather than PLA, so the
Soviets wouldnt be drawn into this.
Beat US and S Korean forces back across 38th parallel
Soviet fighters plus Chinese experience and numbers challenge US firepower superiority,
bring conflict to a stalemate by spring 1951
MacArthur Sent letter to republican dude criticizing his policies, but was still seen as
heor upon return to America
Potential Escaltiaon and Sticking ppints in Negotiations
MacArthur loses prestige after Chinese enter war. Truman sacks him in 1951
Negotiation talks at Panmunjom drag on for nearly 2 years bcause of the POW issues
After stalin dies in March 1953, participants finally reach an armistice
Korean Wart conclusions
Us stops commie aggression but a heavy costs
Cold war fully militarized, sino-us hostility hardened
Chinese gain prestige but end war deeply dependent on soviets
Us forces remain in Korea
Dictators in Taiwan and south Korea demand assistance in economic modernization
Japanese economy reenergized
Japanese Occupation and Recovery
Soviets tried and failed to get involved in Jap occupation
Emperor retained by stripped of all political power and divinity
Society demoralized
War crimes trials
US helped Japanese write 1947 Constitution, which prohibited having offensive military
and having nukes
Japanese accepting of US occupation between 1945 and 1951: large degree of
Americanization
Peace Treaty and Security Treaty
Korean War helps Japan transform to a prosperous ally and key counterweight to Soviets
and Chinese
Peace treaty signed September 1947; Soviets refuse to participate because of Kurile
Islands dispute
Occupation ends April 1952, but conditions of security treaty allowed US to maintain
military and naval bases in Japan
o Protected Japan from Communism but also made country US satellite
o Okinawa remains under American control until 1972, but still major US
marine/naval base in Asia
On day occupation ends, US and Japan sign security treaty
Treaty extended in 1960 despite significant opposition (Japanese ppl afraid having us
base would allow them to be target for hydrogen war if soviets and Americans went to
war)
Conclusions on Japan
Initially US occupation undertaken to prevent Japan from ever again becoming a military
threat
As Cold War heated up, US saw a strong Japan as an Anti Soviet bulwark
Korea helped transform Japans in key US ally in Asia and put the county on the road to
economic recovery
South East Asia
Communism appealed to these countries because it allowed for rapid industrialization
Indonesia after WWII
Known as Dutch East Indies
Sukarno, first president of Indonesia; independence declared after training in japan, in
August 1945
Dutch mov eint ot retake their former colony
US initially neutral, but their economic aid to obviously helps the Dutch in dealing with
Indonesia
By 1948, US convinved that Indonesian Nationalist were not commies and they threaten
to sever Dutch aid
o US thought that if dutch kept pushing, then the nationalists would turn to
communism
December 1949, Dutch free----------Indochina after WWII
Ho Chi Minh, leader of Vietnamese communists - Different from Indonesia: leading
Nationalist leader also a Communist
US supports French but hoped for eventual decolonization
Errthang changed in 1950with war in Korea, us decided to fully support French, who at
this time are fighting counter insurgency war against Viet minh
By 1954, us paying 80% of the costs for the French war against the Viet Minh
Ho Chi Minhs declaration of Vietnamese Independence (H&M p.210)
History of viet indep: colony of france since late 19th century
o Under jap control since 1940
o Empire of vietname, a puppet state governed by japan
o 1945 august 15, japan surrender to Allied
o Viet Minh defeats empire of Vietnam
o 1945 sept 2, declaration of indep by Ho Chi Minh
Declaration
o All men are created equal. Endowed with Life, libery and pursuit of happiness in
the declara
o all men are broen free and with reual rights and must remain free and have equal
rights in the declaration of the French revolution
o States how French screwed them (built more prisons than schools etc), and
states US will recognize them since the US is all about self-determination
Significance
o Reps trend of self determination of non-major powers
o Real end of the colonialism/imperialism?
Malaya and Singapore after WWII
Brits reassert control
Communist insurgencythe Malayan Emergencybegins in 1948, adding to American
fears
o Singapore was about 80% Chinese and Malaya was about 35% ethnic Chinese
Mostly supported by Chinese Malays, fuels fears of Chinese fifth-columns in SE Asia
o Fifth columns, any time the enemy attacks from ____
o Thailand on side of Japs during WWII, but switched sides to US when Japanese
started loosing
Lacked broad popular support, so Brits eventually win through counterinsurgency and
proise of amnesty
Malays becomes Federation of Malay after indep from Brits in 1957, new govt retains
close ties to UK (including defense agreemnts)
Malaysia est in 1963, Singapore kicked out in the 1965 (had to do with anti chinese
racism from Malaysian population)
o Singapore formed close ties with Israel since they felt Israel can be surrounded by
bitches but still grow and be awesome
INDIA
Key leaders
o Mathatma Gandhi
o Muhammad Ali Jinnah: wanted separate Muslim state
o Maharaka Hari Singh: Hindu ruler of Kashmir, ruling over muslim ppl
Paks sent in tropps
And maharaka asked india for help, and they sent in troops
The Indian National Congress sought independence long before WWII
Labor party in Britain had also supported independence
o Thought it was too much of a financial burden
Trouble emerges over religious differences in handover negotiations
British reluctantly agree to partition
Fall 1947: hundreds of thousands of Muslims and Hindus move; massive killings by both
sides