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Traits Biological Chapter 12 Hans Eysenck The Four Temperaments Hippocrates (460? -377? B.C.) Galen (130? - 200?) elaboration Sanguine (Blood) Phlegmatic (Mucus) Melancholic (Black Bile) Choleric (Yellow Bile) Eysenck s Approach Considered scientific methods to be essential at a time when Psychology was a very soft science (think: philosophy) 1. Factor analytic approaches 2. Correlational methodology 3. Experimental methodology Identification of Super Factors Three Main Superfactors Extraversion vs. Introversion Neuroticism vs. Emotional Stability Psychoticism One Additional Superfactor: Intelligence Eysenck vs. Cattell Causal Agents of Behavior Patterns of behavior associated with particular brain activation patterns Psychotherapy Limited evidence of psychotherapy s efficacy (1952) 2 Hans Eysenck 1916-1997 Born Berlin, German Son of two actors, divorced when he was 2 Left Germany for England at start of antiSemitism and Nazi Era PhD from University of London (1940) What on Earth is Psychology? 3 1 Historical Predecessors: The Four Temperaments Hippocrates (460? -377? B.C.) Galen (130? - 200?) elaboration Personality could be characterized by body fluids or humors Sanguine (Blood) sturdiness, cheerfulness Phlegmatic (Mucus) slow, solid, apathetic Melancholic (Black Bile) depression Choleric (Yellow Bile) irascible, violent NOT traits typology Distinct, discrete, separate categories to which an individual is assigned 4 The Four Temperaments: Wundt Further elaboration by Wilhelm Wundt who applied continuous variables to typology Emotional Melancholic Unchangeable Phlegmatic Sanguine Choleric Changeable Unemotional 5 Eysenck s Approach Humans as biosocial animals Psychology, then, is the place that biological and social sciences converge Considered scientific methods to be essential at a time when Psychology was a very soft science (think: philosophy) Factor analytic approaches Correlational methodology Experimental methodology 6 2 Eysenck s Approach Eysenck applied the following methodology to his study of personality and human behavior: Hypothesize relationship between personality traits Conduct FA studies to identify clusters of traits Construct biological theory to account for behaviors associated with underlying factors Generate hypotheses from theory concerning specific testable components. Conduct experiments to validate theory Revise theory informed by findings (deviation OK) 7 Integrate and Verify Thesis Revised Problem Focus Theory Reduces Depression Hypothesis 2 Emotional Release Emotional Avoidance? Hypothesis 1 Problem Solving Supported Theory may be Correct Partially Supported Revise Theory 8 Identification of Super Factors Personality is a more or less stable and enduring organization of a person s character, temperament, intellect, and physique which determines his unique adjustment to the environment Hierarchical organization and structure 9 3 Eysenck s Hierarchical Model Specific Responses Behaviors we can actually observe Habitual Responses Clusters of specific behaviors that recur in similar circumstances Buying groceries, giving parties Traits Clusters of habitual responses similar to Cattell s Source Traits Types (Superfactors) Broad general dimensions goal of personality research 10 Identification of Super Factors Type Level Trait Level Habitual Response Specific Response 11 Extraversion Sociability Liveliness Activity Three Main Superfactors Eysenck reviewed work on temperament literature and noticed recurring themes Extraversion vs. Introversion Degree to which a person is outgoing and participative in relating to others Neuroticism vs. Emotional Stability An individual s adjustment to environment and stability of behavior over time Psychoticism The loss of distortion of reality and the inability to distinguish between reality and fantasy Not a dimension like the other two present in all individuals to some degree 12 4 Intercorrelation of traits: Factor Analytic Results Anxious Rigid Sober Pessimistic Reserved Introversion Unsociable Passive Careful Thoughtful Peaceful Controlled Reliable Neuroticism Moody Touchy Restless Aggressive Excitable Changeable Impulsive Active Sociable Outgoing Talkative Responsive Easygoing Lively Calm Carefree Emotional Stability 13 Melancholic Phlegmatic Coleric Sanguine Extraversion Aggressive Antisocial Cold Creative PSYCHOTICISM Egocentric Impersonal Impulsive Tough-Minded Unempathic 14 15 5 Eysenck Personality Inventory Do you usually take the initiative in making new friends? (E) Do ideas run through your head so that you cannot sleep? (N) Are you inclined to keep in the background on social occasions? (E) Do you sometimes laugh at a dirty joke? (L) Are you inclined to be moody? (N) Do you very much like good food? (L) Do you often make up your mind too late? (N) 16 One Additional Superfactor Intelligence Biological Intelligence the physiological, neurological and anatomical bases Psychometric Intelligence the numerical measure designed to reflect intelligence IQ, Spearman s (g) Practical Intelligence common sense Interface of personality superfactors and intelligence Biological, but socially influenced Personality influences Psychometric Intelligence, but intelligence has a limited impact on personality 17 Superfactor Caveats Emotional neuroticism, stability, and psychoticism denote a tendency to behave in a certain way NOT a psychiatric diagnosis A disorder might occur if these tendencies were combined with genetic/environmental factors Believed that differences in superfactors mainly genetic 18 6 Eysenck vs. Cattell Significant differences between Eysenck and Cattell and Eysenck and Big Five Traits vs. Supertraits Scope of theory Cattell very broad personality dimensions Eysenck few, narrowly focused superfactors Representative of second-order factors in Cattell s Model OCEAN Eysenck thought Cattell relied too much on factor analysis At some point, factor analysis is arbitrary (axes) Cattell oblique (correlated) factors Eysenck orthogonal (uncorrelated) factors 19 Orthogonal Oblique 20 Measurement of Traits Accurate measurement important to developing descriptive and causal theory Self-report inventories Observation of participant s behavior in controlled or naturalistic environment Children Criterion analysis is Eysenck s way of testing the accuracy of measures Have a hypothesis about your new measure Compare groups using a gold standard Single assessment measure given to an emotionally stable group vs. a neurotic group 21 7 Causal Agents of Behavior: A Primer of Brain Structures 22 Causal Agents of Behavior Patterns of behavior associated with particular brain activation patterns Introversion-Extraversion associated with ascending reticular activating system RAS associated with arousal/sleep Introverts have over excitation of RAS Over activation > restraint of behavior Under activation > absence of constraint Some evidence in EEG/ECG studies 23 Causal Agents of Behavior Emotional Stability-Neuroticism associated with visceral brain activation VB includes limbic system and hypothalamus VB associated with motivation and emotion Low threshold for VB activation (easily aroused) are more emotional and this more neurotic Psychoticism thought to be associated with hormonal imbalance (androgen) and neurotransmitter levels 24 8 Visceral Brain Activation High Low Neurotic Emotionally Introvert stable Introvert (anxiety types) Neurotic Extravert (psychopathic type) Emotionally stable Extravert Introverts (Compared to Extraverts): Faster brain waves > skin conductance > body temperature when 1st awake > pupil dilation > sensitive to pain Prefer < noise < sexual partners > sedative to knock out > alcohol to incapacitate < smokers < performance with caffeine 26 On Neurotic Introverts (1947) The neurotic introverts show a tendency to develop anxiety and depression symptoms they are characterized by obsessional tendencies, irritability, apathy and they suffer from lability of the autonomic system. According to their own statement, their feelings are easily hurt, they are selfconscious, nervous, given to feelings of inferiority, moody, day-dream easily, keep in the background on social occasions, and suffer from sleeplessness. In their body-build, vertical growth predominates over horizontal growth; their effort response is poor, and their choline esterase activity is high. Salivary secretion is inhibited. Their intelligence is comparatively high, their vocabulary excellent, and they tend to be persistent. They are generally accurate, but slow; they excel at finicking work. Their level of aspiration is unduly high, but they tend to under-rate their performance. Withal, they are rigid, and show little interpersonal variability. Their aesthetic preferences are towards the quiet, old-fashioned type of picture. They do not appreciate jokes very much, and sex jokes in particular are not favoured. 27 High Low RAS Arousal 25 9 On Neurotic Extraverts (1947) The neurotic extraverts show a tendency to develop hysterical conversion symptoms, and an hysterical attitude to their symptoms. Furthermore, they show little energy, narrow interests, have a bad work-history, and are hypocondriachal. According to their own statement, they are troubled by stammer or stutter, are accident prone, frequently off work through illness, disgruntled, and troubled by aches and pains. In their body-build, horizontal growth predominates over vertical growth; their effort response is quite good, and their choline esterase activity low. Salivary secretion is not inhibited. Their intelligence is comparatively low, their vocabulary poor, and they tend to show extreme lack of persistence. They tend to be quick but inaccurate; they are bad at finicking work. Their level of aspiration is low, but they tend to over-rate their performance. They are not very rigid, and show great interpersonal variability. Their aesthetic preferences are towards colourful modern type of picture. They appreciate jokes and are particularly fond of sex jokes. 28 Psychotherapy Eysenck maintained that much of behavior is determined by genetic factors Limited evidence of psychotherapy s efficacy (1952) Spontaneous remission just as likely as cure in psychotherapy Smith and Glass, then Seligman, counter (1990s) Proponent of behavior therapy (Classical Conditioning) Experimental evidence, no longer emulating the methodology of classical psychoanalysis 29 Psychotherapy Treatment matching Extraverts to group therapy Introverts to individual therapy Some personalities may respond better to medication than do others (biological factors) 30 10

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