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Earth Planet Clicker Questions/Answers Topography of valleys and ridges are controlled by: Original folding/faulting of rock units, and different weathering rates of sandstone+shale Karst topography is characteristic of which rock type? Carbonates Most of NJ's economic ore deposits are found in which province? Highlands Milankovitch cycles are defined as: variations in Earth's orbit relative to the sun Deposition of sediments on coastal plains are dominated by: sea level change NJ is high seismic risk area? False. List events in correct chronology (oldest to youngest): Grenville Orogeny, Alleghanian Orogeny, Triassic rifting What geological province of NJ consists of largely unconsolidated (loose) sediments? Coastal Plain Piedmont and Newark Basin were formed during: Mesozoic rifting of Pangaea NJ is currently situated on a: passive margin Orbital variations of Earth's rotation around the sun (precession, eccentricity, and obliquity) are called: Milankovitch cycles Insolation is: the amount of incoming solar radiation Mountain ranges can strongly influence regional climate: True Is the natural global climate a static or dynamic system? Dynamic and constantly changing Which NJ geological feature demonstrates evidence of a Milankovitch climate control? Newark Basin CO2 levels in our modern atmosphere are higher than at any other times in history: False Layer of our atmosphere that overlies ground surface is called: Troposphere Two most abundant gases in atmosphere are: Nitrogen and Oxygen Climate can be best defined as: Average weather and temp. patterns over a long period of time Earth today is warmer than at any other time in last 500 million years? False Deep sea trenches are characteristic of what type of active margin/tectonic setting? Convergent: Subduction zone Global sea level, as defined by the relationship of sea surface to imaginary "geoid" of the Earth is called: Eustasy. Deep Sea Trenches are characteristic of which tectonic setting? Subduction zones. Broad and gently sloping continental shelves are characteristic of: passive margins. ______ is not a renewable resource: Nuclear energy. Underwater density and gravity-driven sediment flows are called: Turbidity currents. The ____ consists of multiple generations of submarine fans: continental rise Deep sea sediment becomes ____ with increasing distance from Mid-Ocean ridge? Thicker Below calcium carbonate dissolution, ______ is unstable and easily dissolves. Carbonate If evaporation outweighs precipitation, the salinity of a water body will ____? Increase Surface water currents are driven by ___, while deep water currents are driven by ____? Wind, Density Which celestial body has greatest influence on Earth's tides? The Moon Sandy Hook formed from transportation sediment of via ____? Longshore currents Wave height is highly influenced by "fetch." What is it? Distance over which wind blows Place following featres of passive margin in correct order, moving from shoreline to farthest offshore: Shelf, slope, rise, abyss Where on a beach are "swash and backwash" likely to occur? Foreshore. Ocean waves exhibit what type of motion? Circular/orbital "Wave base" is defined as: Lower limit of wave movement. Barrier Islands are permanent geological features: False. Rocky coastlines are considered to be: erosional What do jetties, groins, seawalls, and breakwaters all have in common? They all cause erosion somewhere else Permeability is: how easily a solid allows fluids to pass through it. Boundary between unsaturated and saturated zone in subsurface is : water table Layer of sediment/rock through which water flows easily: aquifer. Water is pumped from a well faster than rate of recharge will ____ the water table: lower. Percentage of open space in a rock or body of sediment is called: porosity Beneath the "saturated zone," water fills ____ of available pore space: all. A layer of sediment or rock that "restricts" the flow of water is an: aquitard. Over pumping of aquifers in coastal communities leads to: subsidence and saltwater intrusion. Karst is a feature to areas underlain by ___ : carbonates Radial drainage patterns are characteristic of what geologic setting? Volcanoes. A drop in base-level would ____ the rate of stream incision and erosion. Increase. In fluvial systems, a cut bank is an ___ feature, while a point bar is a ___ feature. Erosive, depositional. Floodplains are characterized by what type of sediment? Silt, sand, clay. What do you call a network of smaller streams that link into one large channel? Tributary. A stream in the headlands tends to flow ___ than a stream on a coastal plain. Faster. Lowest elevation a stream bed can achieve at a given locality is: base level. Large meandering loops that are cut off from main channel and slowly fill with fine sediments are called: Oxbow lakes. What feature forms at mouths of large, sediment-laden rivers when they discharge into standing bodies of water? Deltas T/F Saturation of sediments decreases likelihood of a mass wasting event. False. What type of mass movement is characterized by movement of rock along a curved surface? Slumping. Gradual movement of grains down a slope due to thawing and freezing is: Creep. Deserts caused by prescence of mountain ranges that impede transit of moist air are ___ deserts. Rain shadow. Sediment weathered from mountains in very arid regions usually form: alluvial fans. Morphology of sand dunes is highly dependent on what? Sand supply, wind direction, and velocity.

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