HAPTER C 1: WORLDS APART
I.
NAT I V E AMER ICAN SOC IET I ES BEFORE 1492
A. I NTRODUCTION 1. Native groups called themselves the original people or the t rue
men. They are mistakenly called Indians because Columbus believed when he t ravelled west that he reached the West Indies. 2. The fi rst migrants t ravelled from Siberia (across the Bering Strait)
t hen migrated to the rest of North America and downward to South America. B. PALEO-I ND IANS AND THE ARCHAIC PERIOD 1. The earliest Americans, called Paleo-Indians, t ravelled in small bands
and killed large game with tools such as spears. Around 9000 B.C. the climate began to change and the large mammals became extinct in North A merica. 2. Next came the A rchaic period (8000 B.C. 1500 B.C.) and Native
A mericans began living in larger communities. Men hunted and fished, while women gathered plants and took care of children. Communities t raded with m aterial goods, people, ideas, and religious practices with each other. C. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1. A griculture began around 3000 B.C. in Mexico, when Indians raised maize (also known as corn), which was the main crop in both North and South A merica. 2. Populations grew where there was agriculture because farming produced a secure food supply. Societies developed within broad regions, or c ulture a reas, in which inhabitants of each area shared basic patterns of life.
D. NONFARMING SOCIETIES 1. Indians of the North and West without farming because they depended on h unting of game and fish. They made tools and weapons from bone and ivory, clothing from animal skins, religious masks and poles from wood, and houses f rom whalebone and hides or blocks of sod or snow. E. MESOAMERICAN CIVI L IZATIONS 1. Mesoamerica is the birthplace of agriculture in North America and many complex, li terate cultures emergered. The Olmecs were one of earliest cultures and lived from 1200 to 400 B.C. 2. The M ayans ( A.D. 150 to 900) of Yucatan and Guatemala created M esoamericas most advanced writing, calendar, and mathematical systems t hat included the number zero. They had a great city called Teotihuacan. 3. After the fall of Teotihuacan, the Toltecs rose to power from 900 to 1100 A.D. and after their fall, the A ztecs t ook controlled. Their capital, Tenochtitlan, was one of the largest cities in the world at the time. They practiced human sacrifice. F. NORTH AMERICAS DIVERSE CULTURES 1. Around 300 B.C., the Hohokams of southern Ar izona developed i r r igation systems that allowed them to harvest twice a year. 2. The A ncestral Puebloans l ived in multistory structures with dwellings that were difficult to climb to. The largest town, Pueblo Bonito, had a four-storytall main structure with 800 rooms and lots of k ivas, or ceremonial centers. 3. The P lains I ndians moved frequently for better land or hunting and t raded goods with other native groups such as skins, foods, and obsidian. 4. As agriculture spread, many mound-building societies, named for the large earthworks their members constructed, developed in the Ohio and M ississippi Valleys. One of the largest M ississippian cultures, the C ahokia , built the largest American city north of Mexico.
5. Following the Cahokias decline was a period of warfare and instabili ty. The M ohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas joined to create the G reat League of Peace and Power . G. THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDERS 1. I sland people survived by hunting and gathering. Societies were divided into r anks. An elite group of religious leaders aided the chief.
I I. WEST AFR ICAN SOC IE T I ES
A. I NTRODUCTION 1. Six out of seven people that crossed the Atlantic to America were African, most as slaves. B. GEOGRAPHICAL AND POLITICAL DIFFERENCES 1. Most African immigrants came from the western regions. 2. Timbuktu was the seat of the Songhai Empi re , which was important to t rade and government. I t fell to a Moroccan invasion in 1591. 3. The region was comprised of many geographical differences. There were the g rasslands were people raised cattle and grew millet, sorghum and r ise; and t he coast where it rained daily, and people grew yams and bananas. 4. West Africans artisans made bronze sculptures and weapons. Complex t rade r outes t ied merchants to southern Europe and the M iddle East. 5. Men and women shared farming tasks; men prepared the fields and women cultivated and harvested crops. Men sometimes hunted and women cared for l ivestock. C. FAMILY STRUCTURE AND RELIGION
1. Children were cherished because they were helpful with labor. Family t ies were important between parents and children, as well as with aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents. Most clans were patrilinealtraced through the fathers line. 2. They were heavily in fluenced by religion; they believed in a supreme being and several subordinate deities. Religious practices were held in sacred p laces and faith was passed down orally. D. EUROPEAN MERCHANTS I N WEST AFRICA AND THE SLAVE TRADE 1. Portuguese mariners t raded for African gold, grain, animal skins, and spices. I n the 1430s they began the slave t rade. Some Africans were slaves already but t reated humanely so African merchants selling them to Europeans didnt t hink they would t reat them any differently.
I I I. WESTER N EUROPE ON T H E EVE OF EXPLORAT ION
A. I NTRODUCTION 1. When Columbus sailed the Americans in 1492, he left behind warfare and d isease: England and France had just fought the Hundred Years War and the B lack Death had killed a third of the European population. B. THE CONSOLIDATION OF POLITICAL AND M I L ITARY AUTHORITY 1. Portugal and other European nations developed strong navy systems, used m ilitary force to strengthen their authority on their own land, and Spain ended the r econquista of their ter r i tory from Muslim control. C. RELIGIOUS CONFL ICT AND THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 1. The Catholic Church was extremely powerful and the Pope was both spiritual and political leader.
2. Mar t in Luther lead a debate that emphasized that salvation came not from good deeds but by faith in God, this led to R eformation . People who supported religious reforms were known as P rotestants. John Calvin emphasized the doctrine of p redestination - each persons fate was p redestined by God. 3. Spain and Portugal rejected Protestantism, while English and the Netherlands allowed religious reform.
IV. CONTACT
A. THE LURE OF DISCOVERY 1. The spiri tual advantages for overseas exploration included expanding Christianity. Merchants turned westward to seek spices and other goods from Asia for fear of Muslim disruption on land t rade routes. 2. Navigation and shipbuilding improved with new ships, better sails, and the i nt roduction of the magnetic compass and the astrolabe. Bartolomeu Dias r eached the southern t ip of Africa in 1488. In 1499, Vasco de Gama reached I ndia by sailing around Africa, opening up a new t rade route. 3. Conquerors in on the Atlantic Islands cultivated sugar by slave labor. Disease and exhaustion killed the native inhabitants, so the Spanish imported A frican slaves. B. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE WESTWARD ROUTE TO ASIA 1. Columbus wanted to reach Asia by sailing westward. First he asked Portugal for finances, but they tu rned him down, so he tu rned to Spain. 2. After 33 days at sea, Columbus reached the Bahamas and explored islands for 4 months. He made 3 more voyages, was but never able to show Asian r iches f rom the land he reached. C. THE SPANISH CONQUEST AND COLONIZATION
1. The Spanish conquistadores were more interested in finding gold and slaves t han creating permanent settlements. They left a t rail of destruction and k illed or captured native inhabitants. Juan Ponce de Leon led an exploration t o Florida and Vasco Nunez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama and r eached the Pacific Ocean. 2. Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs and discovered lots of gold. The Spanish v ictory depends on technical advantages of guns and horses, they gained a llies who wanted to overthrow the Aztecs, and disease devastated the native population. 3. Francisco Pizarro took control of the Inca Empire and killed the heirs to the t hrone. Spaniards imported African slaves to make up for native labor forces t hat were killed by disease. 4. Cabeza de Vaca escaped from Indian capture and insisted that North America had lots of wealth. Some viewed that Hernan de Soto enjoyed killing Indians for sport. The explorers had t rouble finding gold in these searches so quit t heir expeditions to the north. They had only two footholds in North America: S t. Augustine, Florida and a settlement in New Mexico. 5. Bar tolome de Las Casas was appointed Protector of the Indians and wrote I n Defense of the Indians. D. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE 1. The most catastrophic result of the exchange was the exposure of Native A mericans to Old World diseases. The introduction of Old World livestock created problems for the native people because these animals had few natural p redators to limit their numbers. Horses initially were an advantage in warfare for the Europeans, but they became an object for t rade found among m any Indian t r ibes. 2. Columbus brought with him foods from the Old World and planted them on Caribbean Islands, and returned with foods from the New World that became s taples of European diet. E. CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS AND M ISPERCEPTIONS
1. Members of both the European and Indian societies lived in isolation of each other. When they met, they did not understand how each others culture worked. Religion was important to both of them, but they each practiced it in t heir own form and did not understand the other. 2. In Europe, men were superior to women, but in many Indian societies, women were an important part of the society.
V. COMPET I T IO N FOR A CON T I N E N T
A. I NTRODUCTION 1. The T reaty of Tordesillas d rew a line and gave Spain all land to the west and Portugal all land to the east, except Brazil. B. EARLY FRENCH EFFORTS I N NORTH AMERICA 1. Jacques Cartier made three voyages and explored the St. Lawrence River looking for a passageway to Asia. 2. Sieur de Roberval was to set up a permanent French colony but had t rouble f inding colonists; i t ended up failing a year later. C. ENGL ISH ATTEMPTS I N THE NEW WORLD 1. K ing Henry VI I I took up Protestantism because the Catholic Church refused t o annul his mar r iage to Catherine of Aragon; he later declared himself the head of a separate Church of England. 2. England t r ied to colonize I reland before i t moved onto America. 3. Queen Elizabeth allowed John Hawkins and Francis Drake to raid Spanish ships for gold. 4. Sir Walter Raleigh built a settlement on Roanoke Island. The colonists r efused to grow their own food and returned to England after the death of the I ndians on Roanoke Island. John White t r ied once more to colonize Roanoke
I sland, but when relief ships busy fighting the Spanish Armada returned, the colony was deserted and is now called the Lost Colony.
V I. CONCLUS ION
A. SUMMARY 1. Europeans hungry for wealth set out of claim the continents of North and South America. African slaves were forced to do labor under harsh conditions. 2. Native people were exposed to European diseases and much of the population d ied.
A TTEMPT #1
1. TheoverallstateofrelationsamongNativeAmericangroupsin1500canbestbedescribedas: StudentResponse A. cooperative. B. isolationist.
C. peaceful. D. unstable.
Score: 0/4
2. England'sfirstcolonizationtargetunderKingHenryVIIIandQueenElizabethwas:
Score: 4/4 3. WhatallowedearlyAmericanstostartpermanentvillages?
Score: 0/4 4. WhowasthefirstEnglishchildborninAmerica?
Score: 4/4 5. CabezadeVacaeventuallyreachedMexicoafteraneightyeartrekthatbeganin:
Score: 4/4 6. Kivaswerespecialroomsusedfor:
Score: 4/4 7. MostAfricanimmigrantstotheAmericascamefrom:
Score: 4/4 8. WhoopenedasearoutefromEuropetoIndia?
Score:
0/4 9. Columbuswasbornin:
Score: 4/4 10. WhichwasagreatMexicancityfromthefirstthroughtheeighthcenturiesA.D.?
Score: 4/4 11. CartierexploredtheSt.LawrenceRiverinorderto:
Score: 4/4 12. WestAfricanspreservedtheirreligiousfaithprimarilythrough:
Score: 4/4 13. WhatworddidWhitediscoveronapostwhenhereturnedtotheRoanokesettlement?
Score: 4/4 14. WhichofthefollowingtribesisadescendantoftheancestralPuebloanpeoples?
Score: 4/4 15. WheredidRaleighattempttofoundacolonyin1585?
Score:
4/4 16. AfricansprimarilycametoearlyEuropeansettlementsinAmerica:
Score: 4/4 17. Brazilwascolonizedby:
Score: 4/4 18. Spanishconquestfirstoccurredin:
Score: 4/4 19. ArchaeologistscalltheearliestAmericans:
Score: 4/4 20. TheAzteccapitalwas:
Score: 0/4 21. ThemajorityofAfricanslaveslosttheirfreedom:
Score: 0/4 22. TheTreatyofTordesillasaffectedwhichcountries?
Score:
4/4 23. Whowrotethe"DiscourseontheWesternPlanting"?
Score: 4/4 24. Inthefourteenthcentury,Europeansweremostfamiliarwiththe__________partofAfrica.
Score: 4/4 25. NeartheendofwhatperioddidsomeNativeAmericanpeoplesbeginfarming?
Score: 4/4
ATTEMPT #2
1. SlavestatusinAfricawas: StudentResponse A. transferredfromparenttochild. B. notnecessarilypermanent.
C. voluntary. D. generallypermanent.
Score: 4/4 2. WhichdiseasewasNOTexportedfromEuropetoAmerica?
Score: 4/4 3. WhichanimalwastakenfromAmericatoEurope?
Score: 4/4 4. ThehighestfigureintheCatholicChurchisthe:
Score: 4/4 5. Thiscultureisanexampleofa"moundbuilding"society.
Score: 4/4 6. AccordingtoLuther,salvationistheresultof:
Score: 4/4 7. WhowasthefirstEnglishchildborninAmerica?
Score: 4/4 8. Columbus'svoyageswerefundedby:
Score: 4/4 9.
TheCounciloftheIndiesadministeredwhoseempire?
Score: 4/4 10. England'sfirstcolonizationtargetunderKingHenryVIIIandQueenElizabethwas:
Score: 4/4 11. Columbuswasbornin:
Score: 4/4 12. Kivaswerespecialroomsusedfor:
Score: 4/4 13. Conquistadorscamefrom:
Score: 4/4 14. InthetenthcenturythisportionofEuropewascontrolledbyMuslims.
Score: 4/4 15. TheAzteccapitalwas:
Score: 4/4
16. Whathasbeendubbed"theColumbianexchange"?
Score: 4/4 17. WhichreligiontookrootinWestAfricaintheeleventhcentury?
Score: 4/4 18. WhointroducedhorsestoAmerica?
Score: 4/4 19. MostAfricanclanstracedtheirdescentthrough:
Score: 4/4 20. Whatwasthe"LostColony"?
Score: 4/4 21. WestAfricanspreservedtheirreligiousfaithprimarilythrough:
Score: 4/4 22. Inthefourteenthcentury,Europeansweremostfamiliarwiththe__________partofAfrica.
Score:
4/4 23. TheRenaissanceoriginatedinthecitystatesof:
Score: 4/4 24. CartierexploredtheSt.LawrenceRiverinorderto:
Score: 4/4 25. InhisplanstoreachIndia,Columbusmistakenlycalculated:
Score: 4/4