14 Ch Methods of Therapy 1. History a. Moral Therapy i. Emerged from the efforts of two 18th century Frenchmen: Pussin and Pinel. ii. Dorothea Dix crusaded for the kinder treatment of mentally ill in U.S. iii. Kinder treatment went out of style since the better treatment didn't result in curing of the mentally ill b. Community-Based Care i. Emergence of the community mental health system during 1960's. 1. Advent of antipsychotic drugs 2. Social policy of deinstitutionalized ii. Variety of service offered by community-based iii. Has deinstitutionalized been successful 1. underfunded 2. Types of Psychotherapy a. What is Psychotherapy i. Used to help people better understand and resolve emotional or behavioral problems ii. Often referred to as "talk therapy" iii. Many different types 1. most widely used derived from major psychological models of abnormal behavior 2. most forms focus on the individual b. Major types of Mental Health Professionals i. Clinical psychologists 1. cannot prescribe medication (except two states) 2. movement to allow them to prescribe medication ii. Counseling Psychologist 1. PhD iii. Psychiatrists iv. Clinical or Psychiatric social workers v. Psychoanalysts vi. Counselors 1. Masters degree vii. Psychiatric nurses 1. Masters degree 3. Psychodynamic Therapy i. Problems are rooted in the unconscious psychological conflicts from childhood ii. Important to gain insight into work through these conflicts b. Traditional Psychoanalytic techniques i. Free association 1. say anything on your mind and psychologist tells you what it means
ii. Dream analysis 1. latent versus manifest content iii. Interpretation of: 1. Resistance-blocking out something as you get closer to the source 2. Transference relationship iv. Problem of counter-transference 1. therapists bring issue from their own lives into therapy sessions c. Modern Psychodynamic i. Approaches Less focus on sexual issues ii. More focus on: 1. Adaptive functioning of the ego 2. Client's current relationships iii. Briefer, more direct approach 4. Humanistic Therapy i. Based on the belief that: 1. Humans possess free will 2. Humans can make conscious choices the enrich their lives ii. Emphasis on the client's subjective, conscious experience iii. Focus is on the here-and-now, not the past b. Rogers's Client-Centered Therapy i. Psychological problems stem from blocked self-actualization ii. Therapy focuses on the person. 1. Non-directive approach taken iii. Necessary qualities of an effective therapist: 1. Unconditional positive regard 2. Empathy 3. Genuineness 5. Perls' Gestalt Therapy i. Important to blend conflicting personality parts into an integrated whole or "gestalt" ii. Characteristics 1. Direct, confrontational approach 2. Identifying underlying feelings iii. Examples of role playing exercises: 1. Empty chair technique 2. Acting out different parts of personality 6. Behavior Therapy i. Application of learning principles to make adaptive changes in behavior 1. Assumption that psychological problems are largely learned and can be unlearned ii. Focus is direct on changing problem behaviors, not on feelings or subjective experience b. Behavior Therapy Techniques
i. Methods of Fear reduction 1. systematic desensitization 2. Gradual exposure 3. Modeling 4. Virtual Therapy ii. Aversive conditioning 1. Ex: people convicted of child sexual assault-shown pictures of children/ if you respond you get shocked iii. Operant conditioning models 1. withdraw attention when bad behavior is exhibited iv. Cognitive Behavior Therapy 7. Cognitive Therapy i. Focus on helping people change how they think ii. Emotional problems b. Ellis's Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy i. Irrational beliefs lead to pro ii. ABC model