perfect and imperfect flowers, double flowers vs. single, monoecious vs. dioecious, stamen, anther, node, auxin, ALL plant parts, monocots and dicots (similarities vs. differences), techniques and timing (ie: cuttings - how, when where), as well as the few important people noted in the history of horticulture/agriculture Father of horticulture Liberty Hyde Bailey Father of landscape architecture Frederick Law Olmstead few select dates of historical importance Agronomic crop = a low-input crop and is typically used dry and refined (ex. grains for flour, bread, cereal) Forestry crop = forest trees and their products Pomology - science and practice of fruit culture - Viticulture - science and practice of grape culture - Enology - science &amp; art of wine making Olericulture - science and practice of gr owing vegetables Ornamental Horticultur e - cultivation of plants for aesthetics - Arboriculture - science &amp; art of growing &amp; caring for orna mental trees - Floriculture - science &amp; art of cultivating &amp; arranging orna mental flowering pla nts Edible Crops Fruits,Tropical, subtropical, temperate.. Vegetables Warm season cool season. Ornamental Ctrops - flower and foliage plants, shrubs and trees Cocaine: anesthetic. Opium, Pain-killer Codeine and Morphine, pain-killer Marijuana, Hemp, stems leave and flowers, Cannabis Sativa Taxol - anti cancer drug from yew trees/shrubs Digitalis heart medication from foxglove Caffeine- from coffee beans St Johns Wort - antidepressant Ginkgo, Memory Enhacer Echinacea, reduces symptoms of cold Ginseng, stimulant, multi-purpose Vining orchid used a spice - vanilla Grows in topical region around equator Vanillin- synethic version Basil Enahces flavor Dill Seeds as well as the foliage Mint grows and takes over spreading its rhizomes Sage, Wax, Hairs, Slows down amount of light Hops, used for flavoring beer Ginsensoides - caffeine like effect Edible crops - peas cold temperatures growne early in the seasons Tomatos do not like cold temp Where as tropical can survive inside temperate plants cant live inside Oranmental Crops Ginkgo- more dirable male, female procues fruit that smells terrible Uses? Improved thought process, possibly improves memory, that case is not settled yet Clove flower bug Ginger Rhizome calms sotmach Mustard oldest known condiment yellow flowers seeds harvested IT WAS FOUND IN EGYPT 1904 developed recipe, yellow from tumeric vinegor Nutmeg, pepper vanila from spice siland The best pepper, black red green pepper. Weed: Invasive: a plant introduced to an area where it displaces the native vegetation in an aggressive manner Exotic: a non native plant, and not necessarily an invasive or weedy plant Kudzu: promoted by US Soil Consevation service, paid to plant it. Eukarya: Kingodm Animalia Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Protests (certain algae protozoons, slime molds having cell organelles.) Bacteria (prokaryotes in mult kingdoms Archaea (prokaryotes hat live ine arths extreme environments, Major divisons of Plantae: Pterophya - ferns Cycadophyta Cycads Ginkgophyta ginkgos Coinferophya conifers Angiographya flowering plants Two majoring divisn of angiophya Monoctyledonaneae = monocots Dicotyledonous = dictots Monocot Vascualr bundles scattered in stem Flower parts 3 or multiples. Leaf venation parallel. Seedling with one seed leaf. Dicot Flowers part 4,5 or multiples. Vascular bundlesin circular pattern or jointed into a ring. Leaf venation branches. Seedlings with two seed leaves Father of orbicular, Binosymal system, Linnaeus Families end in aceae Genus, General, Similar ins tructure, Chromomes #'s Species Similar ins tructure, development and appearance can sometime interbreed. VARIETIES: A distinct character separates this group of plants from the species Often come &quot;true-totype&quot; from seed. Cultivar: cultivated variety, plants have distinct character that is retained when the plant is produced. By cutting. Clone: genetically ID plant derived from a single mother plant by asexual propagation (cuttings or tissue culture). Dor mancy: Period of inactivity. Often envir onmentally regulated Ex: Winter or drought In Ver mont, most plants go dor mant by October and rema in dor mant through April Length of dor mancy- depends on your geographic location and the plant species Two phases of dorma ncy: 1.) Rest period - plant will NOT grow even if given a favorable environment! October to January 2.) Dormant yet reactive - plant will grow if given a favorable environment February to April Why important? If you try and force cut stems into flower, you must wait until they have completed their &quot;rest&quot; phase Temperate plants need a dor mancy period or they will die (important for bonsai/penjing) Vegetative phase Food resources directed at production of lea ves, stems and roots Juvenile phase- part of the vegetative phase where r eproduction cannot be induced Reproductive phase Sugars and starches are stored The pla nt flowers, produces seeds &amp; fruit Senescence: Rapid or gradual cycle until death In hardy perennials, only the above-ground portion senescences (roots/crown rema in alive) In woody trees and shrubs, only the lea ves and fruit senescence each year Vegetative/Reproductive cycles are regulated by: Age/maturity of the plant Carbohydrate/nitrogen balance in the plant Carbohydrates come from photosynthesis in leaves Nitrogen is taken up by the roots Too much nitrogen fertilizer can prevent a plant from becoming reproductive (flower ing) Cytology = the study of cells Cell wall Polysaccharides = long chains of simple sugars like glucose Cellulose ( unbranched polymer of several 1000 glucose molecules) Hemicellulose (branched chain) Combustible Directly indigestible by ma mma ls (lack enzyme to brea k bonds between glucose units) Ruminants (anima ls with special bacteria in stomach) Lignin = polymers of phenolic acid Hardens cellulose walls (lignifies) Resists microbial decomposition Causes yellowing in paper (photo-oxidation) Pectin = acidic polysaccharides = gel Water-soluble Lignin = polymers of phenolic acid Hardens cellulose walls (lignifies) Resists microbial decomposition Causes yellowing in paper (photo-oxidation) Pectin = acidic polysaccharides = gel Water-soluble Regions of cells Middle la mella = pectin Bacteria/fungi break down causing fruit/vegetable rot Like &quot;mortar&quot; between two bricks! Primary cell wall = cellulose and pectin Secondary cell wall = cellulose and lignin (not always present) Cell walls are NOT solid! Pierced by plasmodesmata Plasma membrane = semiper meable (pores and strands that connect cells) plasomeplasmodesmeta: pores in cells that connect them. Cytoplasm 85-90% water 10-15% organic(carbon-based) and inor ganic substances Dissolved (salts and carbohydrates = CHO's) Colloidal (proteins and fats) Nucleus Contains chromosomes DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid mRNA Relays genetic info. from nucleus to ribosomes (often attached to the ER, wher e proteins, such as enzymes, are ma de) Plastids (in the cytoplasm) Leucoplasts (colorless) contain starch Chromoplasts (color ed) Chloroplast = chromoplast that contains chlor ophyll (20 - 100 chlor oplasts per cell in a green leaf!) Wher e photosynthesis occurs Grana = stacked like coins, contains chlor ophyll, receive light Stroma = surrounds grana wher e CO2 is converted to CHO's Mitochondria = power center for cell Proteins and phospholipids ATP (adenosine triphosphate) carries ener gy Vacuoles = membrane-lined ca vities in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap (water, salts, organic materials) Helps control pla nt turgor Cell division End up with the sa me # of chromosome as your started with! Can lea d to plant growth What causes plant growth!! In a region just behind the area of cell division (mer istem) Types of cells Parenchyma cells Juicy edible parts of fruits and veggies Thin walled Contain lots of water Collenchyma cells Thick-walled cells Coarse and &quot;gritty&quot; Sclerenchyma cells Fibrous For support roots roots Why? Anchor plant Absorb mineral nutrients Absorb water Store nutrients (CHO's) and water Parts: Root cap Meristem Zone of elongation Maturation zone Types of roots? Tap root: carrot, biennial. Dandelion = weed with a taproot Fibrous roots Ex: Grasses Wheat Corn Turf grass Radicle = root from seed Adventitious roots = arise from places they nor mally would not be found Unusual roots Nodulation on roots (symbiotic relationship) Bacteria (Rhizobium) that &quot;fix&quot; atmospher ic nitrogen in legumes like peas and bea ns) 79% of atmospher e is nitrogen gas but is not dir ectly available to pla nts! Unusual roots Mycorrhizal associations with roots (occurs naturally on 80% of land pla nts!) Fungi that for m beneficial (symbiotic) associations Plant gets added water and mineral nutrient uptake Fungus gets CHO's Functions: Conducts water and mineral nutrients from roots to lea ves, flowers, fruit Provide support for leaves to maximize photosynthesis Stores &quot;food&quot; (CHO's) and water Components Node Internode Xylem Phloem Cambium LEavesLeaves Functions: Transpiration Photosynthesis Sometimes storage Components: Bla de Petiole Midrib (on some, not all) Margin Tip Viens Structure Cuticle (waxy coating) Epider mis (stomates and guard cells, 1 cell thick) Mesophyll (gas exchange, photosynthesis) Types: Simple Palmately compound Pinnately compound Conifers Specialized Cotyledons Tendrils Spines Bracts Specialized leaves Venus fly trap Sundew sticky Pitcher plant close up. Sensitive plant paralell pinnate palmate Alternate Opposite Whorled Basal rosette Flowers: Attract insect or animal pollinators. Pistil (female) Stigma Style Ovary Stamen (male) Anther Filament Types Complete Incomplete Perfect Imperfect Pistillate Staminate Monoecious Dioecious Imperfect Flower:Missing Either Pistil (female) or stamen (male) parts. Staminator flower, separl petal, anther filament. Pistilate flower: ovary stigma style sepal petal Monoecious: male and female flowers separate but on ONE plant. Dioecious: Male and female flowers on separate plants. Composite flower: inner and outter flowers. Like a Sunflower. Types of flower Peony Single, Double : bushy Types of flower Amaryllis, Single Double. Plastic is best! Easy to clean and re-use Durable Can use clay heavy, breakable, &amp; salts build up Can use untreated wood like cedar Treated wood contains arsenic and/or copper which is toxic to plants Can use paper Biodegradable Flimsey Can use wood fiber/peat Biodegradable Can use coir Biodegradable, coconut fiber, renewable resource Can use peat pellets Both &quot;pot&quot; and media in one! Biodegradable if you use the kind without plastic mesh For seed: Use a &quot;clean&quot; germination mix Use a mix designed for seeds S maller particles for good seed contact Need space for air and water No fertilizer is necessary to start but timed-release fertilizer helps after germination Wood/fiber/paper pots will need extra nitrogen Microbes need a combination of both carbon and nitrogen Components Organic: peat, bark, sphagnum moss, coir, compost, composted rice hulls Inorganic: mineral components for drainage and aeration Sand (only horticultural sand, play sand has ocean salt!) Perlite (for aeration, white in color like &quot;pearly <a href="/keyword/white-teeth/" >white teeth</a> &quot;, made from volcanic rock) Vermiculite (for aeration &amp; moisture-holding &amp; nutrient exchange, tan in color- made fro m mica rock) Seed collection Most seeds should be collected on a sunny, dry day, in mid-day (after the dew has dried up) Seeds can be collected in paper envelopes or brown paper bags Capsules that split open should have a bag placed over them several days before they split so that seeds are not lost If seed is enclosed in a fruit, you must remove the fruit first Fruit can be soaked to soften and then re moved by hand Seed will NOT germinate if planted in a fleshy fruit! 2.) Needs to have the seed coat abraded (scarification) 3.) Needs to have a period of cool-moist (stratification) This can be done by: Using a file Using sandpaper Statification: in a ziplock style bag, place seed in verimiculite or sand throw in fridge. Planting.Pl Time of year? Cool-season crops - radishes, lettuce, spinach beets, carrots, onions, cole crops (cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, kale), peas, snapdragons and pansies. Germinate if soil is 40-55 F These plants come from temperate climates They will tolerate freezing conditions Time of year? Warm-season crops - Tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, vine crops (cucumbers, squash, melons, snap beans, lima beans), sweet corn, marigolds and zinnias Require &gt;60 F Killed by freezing temperatures Seeds should be sowed 2-3x their diameter Seeds needing light (small seeds) should be sowed directly on the surface and then perhaps covered with horticultural grade sand Gently water and keep evenly moist WatOnce you wet a dry seed, it must re main moist! O Use propagation dome to help keep in moisture when starting seeds inside Ering Techniques in transplanting Prick-out seedlings (can use a &quot;dibble&quot; or a pencil or popsicle stick) Handle only by cotyledons... NEVER the stem! Best to have a hole made in the potting mix first before moving the seedling After planting, firm the medium around the seedling roots and water Frostfree dates This is the approximate time of year when you would expect no more frosts during the growing period.