History of <a href="/keyword/modern-china/" >modern china</a> I Review Session Notes page 1 of 4 Opium trade Chinese people addicted GB revenue Polachek consequence of different factions Court/Manchus more flexible in dealing with GB Scholars/officials have more hard-line policy Lin Zexu finds Opium, destroys GB takes force wants compensation for drugs destroyed wants to make China more submissive Opium War Treaty of Nanjing - 1842 Sets up framework for China-West interactions for 19th, even 20th centuries Provisions Hefty indemnity China can't pay, so turns into loan Discontent feeds into Xinhai Revolution Establishment of 5 treaty ports Start of establishment of many more Site of China-West interactions Translation of technology, science, Christianity Split between city &amp; countryside Reformers &amp; elites promote certain policies Not beneficial to vast majority A lot of foreign investment End of the Canton system Qing gives Hongkong to GB Treaty of the Bogue 1843 supplemental treaty GB gets extraterritoriality Not subject to Chinese laws GB gets most-favored-nation status Counterintuitive they have same rights as all other countries China loses control over tariff policies Think about capability of Qing Treaty of Nanjing weakened it China lost face on international level concern mostly of the officials, scholars Ordinary people concerned mostly with personal interactions with West Nationalism during this period Started in about 1900 one nation with boundaries, a certain group of people Started situation West superior to China China had to strengthen itself Very important to Sun Yat-sen, Liang Qi-chao Dissent Distinction Secret societies secular, secret, different range of symbols to bond members Sectarian groups religious, not secret, often w/ Buddhist content e.g. White Lotus Uprising (late 18th century) History of <a href="/keyword/modern-china/" >modern china</a> I Review Session Notes These people were left out of the system Find a new set of social structures, communities Famine relief, other services not being offered by government Groups growing in membership, being more violent Taiping Rebellion Foreign pressures, population pressures, breaking down of state People out of work, heavy taxes, government corruption, ineffective state Reasons, causes snowball effect of many factors Hong Xiuquan failed exams repeatedly, exposed to Christianity Had nervous breakdown, had visions, Jesus' younger brother! Hybrid Christian-Chinese Taiping ideology Starts out as religious movement Hakka communities State saw them as being just like other sectarian groups This is one reason they were so successful Also local militarization of Chinese society Hard to tell if they're pro-Qing or anti-Qing In response to Taiping Local elites also formed local militias Qing now gives local militias more formal support Zeng Guofan &amp; Li Hongzhang leaders Started in South, completely devastated Jiangnan region (Shanghai, Nanjing) Thriving, intellectual cultural centers During this time, every part of China is seeing some kind of rebellion, uprising Coast Westerners South Taiping Rebellion Northwest Muslims Regional bureaucracies for managing armies Previously decided by government appointments and collecting taxes Devolution of power from central government regional leaders Reverse? Beginning of 20th century Scholars see this as reform Court see this as bringing power back from locals e.g. nationalization of railroad 1860 Tongzhi Restoration, Self-Strengthening Movement How are China's problems being conceptualized? What are the responses? Not one single process Self-Strengthening Movement Beginnings of thinking that produce produces more thorough changes e.g. change in examination system studying western technology can get you status What pressures is China facing? 2nd Opium War (Arrow War) West destroyed summer palace Empress's role in SSM Cixi's playing major role has all the power Future emperors are puppets young boys page 2 of 4 History of <a href="/keyword/modern-china/" >modern china</a> I Review Session Notes page 3 of 4 Seems conservative until after Boxer Rebellion Supports many major constitutional changes Late 19th century increasing pressures Japan encroaching Carving China, Scramble for concessions 1894 Sino-Japanese War Treaty of Shimonoseki Provisions Gives Taiwan, Pescadores to Japan Liaodong also, but other countries intervened, so no Convinces educated Chinese people of need for reform Intellectuals find out write 10,000 word memorial Beginnings of Chinese elite nationalism Distinction b/w loyalty to country and loyalty to Qing Hundred Days' Reform (1898) Tensions between Guangxu emperor &amp; Cixi Guangxu emperor had option of giving Kang Youwei an audience Jumps at chance Sends out 100 reform edicts Starts precursor to Beijing University Cixi rallies supporters, stops reform from continuing Places Guangxu under house arrest until his death Kang Youwei &amp; Liang Qichao supported reforms Supported Qing, but wanted changes in fundamental institutions Not contradictory to having Qing in power Unlike Sun Yat-sen, who wanted to overthrow Qing, start something different One stop on way from Self-Strengthening Movement Kang Youwei influenced by Kaozheng scholarship? Early 19th century Kaozheng scholarship More precise &amp; scientific way of thinking linguistic problems Gongyang commentary on Spring and Autumn Annals Thinks of history in 3 stages, not cyclical terms Age of Chaos, Ascending Peace, Universal Peace One response to multiple crises, especially Sino-Japanese War Boxer Rebellion Different response to same crises Reaction to weakened Chinese state to foreign encroachment Using traditional resources to confront problems No millenarian Militarization of countryside Difficult for officials to distinguish b/w good and bad militarized groups After Cixi reforms Green Standard disbanded find new local groups to join Green Standard from Banner System Chinese soldiers Fiscal problems State can't resolve History of <a href="/keyword/modern-china/" >modern china</a> I Review Session Notes page 4 of 4 German sphere of influence in Shandong economic displacement North China violent movement Yuan Shikai pressured them Early ambiguity about what Boxers are and state's response Move to capital, increase attacks on Christians Western government wants to bring in expeditionary forces increased Court gives Boxers ability to move to Beijing &amp; Tianjin &amp; rampage Court incompetent in responding Boxers attack foreign quarters Western countries came in w/ forces Because Qing supported Boxers, there's another treaty Provisions 2 year ban on purchase of weapons foreign military bases on Chinese soil Qing still interested in maintaining power Reforms Educational civil exam system abolished People in charge of chamber of commerce, other new institutions Xinhai Revolution Political revolution form of government changed Social revolution? No not like Communists Disconnect between vast majority of population not getting benefits New army modern force site for people who wanted revolution