these Note: are the questions dreamed up during the review session yesterday. Note that these questions may or may not appear on the Exam itself. Identifications Ain Ghazal - 6500bc, prepottery Neolithic, statues, Akkad (Agade) - Akkad (Sumerian: Agade; Biblical Accad), was a city and its surrounding region (Sumerian URI.KI or KIURI) in central Mesopotamia. Akkad also became the capital of the Akkadian Empire.[1] The city was probably situated on the west bank of the Euphrates, between Sippar and Kish (in present-day Iraq, about 50 km (31 mi) southwest of the center of Baghdad). Despite an extensive search, the precise site has never been found. Akkad reached the height of its power between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests of king Sargon of Akkad. Akkadian end of empire, coment, drought (Harvey weiss), Tell Leilan Akkadians Amarna Letters Amar-Sin Amorites An Atrahasis Great Flood Babylon Babylonians Bevelled Rim Bowls uruk perioid, all similar Catal Huyuk - james mellart, 6500-5600 bc, bulls, no doors or windows, buried under floors, figurines Cuneiform - evolution of cuneiform writing, from 3000 bc, first writing Dame Kathleen Kenyon - excavated jericho Ea Ebla Enkidu Enlil Ensi Epic of Gilgamesh LECTURE 5 Gilgamesh Gudea Halaf period 6000 5500bc pottery Hammurabi Hammurabi's Law Code Hattusas Hittite
Hittites Hurrians Hydraulic Theory - Karl Wittfogel and Julian Steward, Suggest that need for irrigation leads to cities and states... Ian Hodder Ibbi-Sin Ishme-Dagan Ishtar Isin-Larsa period James Mellaart excavated catal hayuk Jericho Jericho oasis, tower, tomb, skull & eyes covered with clay, PLASTERED SKULL Kassites Kultepe Kanesh Lagash - King Gudea of Lagash 2150 BCE, Lagash was one of the largest city-states; it covered 1,800 sq. miles and had 30-35,000 inhabitants Lugal Marduk Mari Mari Letters Mariannu Mitanni Naram-Sin king of Akkad Neolithic Revolution - Invention of agriculture, ca. 10,000-8,000 BC Nesha Neshian Neshites Nuclear Zone Hypothesis - Robert Braidwood Also known as the "natural habitat" hypothesis. His basic premise was that there was an area in the Near East where the wild ancestors of domesticable plants and animals existed. No significant climate change in past 12,000 years, so should look for the areas where such plants and animals still exist in the wild today i.e. in their natural habitat. He thought one such area was in the lower foothills of the Zagros Mtns in northern Iraq, which he called the "Hilly Flanks" of the "Fertile Crescent." But doesn't explain why people would make the change to agriculture if not necessary Oasis Hypothesis - V. Gordon Childe Climatic change was the reason: Near East was well-watered and fertile until it began to dry up as the glaciers retreated ca. 10,000 BCE. Hunters and gatherers retreated to the few remaining well-watered places, such as oases or river valleys of Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile. Royal Pu-abi Death Pits of Ur Sargon - King of Akkad 2334 2279 BC, I am Sargon the great king, king of Agade.
My mother was a high priestess, I did not know my father. My father's brothers dwell in the uplands. My city is Azupiranu, which lies on Euphrates bank. My mother, the high priestess, conceived me, she bore me in secret. She placed me in a reed basket, she sealed my hatch with pitch. She left me to the river, whence I could not come up. The river carried me off, it brought me to Aqqi, drawer of water. Aqqi, drawer of water, brought me up as he dipped his bucket. Aqqi, drawer of water, raised me as his adopted son. Aqqi, drawer of water, set [me] to his orchard work. During my orchard work, Ishtar loved me, Fifty-five years I ruled as king. Shamshi-Adad Shubat Enlil Sir Leonard Woolley Sumerian King List 1820 bc, The Sumerian King List gives the purported early history of the region Sumerians LECTURE 4 PPT Suppiluliuma Tell Leilan Tushratta Ubaid period Uruk period 3700-3300bc, bevel rimmed bowls, white temple at uruk, 3200 bc Urukagina Utnapishtim Wassukanni Yasmakh-Adad Zimri-Lim Ziusudra
Possible Short Answer Questions Compare and contrast at least two hypotheses re the Neolithic Revolution and the origins of agriculture. Discuss the three criteria necessary for the origins of civilization. Compare and contrast the Biblical and ancient Near Eastern Flood stories. Discuss the possible Sumerian origins. What can Hammurabi's Law Code tells us about society in his time? Name several legacies left to us by the Sumerians. Discuss the three lost capitals of the ancient Near East (which are now two). What was the "Sumerian Renaissance"?
Discuss the discoveries made in Ebla and why some were controversial. Discuss the reason for existence of the Assyrian Trading Colonies Who was responsible for the "drive-by shooting" of Babylon and when did it take place? Discuss the division of land between temple, palace, and citizens in the Sumerian period. Discuss the Hydraulic Theory. Discuss the Creation stories of the Sumerians and their possible relation to the stories later found in the Hebrew Bible. Discuss the social and religious organization of the Sumerians.
Possible Essay Questions Discuss the importance of the Amarna Letters in terms of understanding diplomatic relations and internationalism. Discuss the origins and evolution of writing in the ancient Near East. Discuss the importance of Hammurabi's Law Code.
The code is often pointed to as the first example of the legal concept that some laws are so basic as to be beyond the ability of even a king to change. Hammurabi had the laws inscribed in stone, so they were immutable.
What do the Mari Letters tell us about life at Mari and elsewhere in the ancient Near East at that time?
NB: There may also be Multiple Choice, Slide Identification, Matching, Chronological Ordering, Text Identification, or Other Types of Questions on the Exam.