26 Thu Architectural Orders. From the Greek classical period to the Renaissance. Readings: B. Barletta, The Origins of the Greek Architectural Orders, Cambridge University Press, chaps. 3, 4, 5. J. Onians, Bearers of Meanings. The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1988. Filarete, architectural treatise, 1460's Support vertical posts 1st level of complication - fork at ends to support horizontal sticks Wooden hut Sierra Leone, Latvia Second level of complication ceiling is not flat 2 piece cover Covered with straw Parthenon 477-438 BC Probably most representative building of Greece 2 sources to understand architectural order of Greece Vitruvius Pollio, De Architectura, end of I century BC c., published Rome 1486 Never visited Greece, but his knowledge of greek architecture is good Plini the Younger, Naturalis Historia, I century AC? The Doric Order Used for the first time in the Doric area of Greece the oldest kind c. end of 7th century BC to end of 6th cent. BC visually the simplest, but it's really not that simple the (en)tablature (top) frieze, cornice, architrave (flat) column fluted number of flutes vary from 20 24 slender, they taper towards top gives life to Doric order looks like it's reacting - tension capital 2 parts appapus, atheno ? can't understand what he's saying more support, but also create a visual mediation b/w 2 elements there is a thing that looks like a cushion transition from column to top Problem of the Corner of Doric order The treeleaf? Never fully aligns with the column Part of the frieze purely decoration But comes from memory of wooden temple In wooden structure, there was horizontal structure Merged at corner At least 3 different structural elements at corner Evokes and simulates the structure There is a discrepancy at the corner Corner has to be underlined?
Architecture can't be perfect it's not a science Vitruvian Doric order, Palladio Four books By simplicity, not by chance Avoid the corner in drawing keep it perfect But included detail left corner a little blank, but a little ugly The height is always 7 times length of diameter at bottom Associated with men, esp. warriors The Ionic Order The Temple of Venice The Capital is most important shell (top) The avapus goes over edge, scrolls down Has the other 2 parts like Doric The height is always 9 times length of diameter at bottom There is another element at bottom to connect column to floor No corner problem The frieze has no particular pattern very small The Corinthian order Pantheon Corinthian Capital Two leaves (what plant? Acapus?) symbolize immortality, virginity Vitruvian Corinthian order, Palladio, four books The height is always 8 times length of diameter at bottom Associated with female goddesses measurements The of the diameter of the column base could give the measurements of the entire building Everything is proportionate Tuscan Order Colosseum, Rome Avoid corner problem no frieze! Theater of Marcellus Frieze is way up Rome, roman forum, Basilica Aerium Rome, temple of Portumnus Roman columns Don't taper Flat frieze 4th order Composite Order Corinthian and Ionic in one! Rome, Arch of Septimius Severus Vitruvian Composite order, Palladius, Four books 1/10 very slender, doesn't taper in Greece, columns have function in Rome, not as much real elements become decoration decoration is a structure this concept lasts until 20th ish century Rome, Arch of Constantine Full, freestanding columns that are completely useless Supporting only statues
Collapse of the empire Depicted buildings destroyed Destruction of society, organization, etc Equated with destruction of architecture Way architecture has been built up until 20th cent. Without any real rules The leftover columns taken and placed elsewhere Except without coherence Doesn't match the rest of the building Just happened to be the cheapest building material Juxtaposition of orders on Colosseum Doric on bottom, ionic, Corinthian on top Disappearance of columns and people who were skilled enough to carved the columns Eventually became lost Ionic capital changed at this time No swirlies just round button Rome, church of Saint Giorgio at Velabro Architect used Doric capital as base of column Architectural element has been lost During the middle ages, there was no interest in understanding the architecture The notion of "ruin" was part of something bigger not in their mentality Lorsch, Germany, Gatehouse, IX Century Bits of Roman architecture has survived not the same Arches frame by columns Corinthian capital Tiled, reds, diamond-shaped Rome, house of the Crescenzi, XIV cent [] The side of the house interesting detail Big fragment from entablature has been stolen Rome The columns support it But the capital doesn't match any of the classical orders Vague, imprecise, corrupted In Rome, or all over Europe Thick walls, with any sort of decoration The showing of structure as a decoration or any purpose is completely lost Bonadies palace, early XV cent Fragment of entablature supported by columns Bologna, Collegio of the Spanish, XIV cent Even the language of structure of columns is not the same as classical The columns are octagonal, not round Comes from Gothic architecture [explained why octagon in class] The capital doesn't belong to any classical order Yellow-orange bricks Florence, Palazzo Vecchio Building has very complicated history 14th century - Symbol of power back then []
the notion of simplicity is a result of a complex thought process started the notion of chaos etymological concept of order