unit2
Missed arh314 last week: Alberti, San Andrea 10/9/07 Rome? People were def reading Aristotle Basilica of Constantine and Maxentius, Rome, 315
10/9/2007 11:02:00 AM
About the power of the church and the institution o But also about the power of Adovico Camera Picta Means the room of pictures Also called the "room of the wedded people" o Because he shared this room with his wife In the Palazzo Ducale in Mantua o Made up of many diff buildings Built by andrea montagne Andrea Mantegna (1430-1506) Born near padua Apprenticed with squarcione o Copied casts of ancient statuary 1459- appointed court artist to Ludovico Gonzaga in Mantua o terms of employment (very good) 180 ducats a year, a house, grain for 6 people, firewood 1464- document refers to Montegna accompanying courtiers and scholars from Mantua to Lake Garda to visit Roman ruins o he's hangin with very important people o he's looking very closely at ancient roman art/arch 1472- letter from Cardinal Frenceso Gonzaga (Ludovico's son) to his father asking him to please send Montegna to Bologna o "with andrea I will have amusement showing him some of my cameos and bronze figures and other beautiful antiquities which we may study and confer on in company" 1476- begins construction on a new house
1484- given rank of court palatine, aristocratic title purchased from the Holy Roman Emperor o boosted up into the nobility (a low rank but still noble) 1506- death of Montegna o buried at S. Andrea examples of his work o agony in the garden, 1455, tempera on wood shows the scene in christ's passion peter, james, and john with him and he's praying they're all sleeping and useless says that he doesn't want to die but if it's god's will he'll do it praying so hard that he was sweating blood judas in back coming in to arrest Christ angels are showing him what's gonna happen soon the cross very carefully composed we are looking up at Christ he likes this angle we're supposed to admire Christ midground: nice road that leads our eye to the city background: distant landscape atmospheric perspective light is not very dramatic it's fairly even colors are what you'd expect in tempera figures are rather naturalistic he likes odd and foreshortened angles
there's a quietness to the composition viewer should be contemplative too o St. Sebastian, 1459 and 1480 (2 diff paintings) Tied to roman ruins and shot with arrows Montegna understood ancient architecture very well He's under a triumphal arch
Structure built with brick and mortar and faced with marble That's how the romans did it He obviously knew that It's a ruin The thing it was celebrating is now not important it's a ruin now
o Dead Christ, 1500 A very odd perspective He probably made this for himself Found in his workshop after he died Meant to elicit specific emotions His wounds are thrust into your space Interest in perspective and foreshortening Montegna's fresco style in the Camera Picta (1465-1474) In the Castle of S. Giorgio, in Palazzo Ducale A square room w/ 2 of 4 walls with illustrations The bedroom of Ludovico and his wife Barbara o Not a private place in the Ren. Functioned as a meeting room Where he appears before his subjects and foreign diplomats Just like the room of the nine He IS the government
North and West wall are decorated o North wall Ludovico seated with his wife Made to look like there's a dome and oculus with the heavens above o o Lots o Painted to look like sculpture Not an actual dome of scenes from classical mythology Communicates message of power and authority
North wall o Ludovico and wife with their court o He's just received a letter
He's gonna tell the guy on the left what his response is to the letter
We have no idea what it's about o His court is competing here for ludovico's attention o Shows his authority He's giving orders o Family dog is under his throne Enthusiastic horse and dog breeders Important status symbols They have the money and leisure to do so o Their shoes are off Showing respect for the company they're in West wall o Ludovico and his son Francesco He's a cardinal in the church In charge on s. andrea Not really sure what they're talking about But it doesn't really matter o Left side Huge horse and dogs A very nicely bred horse For performance and pleasure
o Tropes Rhetorical formulas used so very often that they become empty in meaning There's humorous details placed around o The puttis in the oculus One has his head stuck in the wall hole 10/16/07 Isabella d'Este and Francesco Gonzaga Parents of Frederico Gonzaga Isabella (1474-1539) o Daughter of the Duke of Ferrara and Leonora of Naples o She and her sister Beatrice had extensive education
o 1490 marries Francesco Frederico Gonzaga (1500-1540) Son of Isabella and Francesco gonzaga Marquis of mantua 1521-1530 Duke of mantua 1530-1540 Portrait by Titian, 1525 o Wearing a sword on his side He's important o Dog Unusual cuz they usually show big burly dogs but this one's little and cute Margaret Palaeologina Portrait by Giulio Romano, 1531 o She's seated Usually and authority stance for men But not for women There's nothing really happening But she wasn't supposed to be doing anything Her court servants are walking in She has the leisure to sit for a while
o Very fancy hat Mother in law liked to design hat o Fine clothing and jewelry Status and wealth Court artist Giulio Romano (c. 1499-1546) Principle assistant to Raphael (1438-1520) o Raphael dies in 1520 Appointed court artist to Frederico in 1524 o Very successful there 1526: achieved rank of nobleman and advisor to the court o allocated a house in Mantua Giulio Romano, The Palazzo del Te, 1525-1534 Function: stud-farm, villa for mistress, place for parties Report on the festivities held in 1530 in honor of Charles V written by Luigi Gonzaga da Borgoforte
o Councilor/secretary at court 11/6/07 John Duke of Berry (1340-1416), the Limbourg Brothers, Tres Riches Heures, 1411-16, tempera and ink on vellum Limbourg Brothers From northern territories Commissioned by Duke of Berry o Close with him and his family The book of Hours functions o For lay people the recite the liturgical hours Prayers, hymns, and psalms to be recited at particular times during the day (monastic origin); to structure daily devotion o Also incredible luxury objects Made of parchment (sheep) or vellum (calf) Handwritten and illuminated (tempera) People took very good care of them o Visual entertainment Labors of the month o jan-feasting, febo pages decorated accordingly January, 1413-1416 Lots of people sitting around and eating Shows the duke surrounded by luxury objects His elaborate blue cloak, and lots of people wearing red, his fur hat, gold dishes, tapestry in back (Netherlands famous for tapestries a famous art form) Fire screen behind him kinda looks like a halo
o He's no saint but it makes him look/feel like one February, 1413-1416 People are terribly out of proportion But still a realistic/naturalistic representation Makes the duke look good These people are there to serve him Interesting parts Man chopping wood has no pants on People inside are warming their genitals o They're working the land and they have no education or class March His castles in the back People plowing and pruning trees Peasants are slumped and faceless Non-individuals
April Picking flowers A betrothel Man giving ring to a woman First stage to marriage A scene of romance and enjoyment of the outside Members of court who have the leisure time to do that They're big and very present in the landscape They have individuality and distinct faces Hunting with hawks (hawking) Reserved for the nobility But it doesn't really look like a hunting scene Members of court parading on their beautiful horses They have the luxury of leisure to do so
May
June
Women's ankles are showing Highly inappropriate at the time But they're peasants so they don't care o They're not civilized so it's chill
July
The wheat harvest Collecting from wool sheep too
Much anonymity of peasants Hats in faces, etc August Wheat threshing Civilized court are on horses lounging But peasants are stripping and jumping in the lake o Clearly not civilized September Grape harvest Peasants bending over Get to see his underwear One is clearly pregnant
They are happily procreating One is shoving grapes in his mouth Half of his hand is in there too October Plowing and sowing Huge castle in the back November Gathering of acorns To feed to the pigs so they got fat for slaughter They're throwing sticks in the trees to get the acorns December Slaughtering pigs Instead they show the hunting of a wild boar Included realistic natural details
Limbourg bros, zodiacal man Ailments associated with certain astrological signs He's in the gothic French mode still o But still naturalistic o He's idealistic tho Very slender and elegant Doesn't look like he's standing on the ground at all Courtly elegance Limbourg bros, temptation and expulsion from paradise The devil is the serpent in the treee and half female o Women cause the downfall Eve is insisting that adam look at her apple They eat the apple and god throws them out of the garden o Now they're shameful and covering their genitals o Going out into the scary real world 11/8/07 Art and the Papacy what is the church the followers of jesus (crucified 27 BC) who believe he was the son of god and who sacrificed himself to save mankind hierarchical: pope (apostolic succession), cardinals, bishops, clergy/monastic orders sacramental: baptism, confirmation, marriage, confession, last rites, ordination, eucharist Christians unified until 1555 (Peace of Augsburg): split btw Roman Catholics and Reformed churches (eg Lutheran, Zwinglian, Calvinist) Rogier van der weyden, 7 sacraments altarpiece, cathedral of tournai, 1445 Baptism first o How you enter the world Confirmation o Second sacrament
Penance o Asking for forgiveness Marriage Death o Anointing of the sick and last rite Ordination o When u dedide to become a part of the church Eucharist o Eat the body of Christ Bread Only the clergymen have the power to bring the body of Christ into the bread Historical information 14th century o corruption and reform o "the Babylonian captivity" 1305-1378 the papacy resides in Avignon (versus Rome) bureaucratic expansion leads to corruption through such practices as simony (when church offices are sold for money), nepotism, pluralism,
and absenteeism (having a church position and not showing up for the duties) o attempts at reform mysticism (monastic) teaches to turn inward and focus on your relationship with god devotio moderna (monastic and lay) to come to know god in a more spiritual way heresy (Wyclif; Jan Hus) turn away from the church and look inward they openly criticized the church paid with their lives o Wyclif died in prison for his beliefs
The Great Schism and its effects (1378-1415) o Election of simultaneous and rival popes
Serious problem as it makes a joke out of apostolic succession
o Councils (Constance 1414-1418; Basel 1430-35; Ferrara/Florence 1437-45) Groups of cardinals just under the pope Trying to solve credibility problem in the church 3 main agenda items end the schism deal with heresy (Lollards and Hussites) reform the church including solving the issue of who really was
in charge of the church o a single pope of a council of cardinals? Lorenzo Valla, The Treatise on the Donation of Constantine, 1440 (Elmer Anthology, pp. 20-28) o A humanist scholar o He proves that the so-called "Donation of Constantine" (document supposedly drawn up by the Emperor Constantine in 4th cent) was actually an 8th cent fake A big deal b/c the popes legitimized much of their secular power on this supposed document Frescoes in the Papal Apartments Raphael (1483-1520) o Trained in his father's workshop in Urbino, and also with Pietro Perugino Giovanni Santi was court artist to Frederigo da Montefeltro o In Florence ca 1503 Met Leonardo and Michelangelo o 1508: moves to .....? Raphael, Pope Julius II portrait o Green background, with red robe Cloth in hand Raphael, Leo X with 2 cardinals, 1518 o He's a Medici
The round balls on the back of the throne Different form Julius II's
o Looking at a book Extensively illustrated Using a magnifying glass to study the work Appreciates it as a beautiful object Probably not a book of hours Stanza d'Eliodoro 1511-14 ( a room) Papal apartment o Patrons: Julius II and Leo X o Function: audience hall with papal throne o Subject of frescoes: Expulsion of Heliodorus, Raphael, 1511-14 Maccabees in great temple in Jerusalem High priest praying at bima Heliodorus going in to steal the temple treasure Raphael showing off Accurate one pt perspective Complicated angles and views of the human form Around the time that Julius vowed that he would get the French off of Italian soil Successful in driving them away This fresco can be viewed as a symbol of this event 11/13/07 The Sistine Chapel Commissioned by Pope Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere, Pope 1471-84) o Named after him (Sixtus Sistine) Built 1475-81 by Baccio Pontelli according to the dimensions of the Temple of King Solomon o In Jerusalem o He ruled Israel 970-928 BCE
Dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Function o NOT a private chapel o For great ceremonies of state Election of next pope, papal coronation, funeral services for kings and high-ranking clergy, meeting of papal chapel o No women allowed The main theme o Because humans are born of sin, they are in their very essence sinful and thus always in need of redemption o Throughout time, god has repeatedly tried to redeem humanity But humanity keeps screwing it up o The church is continuing God's efforts to redeem His troublesome creations (us) References to time o the very beginning of time story of creation Michelangelo's ceiling frescoes Based on Genesis o Ancient Judaism Moses (c.1250 BCE) gives the people God's laws (1482 frescoes, OLD testament) o Life of Christ o ?bitch o history of the early church portraits of 30 popes carry on God's work o end of time Michelangelo's last judgment altar fresco When jesus returns to earth to establish His heavenly kingdom and redeem those who are judged worthy; time ceases 1481-82 frescoes o patron: Sixtus IV
o artists: Botticelli, GHirlandaio, Perugino, Rosellino o frescoes located on the upper portions of the walls o subjects the 1st 30 popes (all martyrs; reference history of the early institutional Church) 8 parallel scenes from the lives of Moses and Jesus both great leaders and law-givers references time of jewish ...something o Botticelli, Destruction of Korah, 1481 Scene from the life of Moses Korah's the bad guy First Arch Contested Moses' authority high priest of the Hebrews (Aaron) Wearing a papal tiara of Constantine is replicated in the background Wasn't actually there when this event took place
Creative license o Perugino, Christ giving keys to St. Peter, 1482 Most important scene is directly in the foreground Horizontally Arch of Constantine in the background again There's a stoning going on in the back Possibly a ref to the stoning of Jesus Peter is the only one he trusts with the keys
o Sistine Ceiling, Michelangelo, 1508-12 Patron: Julius II Contract signed May 10, 1508 3000 ducats to cover barrel-vaulted ceiling scenes from OT Genesis 11/27 Art and the Reformation Primary Sources in Elmer Anthology creation to drunkenness of Noah nude figures flank each scene
Writings of Martin Luther (1483-1546) Autobiographical fragment, 1545 Article 32 (from the 95 theses) 1518 The Babylonian captivity of the church, 1520 Article 25 from Defense of Luther, 1521 Critique of the Church in art Martyrdom of st. agatha o Images like this all over the place o She had her breasts cut off and died a dismal death Luther thought it was not an image that was useful in teaching the gospel and Jesus' word
10/9/2007 11:02:00 AM
10/9/2007 11:02:00 AM