Monte Joseph History and Philosophy Final Origins of Baseball -Created in 1800 -Grew w/ America -Transformed into American Past-time
-Evolved quickly into "Big Business" from a leisure time pursuit -Albert Spalding created myth that Abner Doubleday invented baseball in 1839. -Reports of the game being played as early as 1778, but didn't catch on b/c it was a child's game -Grew from 3 English games: Rounders & Townball, Cricket -Cricket was more popular then baseball -2 popular versions of baseball-Massachusetts=long rectangular field, posts served as bases, and ball was thrown at runner to get him out. New York=Square field, regular bases, touch base to get runner out. Transformation to America's Pastime -1845=New York Knickerbockers-Recognized as first baseball club. Amateurs; Gentlemen (bankers, business men, etc) -Created by Alexander Cartwright- Established rules such as: - 90' Bases/ Pitcher's mound/9 players/no throwing at runners/first team to score 21 aces wins -1846: First organized game. New York Knickerbockers played the New Yorkers (a cricket team) Cartwright was the umpire. Yorkers beat Knickerbockers beat 23-1. -1859: First College Game: Amherst College defeated Williams College 66-32 -1858: Creation of National Association of Baseball players: Over 50 clubs in the Mid-Atlantic -Cricket becomes obsolete, and baseball takes over. Cricket players become baseball players -NABBP would govern baseball for the next 13 yrs: -Standardized rules -9 innings -Settle Disputes -Established the calling of balls/strikes
-Ball must be on fly to be an out
-No gambling, pay for play, or jumping from tem to team -Although they were amateur teams, they would charge admission to pay for uni's/field usage/travel. -Civil War (1861-1865) -Decline in organized play but the game then spread to the South as Union soldiers played the game to pass time & taught Confederate prisoners to occupy them
-Explosion of Baseball after War -Every town had a team -Semi-Pro players: Given a job to play ball
-As ppl moved to the Midwest, so did baseball -Alexander Cartwright spread the game to California, Hawaii, and Japan Evolution into a Business -1869: Cincinnati Reds=First all professional team. Managed and owned by Harry Wright; also a player. -First season netted a profit of $1.39 for investors -Only one player was a Cincinnati native -Won every game 65-0
-1870-Lost in extra innings to the Brooklyn Atlantics
-They went on to win the next 40 games, but then disbanded -1871: Creation of National Association of Professional Baseball Players -Player controlled teams -Lasted only until 1875
-Erratic schedules, teams coming and going due to poor financial management -1876: Creation of National League -Founded by William Hulbert -Owner controlled league -70 game schedule -No Sundays -Umpires
-No gambling or beer at games
-Salary Cap: Not over $ 2,000 to any player -Reserve Clause=owner owned the player: 5 players could be designated under this clause and if you wanted another team's player w/ a reserve clause, you had to give up 3 starters -Player paid for uni's -Team paid expenses of trip -Main Goal: Owners wanted to make money
1885: John Montgomery Ward founded Brotherhood of Professional Baseball Players -This was the first attempt to establish a union for players -Challenged reserve clause & salary cap The Player's League (1890-1891) -No salary cap -No reserve clause -Failed because of loss of money -This idea did not survive
-American League started to form by the Western League moving east and went head to head w/ the National League in 1900 -Ban Johnson, owner of Western League wanted to join National League but they refused because the National League owners did not want to split profit
-American Association=was formed w/ the best semi-pro teams in one league -No salary cap -$ .25 admission -Sold Beer -Held games on Sunday
-Stole players from the National League because they would be paid more money -It did so well that National League had no choice to give into Ban Johnson's demands -American Association and National League formed the Major Leagues, but the two leagues were still separate. -Reserve Clause -Salary cap -No black players -National Commission oversaw baseball
-1903 World Series; Boston beat Pittsburgh
-Ban Johnson, President of the American League headed this commission Important People -John McGraw -Manager of the NY Giants -10 Pennants -3 World Championships
-Did not play 1904 World Series against American League; made ppl angry -Christy Matthewson -First real good role model in sports -373 wins -37 games; 1.14 era
-College Athlete @ Bucknell University -Frank Merriwell=fictional character that was essentially Christy Matthewson. He did not drink, gamble, or womanize and was loved by all. -Ty Cobb -One of the greatest players ever -Mean, racist, gambler, drunk -4,191 hits -90 major league records
-Played to win -Was a big investor in coca-cola
-Nobody from the baseball world came to his funeral -Dr. James Naismith -Inventor of basketball -Evolved from a game of "Duck on a Rock" -Came because football coaches used this to keep their players in shape during the winter -Ppl loved basketball but did not gain complete notoriety like football did -Volleyball -invented by William Morgan. Played by ppl who wanted to stay in shape but did not want to b involved in a vigorous and physical game like basketball
-Naismith=would coach basketball at University of Kansas (Record=55-60) was more dedicated to teaching then basketball. Only Kansas U. coach to have a losing record. Golden Age of Sport (1900-1930) 1. Pro Baseball (King of Sport) Boxing -Jack Johnson=first black heavyweight champion. Was hated by the white public because he was boastful about being the best. Had to flee the United States b/c of accusations of pimping women, but her was not. Fled to Europe and later gave up his title to return to the US. Still was arrested. -Jack Dempsey=Known for big promotions and the first Million Dollar Gate. He was from Nevada and was one of the main contenders after WW1. He fought a WW1 French war hero, and this collected the first Million Dollar Gate. Beat the French Champ and was now an American hero. Won heavyweight championship in 1919 and held it for 7 yrs. In 1926, Gene Tunney would challenge Dempsey and win b/c he did not really train hard. Dempsey knew this after the fight and called for a rematch. Tunney should have lost but one by unanimous decision b/c of a referee not starting the count on time when Tunney was knocked down -Joe Louis=Greatest heavyweight that ever lived. Second black to win the heavyweight title. He was a very humble champion, and he set the stage for integration in WW2. He was the first black man to be accepted by the ppl of America. Joe Louis fought Matt Schmelling (German) for superior country/bragging rights between the US and Hitler's Germany. Louis knocked him out in the 1 st round. College Football -Stadium/Name Program=way to make you college grow/get money/more students -Notre Dame=prime example of this method -Popularized the forward pass 2. College Football (King of Intercollegiate Sport) 3. Pro Boxing
-Knute Rockney=coach of Notre Dame, liked more passing in football Pro Football -Tried to start in the 1890's but lack of money led to college stars passing up playing -APFA in 1920 started a league. $100 to start a `Chise. -Jim Thorpe=the APFA's first president. Picked b/c of his popularity with the public. -Jim Thorpe was not a good fit so Joe Carr took over, and changed the name to the NFL. He then lowered `Chise prices to $50 -Tim Mara=started the NEW YORK FOOTBALL GIANTS and used the media to publicize his team -After second year of league, Chicago Bears signed Red Grange for a lot of money, right from college. Scored 4 TD's in the first 7 minutes. -Joe Carr instituted first draft, instead of teams with most money having the ability to buy players
Baseball -1919 Black Sox Scandal=almost destroyed baseball -7 players on the Black Sox threw the World Series b/c they were going to be paid off by gamblers, which was more than what they were making to play in the World Series. It was primarily a low blow at Comiski (Owner of the League) for sticking it to them. 2 players confessed that they threw the game and all 7 were about to stand trial. Somebody then stole the confessions from court, the and all 7 players were acquitted. If they were guilty, baseball probably would have failed. -Commissioner Judge Landis comes into power b/c he was trusted by the ppl. Landis takes control of owners and bans the 7 black sox players for life. Landis would rule baseball w/ iron fist for 20 yrs. -Babe Ruth=emerges as the hero of baseball. NYY -Hit the ball hard and was charismatic -"Radio" came about 10 yrs prior to Ruth's emergence but nobody could afford it at first. Now they could afford it, and hear about Babe. Widened fan base -1930's=beginning of Depression & end of Golden Era of Sport -1929=Stock Market Crash; causes depression -Baseball players took 50% salary cuts -PWP=Public Works Program-build recreational facilities/parks by regular ppl who need money -1935=baseball starts night games in hopes of getting ppl in after work; Doubleheaders on Sunday -1938=group of college basketball coaches start an event called the NIT (National Invitational Tourn.) -This was the first college championship -NCAA sees how successful this tournament has become and they establish their own NCAA Championship 1800's-1900 -Women began to participate in sport but they were belittled -Several women's colleges provided athletics for women: -Vassar, Wellesley, Smith, Bryan Mawr -Illinois established women's athletics team in the early 1920's. -Babe Didrikson=top woman athlete. Caught ppl's attention in the 1932 Olympic Games by winning 2 gold medals, and 1 silver medal. The silver should have been gold but a rule disqualified her jump. She did things that ppl never thought were possible for women to do. -1972=Civil Rights Act-Title IX-Specified all physical education & participation were open equally for both sexes. This was the greatest impact in the educational area than any other federal legislation. -College Football had 30-40% of attendance drop
The Modern Olympics -Original Olympic site was discovered in mid 1800's -Dr. William Brookes=English Physician; discouraged by young being in poor shape b/c they were not active enough. Wanted physical education in the schools. "Father of British Physical Education", wanted to try & revitalize Olympic Games but failed so he made the "Wenlock Olympics" in 1850. -Wenlock Olympics are good at first but start to fail until a man named Barone Piere de Coubertin visits him, and shared his dream about the Olympics. -Coubertin=a French aristocrat & also realized the terrible shape of the French youth. Coubertin and Brookes sought to bring the concept of the Olympic Games into making youth interested in sport -1849-De Coubertin organized the International Congress of Paris, which was a conference of supporters of the Olympic Games. Had 79 delegates from 12 countries were represented. Established and created International Olympic Committee (IOC) -This was the start of the first Modern Olympic Games. They set up 5 principles in which the Olympics would operate under: -Held every 4 yrs -Modern/Ancient sports included -Only adult males compete
-Only amateurs could compete
-Sight of the games would change/rotate each time
Goal of Olympic Movement-To Bring a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport by bringing together athletes from all countries in sincere & impartial competition by sharing mutual understanding bound by friendship, solidarity, and fair play. Olympic Motto-"Faster, Higher, Stronger" -1896-1932=Era of Amateur Olympic -1936-1980=Political Olympics
-1984-Present=Era of Financial/Commercial/Corporate Olympics -1896=Athens, Greece. 311 athletes, 12 countries. James Connolly won the Triple Jump. -Paris Olympics were a mess b/c the Paris Exposition & Olympics were at the same time; Women participated unofficially -1904=first games in the US, St. Louis. Over 700 Athletes from 12 countries. 500 athletes were Americans because the Europeans could not afford the trip to St. Louis. It was a failure. -International Olympic Committee tries to save sport by having unofficial Olympic Games in Athens in 1906, which held 900 Athletes; 20 countries participated. This was the first time the athletes were in uniforms representing their countries. -1908 Olympics=London, England-This was the start of the steady growth period for the Olympics. Government starts to support athletes/team through finding. First ripples of nationalism b/c of rivalry between US & England.
-1912 Olympics=Stockholm, Sweden. Last games before WW1; last games that Russia would attend for a while -Jim Thorpe=Won gold medal in pentathlon & decathlon. Named the greatest living athlete -1920 Olympics=Belgium. Athletes took Olympic oath in front of public for first time. The 5 ring Olympic logo was unveiled. It symbolizes friendship of competition. Each ring has a color-black, red, green, yellow, and blue. These colors were chosen b/c at least one of those colors is on every flag in the world. -1924 Olympics=Establishment of Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. It included speed skating, figure skating, bob sledding, and hockey. -1928 Olympics=Amsterdam, Denmark. This was the first time women were officially participating290 Olympians were girls. 3,000 athletes from 45 nations. The US dominated the games winning 55 medals -1932 Olympics=Los Angeles, US. Important to US b/c it was in the midst of the depression. Babe Didrikson shows men that women can compete too. -1936 Olympics= The Political Olympics. Adolf Hitler takes Germany out of depression & Hitler believes the Olympics are the world stage for him to dispense Nazi supremacy. -Best Organized Games yet -Germany, Italy, US=1st , 2nd, 3rd -Although Germany won overall, American athletes stole the show from Hitler. -Introduction of the lighting of the torch; Last games till WW2 Integration of Sport -Jesse Owens/Joe Louis=set the stage for integration of team sports & the Civil Rights Movement -Owens/Louis through their athletic feats put Nazi Germany & installed pride in all Americans -Blacks not allowed participating in pro baseball before 1947. The reason for this was that they did not have the social skills to function in an organized team setting, and they were not smart enough to plan/execute plays. -Branch Rickey=Person most responsible for integration in baseball -Jackie Robinson=not the best skilled player in the Negro league, but due to his character, he was the best player to pull it off -Renny Washington & Woody Strode=signed to play pro football out of UCLA -Harlem Globetrotters-the best of the barn-storming pro basketball team. Wanted to be an NBA team but they were not allowed b/c a successful all-black team would not work in business. They took the entertainment route. -Early NBA teams had an unofficial quota of no more than 2 black player/team -Germans produced best facilities -Televised for 1st time
-Texas Western (1966 NCAA Champions) -5 black starters; beat heavily favored Kentucky (all white team) and recruiting of black athletes increased in colleges all around the country, particularly in the SEC -Althea Gibson -Great black Tennis champion in 1950 -Wilma Rudolph -1st women to win 3 gold medals in track/field -Helped bring whites/blacks together in her town. Television in Sport -1950=TV-biggest growth reason of sport -More & more ppl could get TVs and widened fan base -Won Wimbledon -Opened tennis to blacks
-TV helped expand fan base, provided additional revenue, promoted lesser known sports -May 17, 1939=baseball game between Columbia & Princeton; first televised sporting event -Boxing would be the most popular in televised sports b/c it was easy to watch. Fights were held on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday -1952: 31% of ppl watched boxing on TV -6 Things TV changed in Sports: -Starting times of sports -Artificial stoppage of plays -Availability of coaches/players -Baseball: Ball was hard to follow on TV -Very beneficial in the World Series -College Football: Regionalized benefits of revenue -Pro Football: 1958 Championship between Giants and Colts was broadcasted nationally -Pete Rozelle: Former Football Commissioner -Saw potential growth of NFL on TV -Days of games -Match-ups
-Access of field by production crew
-Roone Arledge: Made sports huge on TV. Responsible for many innovations of broadcasting. Responsible for Monday Night Football -Expanded Olympic Coverage