Coursehero >>
Illinois >>
UIllinois >>
GEOG 210 Course Hero has millions of student submitted documents similar to the one below including study guides, homework solutions, papers, and exam answer keys.
is What a system? SYSTEMS & SYSTEM MODELING A system is a set of objects (elements) together with the elements) relationships between the objects and between their attributes. (Hall and Fagen, Fagen, 1956) What is a system? Definitions Objects Set Attributes (characteristics) Relationship Boundary? What is a model? A Model is widely defined as any simplification of reality Why do we use models? Do models need to be capable of generating a prediction? Models e.g., hardware (physical), conceptual, theoretical, mathematical, numerical etc. System & Model Categories Systems may be categorized in several different ways: Functional categories Structural categories Functional Categories Some functional categories are: Isolated System Closed System Open System 1 Functional Categories An Isolated System: Boundaries are not crossed by energy or matter Examples? A Closed System: Boundaries may be crossed by energy, but NOT by matter. energy, matter. Examples? Functional Categories An Open system: Boundaries may be crossed by both energy and matter. matter. Examples? System Feedback Information Feedback Pathways: Feedback loops Feedback information is the control or the guide for further system operations in an open system. system. System Feedback Negative Feedback Self regulation A tendency to absorb/dampen out impacts Example? (The saucer example) Positive Feedback Instability A tendency to continue/magnify impacts Example? (The inverted saucer example) Structural Categories Some structural categories are: Morphological System Cascading System Process-response or ProcessProcessProcessform System (reflecting increasing degrees of complexity) Structural Morphological Categories System Identified in terms of its internal geometry. A simple earth science example: Cliff, free face, or scarp, plus a talus 2 Structural Categories Cascading System A set of subsystems, linked by a cascade (flow) (flow) of energy and/or matter with inputs and outputs. Structural Categories Process-Response ProcessSystem: System: Focus on axis! (+) (-) (-) (+) Process - Response Models We will spend most of our time looking at process-response models, i.e., processsimplified ideas about how the surface of the earth changes in response to the processes acting upon it. Plus a similar perspective on human populations, as well as how people and the Earth's surface Earth' interact. The latter two are always more complicated than the first alone. Equilibrium Concept Input & Output Input = Output? Input Output? Input > Output Input < Output How does a system respond? Simple Equilibrium Concepts Equilibrium is not a single concept and many disciplines have their own concept, and especially their own metric, e.g., economists use money flows while earth scientists are likely to be interested in energy or mass flows. Various Kinds of Equilibrium Static: A truly static situation Example? 3 Various Kinds of Equilibrium Stable: Self regulation (Negative Feedback) Various Kinds of Equilibrium Unstable: Positive Feedback Equilibrium 2 Equilibrium 1 Various Kinds of Equilibrium Metastable: Threshold concept Metastable: Various Kinds of Equilibrium Steady-state: Oscillations & fluctuations, Steadybut no trend. Equilibrium 2 Equilibrium 1 Various Kinds of Equilibrium Dynamic Metastable: Dynamic + metastable Metastable: 4
Find millions of documents here - Study Guides, Homework Solutions, Papers, Exam Answer Keys and more.
Course Hero has millions of course related materials that will enable you to learn better, faster and get an A in all your courses.
Below is a small sample set of documents:
1502CTest3
Path: Georgia Tech >> MATH >> 1502 Fall, 2007
Description: Name Teaching Assistant Math 1502C 10am Andrew 15 April 2004 Hour Test 3 Instructions: 1. Closed book. 2. Show your work and explain your answers and reasoning. 3. Calculators may be used, but pay particular attention to instruction 2. To receive c...
1502JTest3
Path: Georgia Tech >> MATH >> 1502 Fall, 2007
Description: Name Teaching Assistant Math 1502J 2pm Andrew 15 April 2004 Hour Test 3 Instructions: 1. Closed book. 2. Show your work and explain your answers and reasoning. 3. Calculators may be used, but pay particular attention to instruction 2. To receive cr...
1502Test3
Path: Georgia Tech >> MATH >> 1502 Fall, 2007
Description: Name Teaching Assistant Math 1502J Andrew 20 Aprl 2006 Hour Test 3 Instructions: 1. Closed book. 2. Show your work and explain your answers and reasoning. 3. Calculators may be used, but pay particular attention to instruction 2. To receive credit,...
exam1
Path: Georgia Tech >> MATH >> 1502 Fall, 2007
Description: Math 1502 B - McClain - Exam 1, 9/24/07 Name: Section/TA: PLEASE READ THIS FIRST: Write your name and section on the top of this page. Circle your final answer. On the questions about infinite series, state clearly which test you are using. The...
exam2
Path: Georgia Tech >> MATH >> 1502 Fall, 2007
Description: ...
exam3
Path: Georgia Tech >> MATH >> 1502 Fall, 2007
Description: ...
someproblems
Path: Georgia Tech >> MATH >> 1502 Fall, 2007
Description: ...
mar28
Path: Lehigh >> MATH >> 22 Spring, 2008
Description: ...
math22exam1
Path: Lehigh >> MATH >> 22 Spring, 2008
Description: ...
Thermo_5th_Chap06_P001
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 6-1 Chapter 6 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Thermal Energy Reservoirs 6-1C Water is not a fuel; thus the claim is false. 6-2C Transferring 5 kWh of heat to an electric resistance wire and producing 5 kWh of el...
Thermo_5th_Chap06_P069
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 6-18 Carnot Heat Engines 6-69C No. 6-70C The one that has a source temperature of 600C. This is true because the higher the temperature at which heat is supplied to the working fluid of a heat engine, the higher the thermal efficiency. 6-71 The sou...
Thermo_5th_Chap17_P096
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 17-45 Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible Friction (Rayleigh Flow) 17-96C The characteristic aspect of Rayleigh flow is its involvement of heat transfer. The main assumptions associated with Rayleigh flow are: the flow is steady, one-dimensi...
Thermo_5th_Chap06_P104
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 6-34 Special Topic: Household Refrigerators 6-104C It is a bad idea to overdesign the refrigeration system of a supermarket so that the entire airconditioning needs of the store can be met by refrigerated air without installing any air-conditioning ...
Thermo_5th_Chap07_P001
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 7-1 Chapter 7 ENTROPY Entropy and the Increase of Entropy Principle 7-1C Yes. Because we used the relation (QH/TH) = (QL/TL) in the proof, which is the defining relation of absolute temperature. 7-2C No. The Q represents the net heat transfer dur...
Thermo_5th_Chap07_P052
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 7-26 Entropy Change of Incompressible Substances 7-52C No, because entropy is not a conserved property. 7-53 A hot copper block is dropped into water in an insulated tank. The final equilibrium temperature of the tank and the total entropy change a...
Thermo_5th_Chap07_P087
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 7-51 Reversible Steady-Flow Work 7-87C The work associated with steady-flow devices is proportional to the specific volume of the gas. Cooling a gas during compression will reduce its specific volume, and thus the power consumed by the compressor. 7...
Thermo_5th_Chap07_P118
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 7-51 Reversible Steady-Flow Work 7-87C The work associated with steady-flow devices is proportional to the specific volume of the gas. Cooling a gas during compression will reduce its specific volume, and thus the power consumed by the compressor. 7...
Thermo_5th_Chap07_P150
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 7-107 Special Topic: Reducing the Cost of Compressed Air 7-150 The total installed power of compressed air systems in the US is estimated to be about 20 million horsepower. The amount of energy and money that will be saved per year if the energy co...
Thermo_5th_Chap07_P184
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 7-135 7-184 The validity of the Clausius inequality is to be demonstrated using a reversible and an irreversible heat engine operating between the same temperature limits. Analysis Consider two heat engines, one reversible and one irreversible, both...
Thermo_5th_Chap07_P198
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 7-148 7-198 Refrigerant-134a is vaporized by air in the evaporator of an air-conditioner. For specified flow rates, the exit temperature of air and the rate of entropy generation are to be determined for the cases of an insulated and uninsulated eva...
Thermo_5th_Chap08_P001
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 8-1 Chapter 8 EXERGY A MEASURE OF WORK POTENTIAL Exergy, Irreversibility, Reversible Work, and Second-Law Efficiency 8-1C Reversible work differs from the useful work by irreversibilities. For reversible processes both are identical. Wu = Wrev -I. ...
Thermo_5th_Chap08_P054
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 8-33 Second-Law Analysis of Control Volumes 8-54 Steam is throttled from a specified state to a specified pressure. The wasted work potential during this throttling process is to be determined. Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since ther...
Thermo_5th_Chap08_P079
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 8-60 8-79 A rigid tank initially contains saturated R-134a vapor. The tank is connected to a supply line, and R134a is allowed to enter the tank. The mass of the R-134a that entered the tank and the exergy destroyed during this process are to be det...
Thermo_5th_Chap08_P095
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 8-79 Review Problems 8-95 Refrigerant-134a is expanded adiabatically in an expansion valve. The work potential of R-134a at the inlet, the exergy destruction, and the second-law efficiency are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating condit...
Thermo_5th_Chap08_P113
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 8-96 8-113 A well-insulated room is heated by a steam radiator, and the warm air is distributed by a fan. The average temperature in the room after 30 min, the entropy changes of steam and air, and the exergy destruction during this process are to b...
Thermo_5th_Chap08_P124
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 8-111 8-124 An evacuated bottle is surrounded by atmospheric air. A valve is opened, and air is allowed to fill the bottle. The amount of heat transfer through the wall of the bottle when thermal and mechanical equilibrium is established and the amo...
Thermo_5th_Chap09_P001
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 9-1 Chapter 9 GAS POWER CYCLES Actual and Ideal Cycles, Carnot cycle, Air-Standard Assumptions 9-1C The Carnot cycle is not suitable as an ideal cycle for all power producing devices because it cannot be approximated using the hardware of actual pow...
Thermo_5th_Chap09_P060
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 9-40 Stirling and Ericsson Cycles 9-60C The efficiencies of the Carnot and the Stirling cycles would be the same, the efficiency of the Otto cycle would be less. 9-61C The efficiencies of the Carnot and the Ericsson cycles would be the same, the eff...
Thermo_5th_Chap09_P101
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 9-70 Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration 9-101C As the number of compression and expansion stages are increased and regeneration is employed, the ideal Brayton cycle will approach the Ericsson cycle. 9-102C (a) decrease, (b)...
Thermo_5th_Chap09_P132
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 9-97 Review Problems 9-132 A turbocharged four-stroke V-16 diesel engine produces 3500 hp at 1200 rpm. The amount of power produced per cylinder per mechanical and per thermodynamic cycle is to be determined. Analysis Noting that there are 16 cylin...
Thermo_5th_Chap09_P159
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 9-131 9-159 EES The effect of variable specific heats on the thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle using air as the working fluid is to be investigated. The percentage of error involved in using constant specific heat values at room temperature...
Thermo_5th_Chap10_P001
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 10-1 Chapter 10 VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES Carnot Vapor Cycle 10-1C Because excessive moisture in steam causes erosion on the turbine blades. The highest moisture content allowed is about 10%. 10-2C The Carnot cycle is not a realistic model for...
Thermo_5th_Chap10_P046
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 10-30 10-46 A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with two open feedwater heaters. The net power output of the power plant and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating con...
Thermo_5th_Chap10_P067
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 10-52 10-67 A cogeneration plant is to generate power and process heat. Part of the steam extracted from the turbine at a relatively high pressure is used for process heating. The net power produced and the utilization factor of the plant are to be ...
Thermo_5th_Chap10_P082
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 10-77 Special Topic: Binary Vapor Cycles 10-82C Binary power cycle is a cycle which is actually a combination of two cycles; one in the high temperature region, and the other in the low temperature region. Its purpose is to increase thermal efficien...
Thermo_5th_Chap10_P099
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 10-93 10-99 A combined gas-steam power plant is considered. The topping cycle is an ideal gas-turbine cycle and the bottoming cycle is an ideal reheat Rankine cycle. The mass flow rate of air in the gas-turbine cycle, the rate of total heat input, a...
Thermo_5th_Chap11_P001
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 11-1 Chapter 11 REFRIGERATION CYCLES The Reversed Carnot Cycle 11-1C Because the compression process involves the compression of a liquid-vapor mixture which requires a compressor that will handle two phases, and the expansion process involves the e...
Thermo_5th_Chap11_P049
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 11-36 Gas Refrigeration Cycles 11-49C The ideal gas refrigeration cycle is identical to the Brayton cycle, except it operates in the reversed direction. 11-50C The reversed Stirling cycle is identical to the Stirling cycle, except it operates in the...
Thermo_5th_Chap12_P001
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 12-1 Chapter 12 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS Partial Derivatives and Associated Relations 12-1C z dz x dx (z)y (z)x y dy dz = (z ) x + (z ) y y x dx x +dx dy y + dy y x 12-2C For functions that depend on one variable, they are identical...
Thermo_5th_Chap12_P058
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 12-29 12-58E The enthalpy of nitrogen at 400 R and 2000 psia is to be determined using data from the ideal-gas nitrogen table and the generalized enthalpy departure chart. Analysis (a) From the ideal gas table of nitrogen (Table A-18E) we read h = 2...
Thermo_5th_Chap13_P001
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 13-1 Chapter 13 GAS MIXTURES Composition of Gas Mixtures 13-1C It is the average or the equivalent gas constant of the gas mixture. No. 13-2C No. We can do this only when each gas has the same mole fraction. 13-3C It is the average or the equivalent...
Thermo_5th_Chap13_P064
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 13-35 13-64 Heat is transferred to a gas mixture contained in a piston cylinder device discussed in previous problem. The total entropy change and the exergy destruction are to be determined for two cases. Analysis The entropy generated during this ...
Thermo_5th_Chap14_P001
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 14-1 Chapter 14 GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES AND AIR CONDITIONING Dry and Atmospheric Air, Specific and Relative Humidity 14-1C Yes; by cooling the air at constant pressure. 14-2C Yes. 14-3C Specific humidity will decrease but relative humidity will increase....
Thermo_5th_Chap14_P069
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 14-20 14-69E Air enters a heating section at a specified pressure, temperature, velocity, and relative humidity. The exit temperature of air, the exit relative humidity, and the exit velocity are to be determined. Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow...
Thermo_5th_Chap14_P100
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 14-45 Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams 14-100C This will occur when the straight line connecting the states of the two streams on the psychrometric chart crosses the saturation line. 14-101C Yes. 14-102 Two airstreams are mixed steadily. The specific...
Thermo_5th_Chap14_P115
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 14-58 Review Problems 14-115 Air is compressed by a compressor and then cooled to the ambient temperature at high pressure. It is to be determined if there will be any condensation in the compressed air lines. Assumptions The air and the water vapo...
Thermo_5th_Chap15_P001
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 15-1 Chapter 15 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Fuels and Combustion 15-1C Gasoline is C8H18, diesel fuel is C12H26, and natural gas is CH4. 15-2C Nitrogen, in general, does not react with other chemical species during a combustion process but its presence affec...
Thermo_5th_Chap15_P046
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 15-24 First Law Analysis of Reacting Systems 15-46C In this case U + Wb = H, and the conservation of energy relation reduces to the form of the steady-flow energy relation. 15-47C The heat transfer will be the same for all cases. The excess oxygen a...
Thermo_5th_Chap15_P068
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 15-43 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 15-68C For the case of stoichiometric amount of pure oxygen since we have the same amount of chemical energy released but a smaller amount of mass to absorb it. 15-69C Under the conditions of complete combustion wit...
Thermo_5th_Chap15_P088
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 15-64 Review Problems 15-88 A sample of a certain fluid is burned in a bomb calorimeter. The heating value of the fuel is to be determined. Properties The specific heat of water is 4.18 kJ/kg.C (Table A-3). Analysis We take the water as the system,...
Thermo_5th_Chap15_P102
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 15-83 15-102 A mixture of 40% by volume methane, CH4, and 60% by volume propane, C3H8, is burned completely with theoretical air. The amount of water formed during combustion process that will be condensed is to be determined. 40% CH4 Assumptions 1 ...
Thermo_5th_Chap16_P001
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 16-1 Chapter 16 CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM The Kp and Equilibrium Composition of Ideal Gases 16-1C Because when a reacting system involves heat transfer, the increase-in-entropy principle relation requires a knowledge of heat transfer between th...
Thermo_5th_Chap16_P029
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 16-17 16-29E A mixture of CO, O2, and N2 is heated to a high temperature at a constant pressure. The equilibrium composition is to be determined. Assumptions 1 The equilibrium composition consists of CO2, CO, O2, and N2. 2 The constituents of the mi...
Thermo_5th_Chap16_P052
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 16-43 16-52 The KP value of the combustion process H2 + 1/2O2 H2O is to be determined at a specified temperature using hR data and KP value . Assumptions Both the reactants and products are ideal gases. Analysis The hR and KP data are related to ea...
Thermo_5th_Chap16_P083
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 16-60 16-83 A mixture of H2 and O2 in a tank is ignited. The equilibrium composition of the product gases and the amount of heat transfer from the combustion chamber are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The equilibrium composition consists of H2O, H2...
Thermo_5th_Chap17_P001
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 17-1 Chapter 17 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW Stagnation Properties 17-1C The temperature of the air will rise as it approaches the nozzle because of the stagnation process. 17-2C Stagnation enthalpy combines the ordinary enthalpy and the kinetic energy of a fl...
Thermo_5th_Chap17_P118
Path: UMass (Amherst) >> MIE >> 273 Spring, 2008
Description: 17-64 Review Problems 17-118 A leak develops in an automobile tire as a result of an accident. The initial mass flow rate of air through the leak is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 2 Flow of air thro...
Atmos Test 3
Path: Naval Academy >> SOC >> SOC 244 Spring, 2008
Description: ...
Atmos Test 4
Path: Naval Academy >> SOC >> SOC 244 Spring, 2008
Description: ...
NRES 475 Exam 1.
Path: UIllinois >> NRES >> 475 Spring, 2008
Description: ...
IB 420 Quiz 3
Path: UIllinois >> IB >> 420 Spring, 2008
Description: ...
IB 420 Quiz 2
Path: UIllinois >> IB >> 420 Spring, 2008
Description: ...
IB 420 Quiz 1
Path: UIllinois >> IB >> 420 Spring, 2008
Description: ...
Article_02
Path: RIT >> COLA >> 0510-210 Fall, 2006
Description: ? , Article 2 ,. Napoleon Chagnon\'s War of Discovery He Wrote a Bestseller in the \'60s About One of the Last Undiscovered Peoples on Earth. Yet His Brash Style and Opinions Have Sabotaged His Research. Now He Is Forbidden to Visit the Jungle to Fi...
Chem 112 test 3
Path: CofC >> CHEM >> 112 Spring, 2008
Description: Chem 112 - Test 3 Spring 2008 Name \' 1. If 0.10 moles of KF dissolves in enough water to make 500 mL k3 f H+ a. What ions are found? I - solution then (20 pts) I L b. If any of the ions are acids andlo ases identify them, and provide Ka or Kb ...
Last_Years_Midterm_Finkelstein
Path: UCSB >> MCDB >> 1B Spring, 2008
Description: Name _ TA _ MCDB 1B Midterm Examination I February 14, 2007 Scantron Instructions: 1. Use a #2 pencil to complete the form. 2. Write your name and fill in the appropriate bubbles. 3. Write your perm. number in the ID number box and fill in the bubb...
2007_Midterm_Key_Finkelstein
Path: UCSB >> MCDB >> 1B Spring, 2008
Description: MCDB 1B MT 1; Yellow Key Quest Answer # 1 B 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 D 6 E 7 B 8 C 9 D 10 C 11 D 12 E 13 E 14 C 15 B 16 C 17 B 18 B 19 B 20 D 21 E 22 E 23 A 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 D E A A C E A D E B C E E B A ...
hw3soln
Path: UCSB >> PHYS >> 6a Winter, 2007
Description: ...
hw4soln
Path: UCSB >> PHYS >> 6a Winter, 2007
Description: ...
hw5soln
Path: UCSB >> PHYS >> 6a Winter, 2007
Description: ...