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Error Time Cancelation with Diffusion Term This derivation is a variation on the method of undetermined coefficients. The Taylor expansions that we need are: ip1 = i + n=1 4 x d dxi n! n n im1 = i + n=1 4 ( x) n d dxin n! im2 = i + n=1 4 ( 2 x) n d dxin n! We want A ip1 i + B i im1 + C im1 im2 Expand the left side of this equation ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 d dxi t V d dxi2 + t k + t V d dxi3 = x 2 6 4 xn d dx n i A ... n! n = 1 4 ( x) n d dx n i + B ... n! n=1 4 4 ( x) n d dx n ( 2 x) n d dxin i + C n! n! n=1 n= 1 0 Coefficient of the first derivative A x + B x + C x 1 21 23 2 Coefficient of the second derivative 2 A x 2 B x 2 C x coeffs , d dxi 1 A x3 + 1 B x3 + 7 C x3 Coefficient of the third derivative 6 6 6 1 x4 A 1 B x4 5 C x4 24 8 24 Base constant terms V Force the coefficient of the 1st derivative to x. The coefficient of the second derivative should be: x t 2 to partially cancel the error in the approximation to the time derivative. We have enough undetermined coefficients to also force the coefficient of the third derivative to: 22 x t V x t k + 6 1 In terms of the Courant number c= V t x we have A+ B+ C = 1 1 3 c 1 A 2 2 2 A B C = solve , B 1 ( 2 V x + 6 c k + c V x 3 c V x) 1 ( 5 V x + 12 c k + 2 c V x 3 c V x) 1 ( V x + 6 c k + c V x) 2 2 2 2 6 6 V x V x V x 6 C 2 1 1 7 k c 6 A + 6 B + 6 C = c V x + 6 r = 1 c k 2 2 2 2 3 c + c ip1 + 5 + 3 c 2 c i 1 c im1 + V x ip1 2 i + im1 6 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2
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Penn State >> M E >> 540 (Fall, 2008)
Derivation of a Higher order Upwind. Results of our stability analyses show that central differencing for the advection terms isn\'t a very good idea. Pure upwind differencing (w=0) is very stable, but formally first order accurate. Let\'s try for a hi...
Penn State >> M E >> 540 (Fall, 2008)
Iterative Solution of Linear Equations Preface to the existing class notes At the risk of mixing notation a little I want to discuss the general form of iterative methods at a general level. We are trying to solve a linear system Ax=b, in a situation...
Penn State >> M E >> 540 (Fall, 2008)
...
Penn State >> M E >> 540 (Fall, 2008)
Iterative solution of Linear Equations Introduction Procedure general 1) Assume initial values for the variable field 2) Use the nodal finite difference equations one at a time or in groups to obtain an improved value for the variables. Repeat the p...
Penn State >> M E >> 540 (Fall, 2008)
Basic Euler Equations for 1-D Flow + V = 0 t , e + eV = p V + h(T w T ) t V 1 + VV = p KV V . t , Here, K is a wall friction coefficient that may be a function of velocity and fluid properties, h is a heat-transfer coefficient multiplied ...
Penn State >> M E >> 560 (Fall, 2008)
ME 560 DIGITAL PROCESS CONTROL SPRING 03 COURSE: ME 560, Section 1: Digital Process Control Lecture: T R 11:15A - 12:30P, 202 E E WEST Lab: Schedule Attached, 243 Reber M E 560 DIGITAL PROCESS CONTROL (3) Analysis and design of control systems wi...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
BMB 401 Spring EXAM 1 February 6, 2003 1. Which of the following could be used to detect any amino acid upon elution from a gel-filtration column a. ninhydrin b. dithiothreitol c. DTNB d. 2-mercaptoethanol e. none of the above 2. Which of the followi...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
BMB 401 EXAM 2 March 06, 2003 Please write your name on your exam sheet and turn it in with your Scantron sheet! Do not forget to include your student ID on the Scan Tron Sheet. It is not necessary to include a section number. People whose last names...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
Strategies in Enzyme Catalysis As stated earlier, the role of a catalyst is to decrease the energy of activation of a reactionthe energy necessary to attain the transition state. Several themes recur in enzyme catalysis. Catalysis by approximation G...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
Fat Soluble Vitamins Vitamins are compounds that must be obtained from the diet, because they cannot be synthesized de novo. They are essential for the health of humans and other vertebrates because they are typically precursors to cofactors that fun...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
EnzymesDisplaypHOptima ThepHofasolutioncanaffecttheoverall activityofanenzymeinanumberofways. Theunravelingofthetertiarystructureofa proteinoccursatextremesofpH.Thisiscalled denaturation,andisdueinparttothe disturbanceofnormalhydrogenbonding patter...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
EnzymeSpecificityandRegulation Incellularmetabolism,groupsofenzymescanformapathway,orworktogethertocarry outagivenmetabolicfunction.Thesepathwaysneedtoberegulatedinordertoallow thecelltomeetitschangingneedsforenergyorcertainbiomolecules. Regulationi...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
PhosphorylTransfer Inbiologicalsystems,theelement phosphorousalmostalwaysexistsas phosphate.Phosphorousisstableinseveral differentoxidationstates,butinphosphate,the oxidationstateis+5.Therefore,the phosphorousatominphosphatewillalways behaveasanelec...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
BMB 401 (2003) Make-up Exam #2 1. Describe the predominant forces that are responsible for maintaining primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure in a protein (15 points). 2. If the following section of a pol...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
BMB401(Spring2003) IntroductiontoBiochemistry Professor:Dr.SquireJ.Booker GeneralInformation TA: David Iwig, 331 South Frear, 5-8794, Email: dfi101@psu.edu Office Hours: 10:00 1 1:00 am Thur. TA: Robert Cicchillo, 331 South Frear, 5-8794, Emai...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
Problem Set #4 BMB 401 Spring 2003 Problems from Lehninger: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, Problem 1 Identify the distal and proximal histidines in hemolglobin / myoglobin, and summarize their roles in the respective protein\'s function. Problem 2 Explain from ...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
StrategiesinEnzymeCatalysis Asstatedearlier,theroleofacatalystistodecreasetheenergyofactivationof areactiontheenergynecessarytoattainthetransitionstate. Severalthemesrecurinenzymecatalysis. Catalysisbyapproximation Generalacid,generalbasecata...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
Problem Set #6 BMB 401 Spring 2003 Problems from Lehninger: Chapter 9: 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16 Chapter 11: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13 Chapter 12: 3, 4, 5, 12, 14, 15, 17 Problem 1 The open chain structure for D-Fructose is shown below as its ...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Pennsylvania State University Syllabus for BMB 401 (Spring 2003) Spring 2003 Tues. 5-8793, Email: sjb14@psu.edu Off...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
BMB 401 EXAM 2 March 22, 2001 1. The linear arrangement of amino acids in a protein via peptide bonds is referred to as which of the following. a. The protein hydrolysate. b. The proteins primary structure. c. A posttranslational modification. d. The...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
Enzymes Twofundamentalconditionsforlifearethat1)alivingentitymustbeabletoself replicate,and2)alivingentitymustbeabletocatalyzechemicalreactionsefficiently andselectively. Almostallbiochemicalprocessesarecatalyzedbyahighlyspecializedclassofproteins,...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
Lipids Lipidsarehighlyreduced(i.e.oxidationreduction)carbonrichsubstancesthatareinsolublein water. Thefunctionsoflipidsinthecellarediverse. StorageLipids Triacylglycerols Phospholipids Glycolipids MembraneLipids Reading:LehningerChapter11p...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
The Glycosidic Bond Two sugar molecules can be joined in tandem, when a hydroxyl (alcohol) group of one sugar displaces the hydroxyl group on the other sugars anomeric carbon. The bond formed is called a glycosidic bond. In forming the glycosidic bo...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
Overview and Themes of Protein Structure The three-dimensional structure of a protein is determined by its primary sequence. A proteins function is dictated by its primary sequence. Any isolated protein of a given primary sequence will have a uniq...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
Protein Purification Before any particular protein can be sequenced and characterized, its is necessary to separate it from all of the other proteins in the cell. This purification process involves separating proteins based on their ionic propertie...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
BMB 401 Make-up Exam #1 Please write your answers legibly and in proper order for full credit. Problem 1 (10 points) Give two reasons why biomolecules, and therefore life are carbon based. Problem 2 (20 points) Discuss the hydrogen bonding pattern i...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
Carbohydrates Of the macromolecules that we will cover in this class, those involving carbohydrates are the most abundant in nature. Via photosynthesis, over 100 billion metric tons of CO2 and H2O are converted into cellulose and other plant product...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
ClassesofProteins EnzymesThelargestclassofproteins.Theseproteinsarecatalysts.Theyacceleratetheratesof thevariousbiologicalreactionsthattakeplaceinthecell.Almosteveryreactionthatoccursin biochemistryisfacilitatedbysomesortofenzyme.Theyaretypicallynam...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
BMB 401 Exam 3 April 17, 2001 1. What are the units of the rate constant (k) for the following elementary step? k A+B+C Products a. b. c. d. e. sec-1 M-1sec-1 Msec-1 M-2sec-1 Msec-2 2. The combination of oxygen with myoglobin is described by the fol...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
The Peptide Bond What allows amino acids to polymerize to form peptides and proteins is the unique covalent linkage called a peptide bond. The bond is the result of a head to tail condensation of the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl gr...
Penn State >> B M B >> 401 (Fall, 2008)
Lipids Lipids are highly reduced (i.e. oxidation-reduction) carbon-rich substances that are insoluble in water. The functions of lipids in the cell are diverse. Storage Lipids Triacylglycerols Phospholipids Glycolipids Membrane Lipids Read...
Penn State >> METEO >> 414 (Fall, 2008)
Bombs Away! A look at an occluded low pressure system off the eastern coast of the United States Anthony Chipriano Overview on occluded low pressure systems Slang for an occluded low is called a bombed low. Most winter weather fanatics like to see t...
Penn State >> METEO >> 471w (Fall, 2008)
Bombs Away! A look at an occluded low pressure system off the eastern coast of the United States Anthony Chipriano Overview on occluded low pressure systems Slang for an occluded low is called a bombed low. Most winter weather fanatics like to see t...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
Paramaribo, Suriname Amplitude (% of mean) (Total Lamina) 25 20 Altitude 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 Amplitude 80 100 Paramaribo, Suriname Frequency (% of soundings) (Total Lamina) 25 20 Altitude 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 Frequency 80 100 Paramarib...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
Sable Island, Nova Scotia Lamina Amplitude (% of mean) (Total Lamina) 25 20 Altitude 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 Amplitude 80 100 Sable Island, Nova Scotia Lamina Frequency (% of soundings) (Total Lamina) 25 20 Altitude 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 Fre...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
Adventures in Satellite Validation The AURA Satellite - Study Trace Gases as they apply to pollution and climate -Ozone Monitoring Instrument -Microwave Limb Sounder OMI and TTOR Troposphereic Ozone Column to 200 mb - TTOR version 1.3, 1.4, and Ozo...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
SHADOZA TROPICAL OZONESONDERADIOSONDE NETWORK FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC COMMUNITY BY ANNE M. THOMPSON, JACQUELYN C. WITTE, SAMUEL J. OLTMANS, AND FRANCIS J. SCHMIDLIN A new observing network reveals complexities of tropical ozone while providing an int...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
Literature Review: Impacts of background ozone production on Houston and Dallas, TX Air Quality during the TexAQS field mission R. Bradley Pierce (NOAA/NESDIS), Jassim Al-Saadi (NASA/LaRC), Chieko Kittaka (NASA/LaRC), Todd Schaack (UW/SSEC), Allen Le...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
Launching Site (name, country) Min Date (most recent) 1/1/1992 1/1/1978 7/16/1977 1/18/1977 11/22/82 Max Date (most recent) 12/28/2002 6/30/1991 7/31/1977 5/23/1989 12/20/2006 Site Files 174 175 176 177 178 Sestola, ITA Neuglobson, DEU Ft. Sherm...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
January 2008 - Outline, Syllabus Meteo 597E: Remote Sensing of the Earth System Outline Meeting 1325-1555 Wednesdays in Dieke Room 4 Instructors: Dr. Anne M. Thompson, amt16@psu.edu Phone: 814-865-0479 Room: 510 Walker Bldg Office Hours: Wed., Thurs,...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
Fire/Pollution Sources Fire/Pollution Sources Determining the potential sources of enhancement to tropospheric ozone by using back trajectories and fire maps Broken down into 3 general categories Siberian Fires Asian Pollution/California Fires ...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
Project Goal Reduce costs due to forecast error Identify costs associated with AQ forecasting Devise methods that produce forecasts with minimum cost Apply methods to everyday AQ forecasts Improve NAQFS forecast Evaluate NAQFS and identify pro...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 111, D01301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006241, 2006 Enhanced view of the tropical Atlantic ozone paradox and zonal wave one from the in situ MOZAIC and SHADOZ data B. Sauvage,1 V. Thouret,1 A. M. Thompson,2 J. C. Witte,...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
Reassessment of Tropospheric Ozone due to Fires/Pollution Stephan Gallagher Motivation The contribution to the total tropospheric ozone of these sources can be accurately determined: Boundary Layer Regional Convection and Lightning (Gravity Wa...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
Resolute, NU Amplitude (% of mean) (Total Lamina) 25 20 Altitude 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 Amplitude 80 100 Resolute, NU Frequency (% of soundings) (Total Lamina) 25 20 Altitude 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 Frequency 80 100 Resolute, NU Amplitude (%...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
Panama TC4 Site Survey Gator Team Meeting 11 April 2007 Site 1: Finca Cerro Site 1: Finca Cerro Location: 7.754533N, 80.25255W in Santo Domingo ~3 km south of Las Tablas privately owned by retired teacher Advantages: 360 view for radar outside o...
Penn State >> METEO >> 440w (Fall, 2008)
So what exactly DID David do this summer? or How I learned to stop worrying and start loving remote sensing David Doughty So what exactly is Assimilated Data? Model (GEOS-CHEM) Compare to Measured data OMI & MLS Initial Quick Look A few Typica...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Lecture 12: Venus Atmosphere and Surface Meteo 466 Venus: Physical data Sidereal rotation period : -243.01 Earth days (retrograde) Orbital period: 224.7 Earth days Venus day: 116.75 Earth days Synodic period: 583.92 Earth days (= 5.001 times Ven...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Chapter 15: Prospects for the more distant future The two TPF, or TPF/Darwin missions described in the previous chapter could go a long way to answering some of our fundamental questions about whether other Earthlike planets exist and whether some of...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Lecture 24 Transits and Upcoming Space Missions Meteo 466 Transiting planets If a planets orbital plane is nearly aligned with the observer on Earth, then the planet may transit its star, i.e., it passes in front of the star (and behind it) Transi...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Lecture 15SNC Meteorites/Loss of Heavy Gases from Mars Meteo 466 Mars avalanche in progress Active avalanche photographed by the Mars Reconnaisance Orbiter (MRO) near the martian north pole, Feb. 19, 2008 http:/www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/03/ma...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Meteo 466 - Homework #1 Due: Wednesday, Jan. 30 Earths excess volatiles, many of which reside in the oceans and sediments, are present in the following amounts: Species H2O CO2 N2 S Cl Mass (kg) 1.4 x 1021 3 x 1020 5 x 1018 5 x 1018 3 x 1019 By con...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Lecture 26 Modeling planets around other stars Meteo 466 Coupled photochemical/radiativeconvective model Calculations by Antigona Segura et al., \"Ozone Concentrations and Ultraviolet Fluxes on Earth-like Planets Around Other Stars\" Astrobiology 3:...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Lecture 25 TPF and Biosignatures Meteo 466 Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) Visible or thermal-IR? TPF-C TPF-I 1010 107 Contrast ratio: 1010 in the visible 107 in the thermal-IR Resolution: /D Required aperture: ~8 m in the visible 80 m in ...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
The Faint Young Sun Problem Part 1:CO2 Feedbacks Abiol 574 Solar Luminosity versus Time See The Earth System, ed. 2, Fig. 1-12 Stellar Nucleosynthesis Wikipedia: http:/commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:FusionintheSun.png Stellar Nucleosynthesis: ...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Chapter 11: Indirect detection of planets around other stars In Part 1 of this book we examined the question of why Earth has remained habitable throughout its long history. Then, in Part 2, we asked why Mars and Venus are different from Earth, and w...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Chapter 5: Runaway glaciation and Snowball Earth The previous two chapters have provided a broad overview of Earths long-term climate evolution, and the news has generally been reassuring. Earths climate system has at least two stabilizing negative f...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Lecture 13: Venus the Runaway Greenhouse Meteo 466 Venus 93-bar, CO2-rich atmosphere Practically no water (10-5 times Earth) D/H ratio = 150 times that on Earth What went wrong with it? Question: What went wrong with Venus? Possible answers:...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Lecture 25 TPF and Biosignatures Meteo 466 Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) Visible or thermal-IR? TPF-C TPF-I 1010 107 Contrast ratio: 1010 in the visible 107 in the thermal-IR Resolution: /D Required aperture: ~8 m in the visible 80 m in...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Lecture 3: Origin of Earths Volatiles Meteo 466 Excess volatiles Term coined by William Rubey (circa 1955) Definition: Compounds present at Earths surface that were not derived from converting igneous rock to sedimentary H O is one important exce...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 223 (2004) 241 252 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Frontiers Planetary accretion in the inner Solar System John E. Chambers * Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Bran...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Lecture 10: Hydrogen Escape, Part 1 Meteo 466 Why do we care about hydrogen escape? Most H comes initially from H2O. Thus, when H escapes, O is left behind terrestrial planets become more oxidized with time H2 (and/or CH4) concentration in the ea...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Lecture 26 Modeling planets around other stars Meteo 466 Coupled photochemical/radiativeconvective model Calculations by Antigona Segura et al., \"Ozone Concentrations and Ultraviolet Fluxes on Earth-like Planets Around Other Stars\" Astrobiology 3:...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Lecture 4 Planetary Migration, the Moon, and the Late Heavy Bombardment Meteo 466 Many clues about the origin of the Earth may be gained by studying the Moon. One of the big questions concerns the origin of its craters. The big ones are called mar...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
The Faint Young Sun Problem Part 1:CO2 Feedbacks Abiol 574 Solar Luminosity versus Time The Earth System, ed. 2, Fig. 1-12 Stellar Nucleosynthesis Wikipedia: http:/commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Fusioninthe Stellar Nucleosynthesis: Net Reactio...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement No. 158, 2005 1 Observed Properties of Exoplanets: Masses, Orbits, and Metallicities Georey Marcy,1,) R. Paul Butler,2 Debra Fischer,3 Steven Vogt,4 Jason T. Wright,1 Chris G. Tinney5 and Hugh R. A. Jones6...
Penn State >> METEO >> 466 (Spring, 2008)
Lecture 20The moons of Jupiter Meteo 466 Jupiters Galilean moons Io Europa Ganymede Callisto NASA Planetary Photojournal Io (from Voyager 1) Ios surface resembles a pizza (especially when suitably false-colored by JPL image makers) Io is the...
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