of Hallmarks civilization writing and record keeping, urban population, monumental architecture, existence of formal bureaucracy, surplus of food and labor specialization, and social stratification K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo dynasty (movie) Temples of Copan (movie) lefitimization of kings' power and reinforce kings' links to the founding ruler through visual propaganda Tribe - a social division within a traditional society consisting of a group of interlinked families or communities sharing a common culture and dialect. Record keeping systems cuneiform, hieroglyphics Evolution of civilization hypotheses Narmer Palette - The Narmer Palette, also known as the Great Hierakonpolis Palette or the Palette of Narmer, is a significant Egyptian archeological find, dating from about the 31st century BC, containing some of the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found. It is thought by some to depict the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the pharaoh Narmer Olmec - The Olmec were an ancient Pre-Columbian people living in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, roughly in what are the modern-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Their immediate cultural influence, however, extends beyond this region (Olmec artwork has been documented as far as El Salvador). The Olmec flourished during the Formative (or Preclassic) era, dating from 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE, and are believed to have been the progenitor civilization of later Mesoamerican civilizations.[ Minoan - The Minoan civilization was a bronze age civilization which arose on Crete, an island in the Aegean Sea. The Minoan culture flourished from approximately 2700 to 1450 BC; afterwards, Mycenaean Greek culture became dominant on Crete. The term "Minoan" was coined by the British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans after the mythic King Minos.[1] Minos was associated in myth with the labyrinth, which Evans identified as the site at Knossos. Minoan palaces are the best known building types to have been excavated on the island. They are monumental buildings serving administrative purposes as evidenced by the large archives unearthed by archaeologists. Each of the palaces excavated to date have their own
unique features, but they also share features which set them apart from other structures. The palaces were often multi-storied with interior and exterior staircases, light wells, massive columns, storage magazines and courtyards. Repousse - Repouss (IPA: [puse] listen (helpinfo)) or repoussage IPA: [pusa] listen (helpinfo) is a metalworking technique in which a malleable metal is ornamented or shaped by hammering from the reverse side. Environmental determinism - Environmental determinism, also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism, is the view that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture. Those who believe this view say that humans are strictly defined by stimulusresponse (environment-behavior) and cannot deviate. Abu Hureyra - Tell Abu Hureyra ("tell" is Arabic for "mount") was a site of an ancient settlement in the northern Levant or western Mesopotamia. It has been cited as showing the earliest known evidence of agriculture anywhere The Fertile Crescent - The Fertile Crescent is a historical crescent-shape region in the Middle East incorporating the Levant, Ancient Mesopotamia, and Ancient Egypt. It was a hot spot for agricultural advancement Earliest evidence of animal domestication: what animal? dog in africa Earliest evidence of plant domestication: what plant? Rye in syria Agriculturalist v. Hunter-gatherer (Cohen article) the hunter-gatherer was more healthy and had more free time than the agriculturalist Incan economy (food production, infrastructure, craftsmanship, ancestor worship) Cuzco - the capital of the Inca Empire. Many believe that the city was planned to be shaped like a puma. The city had two sectors: the urin and hanan, which were further divided to each encompass two of the four provinces Machu Pichu - Machu Picchu is probably the most familiar symbol of the Inca Empire. It is often referred to as "The Lost City of the Incas".
Chaski - The Chasquis (also Chaskis) were agile and highly-trained runners that delivered messages, royal delicacies and other objects throughout the Inca Empire, principally in the service of the Sapa Inca. Quipu - Quipu or khipu were recording devices used in the Inca Empire and its predecessor societies in the Andean region. A quipu usually consisted of colored spun and plied thread or strings from llama or alpaca hair or cotton cords with numeric and other values encoded by knots in a base 10 positional system. Cranial modification List at least five pieces of evidence for early agriculture.
Define the following hypotheses proposed to explain the Origins of Agriculture: Oasis Sedentary Readiness Dump heap Coevolution Agriculture - Agriculture (from Agri Latin for ager ("a field"), and culture, from the Latin cultura "cultivation" in the strict sense of "tillage of the soil". A literal reading of the English word yields "tillage of the soil of a field".) is the production of food, feed, fiber and other goods by the systematic raising of domesticated plants and animals Domestication - Domestication refers to the process whereby a population of animals or plants becomes accustomed to human provision and control. List and discuss some effects on human health resulting from the switch from hunting and gathering to agriculture Clovis first/Land bridge theory - Until recently, the standard theory among archaeologists (known as Clovis First) was that the Clovis were people the first inhabitants of the Americas. The primary support of the theory was that no solid evidence of pre-Clovis human inhabitation had been found. According to the standard accepted theory, the Clovis people crossed the Beringia land bridge over the Bering Strait from
Siberia to Alaska during the period of lowered sea levels during the ice age, then made their way southward through an ice-free corridor east of the Rocky Mountains in present-day western Canada as the glaciers retreated Coastal route theory - The Pacific model proposes that people reached South America before North America following a Pacific route of water travel. Support for this argument is based on sites such as Monte Verde in southern Chile and Taima-Taima in western Venezuela. Two cultural components were discovered at Monte Verde. The youngest layer is radiocarbon dated at 12,500 years, while the older component possibly dates back as far as 33,000 B.P. However, the older dates associated with the site are still debated. Atlantic maritime theory - Their Solutrean Hypothesis is also based on evidence from the Clovis complex, but instead traces the origins of the Clovis toolmaking style to the Solutrean culture of ice age Western Europe. They have hypothesized that Solutrean hunters and fishers may have worked their way along the southern margins of the Atlantic sea ice into the New World. Their argument is based on similarities between Solutrean and Clovis flint-knapping techniques, and is indirectly supported by the pre-Columbian presence of the European mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup X in North America. Archaeology...who? why? how? a cultural anthropology of the human past focusing on material evidence of human modification of the physical environment Goals of archaeology - to provide time depth and reveal evidence of past forms of human culture that can no longer be seen today Artifacts objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity Features nonportable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches relative chronological sequence seriation - In archaeology, seriation is a relative dating method in which artifacts from numerous sites, in the same culture, are placed in chronological order stratigraphy - Stratigraphy, a branch of geology, studies rock layers and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks.
law of superposition - The law of superposition (or the principle of superposition) is an observation that is a foundational principle of sedimentary stratigraphy: Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top chronometric/absolute dating - Absolute dating is the process of determining a specific date for an archaeological or palaeontological site or artifact. Some archaeologists prefer the terms chronometric or calendar dating, as use of the word "absolute" implies a certainty and precision that is rarely possible in archaeology. Absolute dating is usually based on the physical or chemical properties of the materials of artifacts, buildings, or other items that have been modified by humans. Absolute dates do not necessarily tell us when a particular cultural event happened, but when taken as part of the overall archaeological record they are invaluable in constructing a more specific sequence of events. Dendrochronology - tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree-ring growth patterns. radiometric dating - is a technique used to date materials, based on a comparison between the observed abundance of particular naturally occurring radioactive isotopes and their known decay rates radiocarbon dating - a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring isotope carbon-14 (14C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years.[1] Raw, i.e. uncalibrated, radiocarbon ages are usually reported in radiocarbon years "Before Present" (BP), "Present" being defined as AD 1950. Such raw ages can be calibrated to give calendar dates. potassium/argon (K/Ar) dating - geochronological method used in many geoscience disciplines. It is based on measuring the products of the radioactive decay of potassium (K), which is a common element found in materials such as micas, clay minerals, tephra and evaporites. faunal analysis paleobiology - a growing and comparatively new discipline which combines the methods and findings of the natural science biology with the methods and findings of the earth science paleontology. It is occasionally referred to as "geobiology." paleoethnography
paleopathology - the study of ancient diseases. It is useful in understanding the past history of diseases, and uses this understanding to predict its course in the future. Bioarchaeology - the study of animal bones from archaeological sites. Redefined in 1977 by Jane Buikstra, bioarchaeology in the US now refers to the scientific study of human skeletal remains from archaeological sites, ethnoarchaeology - Ethnoarchaeology is the ethnographic study of peoples for archaeological reasons, usually focusing on the material remains of a society, rather than its culture. Ethnoarchaeology aids archaeologists in reconstructing ancient lifeways by studying the material and non-material traditions of modern societies. Archaeologists can then infer that ancient societies used the same techniques as their modern counterparts given a similar set of environmental circumstances. pubic symphysis - midline cartilaginous joint uniting the superior rami of the left and right pubic bones (pubis).