10 Chapter The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power I. The Emergence and Growth of European Kingdoms A. England in the High Middle Ages * William of Normandy- defeated King Harold and the Anglo-Saxons at the battle of Hastings - crowned king of England and began to combine Anglo-Saxon and Norman institutions - created a strong, centralized monarchy * Henry II- founder of the Plantagenet dynasty - replaced local laws with a body of common laws * King John- forced to seal the Magna Carta - said monarchs powers are limited, not absolute * Edward I- English Parliament emerged B. The growth of the French Kingdom * King Philip II Augustus- waged war against Plantagenet rulers of England * Louis IX- greatest of the medieval French kings - attempted to bring justice to his people; named a saint * Philip IV the Fair- strengthened French monarchy - 3 branches of royal administration: a council for advice, a chamber of accounts for finances, and a parlement or royal court * Estates General- first French Parliament consisting of clergy, nobles and townspeople C. Christian Reconquest: The Spanish Kingdoms * Spain originally was Muslim * Christian recon quest at the end of 15th century * King Alfonso X- "king of 3 religions" promoted Judaism, Christianity and Islam D. The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany and Italy * Otto I- crowned emperor of Rome by pope in 962 - created a new "Roman Empire"...was a burden of Germany who had to rule Italy as well * Fredrick I and Fredrick II- 2 most famous members of the Hohenstaufen dynasty Fredrick I - tried to create a new empire in Italy - over thrown Fredrick II- brilliant emperor but overthrown by the Italians unwilling to join as one * after Fredrick II death Italy was in a state of political confusion - larger city-states looked over smaller ones E. New Kingdoms in Eastern Europe * Teutonic Knights (west) and Mongols (east) threatened Eastern Europe F. The Mongol Empire * Temuchin- unified the Mongol tribes and gained the title of Genghis Khan (Universal Ruler) - created a powerful military force and devoted himself to fighting - conquered China and Korea * Khubilai Khan- Genghis Khan's Grandson - completed the conquest of china and established a new Chinese dynasty known as the Yuan -moved capital to Khanbalik (modern day Beijing) * Conquered the Islamic Empire G. The Development of Russia * Kievan Society- Christian - dominated by noble class of land owners (boyars) * Russian Church unified early Russia - known for its strict orthodoxy * 13th century Mongols conquered Russia and cut if off even more from the west * Alexander Nevsky- defeated German army in northern Russia in 1242
-named grand-prince by Mongols -ancestors became princes of Moscow and leaders of all Russia II. The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church A. The Problems of Decline * bishops and abbots became fiefs and many times cared little about their spiritual obligations B. The Cluniac Reform Movement * Duke William of Aquitaine founded the abbey of Cluny- monastery that upheld the original Christian ideas and beliefs. C. Reform of the Papacy * Gregory VII- convinced he was chosen by God to reform the church - came into conflict with King Henry IV who wanted to keep his German kings appointed to high-ranking clergy positions - Investiture Controversy- the struggle between Gregory VII Henry and the IV *Concordat of Worms- compromise reached by a new German king and new Pope III. Christianity and Medieval Civilization A. Growth of the Papal Monarchy * 12th century Catholic Church possessed a clearly organized hierarchical structure * Pope Innocent II- believed he was the supreme judge of European affairs - used spiritual weapons to his command B. New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals * Cistercian order- 1098 found by a group of monks dissatisfied with the lack of strict discipline at their Benedictine monastery - strict - more time for prayer and manual labor were provided by shortening the time spent at religious services * Saint Bernard of Clairvaux- 1090-1153 embodied the new spiritual ideal of Cistercian monasticism * covenants grew for people who were unwilling or unable to find their daughters husbands * Hildegard of Bingen- became abbess of a convent at Disibodenberg in western Germany - wrote 3 books about visions she received * friars- strobe to provide a more personal religious experience - founded by Saint Francis of Assisi - lived among the people, preaching the repentance and aiding the poor * Dominicans- founded by Spanish Priest Dominic de Guzman to defend church teachings from heresy C. Popular Religion in the Middle Ages * sacraments available to the people * Virgin Mary- highest saint during the Middle Ages *relics- bones of saints or objects intimately connected to saints that were considered worthy of veneration by the faithful - believed to be capable of producing miracles or healing people D. Voices of Protest and Intolerance * Catharism- also called Albigensians - believed in a dualist system in which good and evil were separate and distinct - believed the Catholic church was a materialistic institution having nothing to do with God and was essentially evil * Pope Innocent III- declared a crusade against the Albigensians * PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS - only religion allowed to practice a non-Christian religion - 13th century Jews were persecuted as "murders of Christ" -1290 all Jews expelled from England * INTOLERANCE AND HOMOSEXUALITY - homosexuality portrayed as regular practice of Muslims and Albigensians
- Thomas Aquinas- sex was for procreation not pleasure IV. The Crusades A. Background to the Crusades * ISLAM AND THE SELJUK TURKS - a split in Islam between Sunni and Shi'ite occurred - Shi'ite received help from the Seljuk Turks and ended up being conquered by them *BYZANTINE EMPIRE - growing division between the Catholic Church of the west and the Eastern Orthodox Church - Comneni- stopped the Turks at Anatolia B. The Early Crusades *holy war against the infidel or unbeliever * offered a way to rid Europe of contentious young nobles who disturbed the peace and wasted lives and energy fighting each other * defeated the Muslims but the Muslims fought back and an attempt at a Second Crusade was a failure * 3rd Crusade- result of the fall of Jerusalem - Fredrick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I the Lion-Hearted of England and Philip II Augustus of France met in person and decided to lead new crusading forces C. The Crusades of the 13th Century * after Saladin (leader of the Muslims) died Pope Innocent III lead another Crusade * lost this 4th Crusade * 4 more after that were unsuccessful D. Effects of the Crusades * not many except the beginning of the massacre of Jews