14 Chapter 1. Analogous structures - structures that have the same similar functions and superficially similar in appearance but very different anatomies, such as the wings of an insect and wings of a bird 2. Artificial selection - a selective breeding procedure in which only those individuals with particular traits are chosen as breeders; used to enhance the desirable traits in plants and animals or used in experimentation 3. Catastrophism - the hypothesis that Earth has experienced a series of geological catastrophes, probably imposed by a supernatural being, that accounts for the multitude of species, both extinct and modern, and preserves creationism 4. Convergent evolution - the independent evolution of similar structures among unrelated organisms as a result of similar environmental pressure 5. Evolution - the descent of modern organisms with modification from preexisting life-forms. Strictly speaking, any changes in the proportions of different genotypes in a population from one to the next 6. Fossil - the remains of a dead organism, normally preserved in rock; may be petrified bones or wood; shells; impressions of body forms such as feathers, skin or leaves; or markings left by organisms such as footprints 7. Homologous structures - structures that may differ in function but that have similar anatomy, presumably because the organism that possess them have descended from common ancestors 8. Inheritance of acquired characteristics - the hypothesis that organisms' bodies change during their lifetimes by use and disuse and that these changes are inherited by their offspring 9. Natural selection - the unequal survival and reproduction of organisms due to environmental forces, resulting in the preservation of favorable adaptations. Usually, natural selection refers specifically to differential survival and reproduction on the basis of genetic differences among individuals 10. Population - all the members of a particular species within an ecosystem, found in the same time and place and actually or potentially 11. interbreeding uniformitarianism - the hypothesis that Earth developed gradually through natural processes, similar to those at work today, that occurs over a long period of time 12. Vestigial structures - a structure that serves no apparent purpose but is homologous to functional structures in related organisms and provide evidence of evolution Things to know 1. Explain how the distribution and the structure of fossils support the concept that life has changed over time. Certain fossils are found in the same layer of rocks, and they are
consistent. Fossil A can always be found on top of an older fossil b and c and so on. 2. You should know the role of each of the following individuals in the development of our current understanding of evolution a. Georges Cuvier - posed the theory of Catastrophism b. Louis Agassiz - proposed that new creations after each catastrophe produced new and different species, and that modern species therefore result from the most recent creationism c. James Hutton - concluded that there was no need to invoke catastrophes to explain the findings of geology d. Charles Lyle - concluded that there was no need to invoke catastrophes to explain the findings of geology e. Jean Baptiste Lamarck - hypotheisized inheritance of acquired characteristics; and older fossils are simpler then younger ones f. Charles Darwin - developed an idea of natural selection g. Alfred Wallace - worked separately from Darwin but believed in the same thing h. Thomas Malthus - population of humans, about doubles its self every 25 years 3. How did Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle influence his idea of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution? He goes to the Galapagos islands. There are turtles are every island but each has a different adaptation for their surroundings 4. List 4 lines of evidence that support the concept that evolution has occurred 5. Describe two example that demonstrate natural selection is the mechanism of evolution Turtles on the island and the mice example from class