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Efficiency
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Lowest possible cost
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1. Top Manager:
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Change
Commitment and Ownership
Creating Positive Org Culture
Monitoring Environment.
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External Inputs
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-External capacity-Competitors behavior-Raw material availability-Market demand -Economic conditions.
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Characteristics of Informational (3)
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Monitor
Disseminator
Spokes Person
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Stable Workforce
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Variable work hours.
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Relationships create?
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Opportunity for communication
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Source of SC revenue
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customer
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Socio Culture component-(4)
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Demographic Changes
Changes in behavior and attitudes.
Demographic Changes
Changes in behavior and attitudes.
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Components of General Environment:(4)
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Economy
Technological trends
Socio Culture trends
Political/Legal trends
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Internal inputs
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Current phisical cpacityCurrent WorkforceInventory levelsActivities required for production.
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Logistics
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The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the flow and storage of goods, services and related information from their point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements.
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manufacturing cycle
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- distributor and manufacturer
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Supplier Component (2)
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1.Demographic Changes
2.Changes in behavior and attitudes
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Causal
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Uses external data to predict futureLooking for factors that "cause" demand.
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5 Processes
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1. Project layout2. Work center3.Manufacturing cell4. Assembly line5. Continuous process.
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customer order cycle
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- customer and retailer
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Flow within a supply chain
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1.Raw materials manufacturers2.Intermediate products manufacturers3. End product manufacturers4. Wholesalers and distributors. 5. Retailers.
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Work center
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Where similar equipment or functions are grouped together.
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Relevant Costs
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1. Basic production costs2. Costs associated with changes in the production rate3. Inventory holding costs4. Backordering costs.
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A higher alpha makes the forecast more________to changes.
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responsive
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pull
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- execution is initiated in response to a customer order (reactive)
- customer order cycle
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Internal Supply Chain Management
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-Strategic Planning, Supply/Demand Planning, Fullfillment
- location and size of warehouses
- deciding which products to carry at warehouses
- inventory replenishment policies
- picking, packing, shipping orders
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Aggregate Demand=
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Total demand for all products and services.
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Demand Planning:
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Purpose is to coordinate and conrol all sources of demand so that the supply chain runs efficiently and product is delivered on time.
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Qualitative Forecasts
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Do not use past data. Delphi MethodExpert opinionCustomer Surveys
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It helps firms?(6)
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1) Provide better customer service2) Lower inventory3) Shorten customer lead times4) Stabilize production rates5) Keeps supply and demand balanced.
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Capacity
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Being able to do "enough" of something to meet demand.
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• Mary Parker Follet- Dealt with 4 things.
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1. Conflict
2.Domination
3.Compromise
4.Integration
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What is Darwanian Rivalry?
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Customer dominatedHigh commitment to competitive pricing but low commitment to cooperation. dOES NOT RESULT IN IMPROVEMENT.
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Toyota
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- The largest auto manufacturer in the world- Global strategy: Open manufacturing plants in every market it serves- Prior to 1996 used specialized local factories for each market (Yaris, Corolla, Camry… etc)- After the Asian financial crisis in 1996 redesigned its factories so that it can also export to markets that remain strong when the local market weakens.
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Supply chain planning decisions
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Planning decisions:
- which markets will be supplied from which locations
- inventory policies, target inventory/production levels
- subcontracting, backup locations
- timing (and size) of market promotions and price
Considerations:
- demand uncertainty
- exchange rates
- competition over the time horizon
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Yield Management is:
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Allocating the right type of capacity to the right type of customer ant the right price and time to maximize revenue.
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In a supply chain system of companies, the entire system is only as strong as its_______________
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Weakest link.
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When more than one strategy is used its__________
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Mixed strategy
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Inventory level for Response
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Develop a responsive system, with buffer stocks positioned to ensure supply.
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Cash to Cash cycle
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Time required to convert paid inventory into cash from accounts receivable
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Two alternatives for Demand Planning
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1) Demand Chase2) Level Production
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Four types of strategic alliances.
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1. Trust based2. Unleveraged Purchasing3. Darwanian Rivalry4. Balanced Sourcing.
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Push/Pull View
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- the processes are divided into two catergoies depending on whether they are executed in response to a customer order (pull) or in anticipation of customer orders (push)
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Cycle View
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- processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of cycles, each performed at the interface between two successive stages of a supply chain
- on different between cycles is size of order
- another difference is in predictability of orders- orders in the procurement cycle are more predictable after manufacturing planning has been done.
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Source of SC costs
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flows of information, products, or funds between stages of the supply chain
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Supply Chain Management
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3 or more companies directly linked by the upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, and information from a source to a customer. The purpose is to balance supply management with demand management. Becoming more efficitient and effective.
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Impacts of Supply chain include
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Cost or price, Quality, Delivery Speed, Coping with changes in Demand, Flexibility and ndw product entry, Support process.
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Supply chain management (SCM)
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u- a set of approaches utilized to integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses and stores, so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, at the right time, in order to minimize systemwide costs while satisfying service level requirements.
- includes all movement and storage or raw materials, WIP, and finished goods form point of origin to point of consumption
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Common Methods for managing Queues
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1. Segment the customers2. Train your servers to be friendly3. Inform your customer of what to expect4. Entertain customers while waiting. 5. Encourage customers to come during slack periods.
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What are Sales and Operations planing?
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Cross functional work to balance supply and demand.
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What are Sales and Operations Planning?
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Cross functional work to balance supply and demand. A process that helps the firm: -Provide better customer service -Lower Inventory -Shorten customer lead times -Stabilize production rates -Keeps supply and demand balanced
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6 Basic Elements of Supply Chain
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Demand, Plan, Source, Make, Deliver, Information Technology.
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Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
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- all processes that focus on the interface between the firm and its customers
- market
- price
- sell
- call center
- order management
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Increasing output of a non-bottleneck ??
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does not help the system.It just builds up inventory at the bottleneck.
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When planning production we have to consider 2 inputs.
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1. External inputs. 2. Internal inputs.
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By balancing the supply and demand we?
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Maximize profits and support corporate objectives.
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What effects does a short Cash-to-Cash cycle have?
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It can greatly improve financial returns and improve a company s flexibility.
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The CPFR is used to exchange internal information on a shared Web server and as a result?(5)
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1. Create front-end relationships. 2. Joint business planning. 3. Development of demand forecasts. 4. Sharing forecasts5. Inventory replenishment.
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What are the degrees of contact?? What is the difference?
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High degree of customer conact are more difficult to control and more difficult to rationalize than those with low degree customer contact.
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What are the two types of Motion Studies:
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1)Time study: How long it takes good workers to complete each part of their jobs. Motion
2)Study:Breaking each task into separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive.
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A supply chain must do what to be effective?
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It must create value as determined by customer.
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