Audiology Exam 2
Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Audiology Exam 2
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| inferior colliculus | localization |
| Stinosis | narrow ear canals |
| Cochlear Aplasia | Sensory-neuro hearing loss |
| bone conduction |
transducer: oscillator bypass outer/middle only test cochlea |
| Glue Ear |
-conductive hearing loss -fluid collection that never drains -fluid gets thicker -no perforation of TM -sterial fluid -no mobility of TM |
| efferent |
motor-Receives efferent signals from the olivocochlear bundle from the superior olivary complex (SOC) 1600 fibers enter temporal bone along the vestibular branch of the VIII nerve and split off to enter the cochlea These nerve endings contain vesicles of chemical neurotransmitter acetylcholine, mostly OHC |
| otitis media | infection of middle ear |
| Exotosis |
-no hearing loss -large boney growth in canal from cold water (swimmers ear) |
| What frequencies affected by pathologies that decrease middle ear stiffness? | flat loss |
| Q: Pure Tone Average estimates | A: SRT |
| Mechanical Presybycusis |
- cochlear, conductive - possible increase in stiffness of structures of scala media, resulting in HF loss |
| Fletchers hypothesis |
critical band masking internal filter helps determine the detection of a signal in noise. |
| autophony |
- phenomenon in which individuals' voices seem louder than normal to themselves - symptom of patulous/patent ET |
| Mastoidectomy Cavity |
-no hearing loss -infection in the mastoid |
| Phon | The unit of loudness level. It corresponds to the loudness of a signal at other frequencies equal to the intensity of a 1000 Hz tone. |
| Q: The following fitting requires amplification to two ears | A: binaural |
| Superior Olivary complex |
75% fibers cross over (decussation) Allows for bilateral representation Looks at differences in time and intensity between ears (localization) Auditory reflex |
| Tympanosclerosis | formation of whitish plaques in the tympanic membrane and masses of hard connective tissue around bones of middle ear. |
| conductive HL |
attenuation: decrease in a signal's strength -sound attenuation of outer/middle ear -blockage of sound transmission to the inner ear -air conduction vs.bone conduction |
| dosimeter | sound level meter used to measure noise exposure of a person over a period of time, used to determine damage risk criteria |
| Sine Waves | The wave created by simple harmonic motion. |
| 3 components classification | 1. degree- Pure Tone Avg.2. Configuration- 4 configurations3. Type |
| Bel? | A unit for expressing ratios of sound pressures in base 10 logarithms. |
| Ling (6 sounds) test | used to determine frequency-specific hearing lsos information in children by using frequency specific phonemes (/a/, /u/, /i/ for 1K Hz, /sh/ for 2K Hz, /s/, /m/ for 4K Hz) |
| Q: ANSI developed the Articulation Indes (AI) to express | A: speech clarity |
| Functions of earwax |
It lubricates the ear It is antimicrobial (kill germs) It repels insects Keeps ear free of debris. It traps dust and dirt particles and keeps them from reaching the Eardrum |
|
What does TROCA stand for? What is it? |
Tangible Reinforcement Operant Conditioning Audiometry - involves a bar press response coupled w/ either tangible or visual reinforcement |
| critical band | frequencies within the passband of the internal filter critical for masking |
| The Bing Test |
-compares hearing using the occlusion effect to rule out conductive pathology -tuning fork placed on mastoid -tester opens and closes the ear -if pt reports sound gets softer and louder Normal Bing test -Abnormal Bing test suggests conductive pathology -Limitations: if mixed HL miss sensorineural component |
| A significant change in middle ear immittance immediately after the stimulus is considered an | acoustic reflex |
| Speech Audiometry | 1. easier to condition kids to speech than to tones, b/c speech more meaning2. can use headphones and get an SRT3. basically run through the norm audiometry4. can have them point to pictures or body parts |
| Wave | A series of moving impulses set up by a vibration |
| Q: ANSI standards can compare | A: one instrument to another |
| Q: The following is not a transducer | A: volume control |
| Ossicular Chain funct. | provides a lever system to rotate malleus and incus to drive the sttapes into inner ear-vibration from TM starts process |
| symptoms of cortical deafness |
- inconsistent response to sound...may clinically appear deaf - poor speech production and understanding - poor localization -inconsistent response to pure tones and poor agreement b/w speech/hearing Thresholds -variability of puretone TH |
| 1 sone equals |
40 phons (use for 2ice loudness or half loudness of reference stim) |
| benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) | vestibular disorder that causes repeated episodes of vertigo |
| Conversion from dB SPL to dB HTL | SUBTRACT conversion numbers |
| Intensity Level | An expression of the power of a sound per unit of area. The reference level in decibels is 10 -12 watt/m2 or 10 -16/watt/cm2 |
| Q: Sound waves, during bone conduction, transmit from the | A: skull to the cochlea |
|
Speech Detection Threshold: what it tests when you use it |
--lowest level where PRESENCE of speech can be DETECTED --done when ST cannot be obtained --often used for infants --use any speech as stimulus |
|
clinical applications of ABR (4) |
1) predict hearing sensitivity in the very young 2) neonatal hearing screening 3) diagnostic assessment of 8th nerve and brainstem dysfunction and 4) monitoring these interoperatively |
| What is a spectrogram? | a spectacular way to display speech sounds because they show frequency, intensity, and time. |
| What suggests ET dysfunction | presence of ET dysfunction can be determined subjectively through a history of patient symptoms or objectively by means of direct or indirect measures. If the tympanogram demonstrates greater than -250 daPa middle ear pressure ET function is considered abnormal |
| Complex Wave | A sound wave made up of a number of different sinusoids, each with a different frequency. |
| Q: The base of the cochlea | A: begins at the oval window |
| Q: any complex sound can be broken down into individual frequencies by a technique known as? | A: Fourier spectral analysis |
|
What does abnormal middle ear compliance infer? too low too high |
low: fluid blocking TM from vibrating high: discontinuity in ossicles or scar tissue over perferation |
| What are supra-aural earphones? | earphones that rest on the outside of the pinna |
| Explain these charts | Here are 2 more examples of how the ART may be recorded. The NR responses on the graph represent No Response. So there was no recordable AR. The lower graph just lists the results as normal or absent. It may also be recorded as elevated or present at high sensation levels. Some clinicians refer to normal results as present, present at normal sensation levels or within normal limits (WNL) as well. We will discuss what the results indicate next. |
| Describe a CROS hearing aid. What about a BiCROS? |
CROS (contralateral routing of signal) for unilateral, unaidable hearing loss - a CROS aid picks up the signal on the poor side and routes it to the normal hearing ear to a nonoccluding ear mold. BiCROS is when the better side still requires a hearing aid. |
| Q: A BTE instrument, properly attached | A: fits the contour of the ear |
|
How to convert from... dB HL to SPL dB SL to HL |
HL-->SPL: Add dBHL at given frequency to "norm" vaule at that frequency SL-->HL: Add values to get total in HL |
| What are 3 auditory features of autism? |
- Auditory agnosia (reduced awareness of sound) - Hyperacusis (increased sensitivity to sound) - they rarely present w/ a permanent SN loss |
| ART are usually found at | 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz; For screening purposes, or for a general check of the pathway's integrity, clinicians usually test at 1000 Hz.␣ |
| When is the glycerol test considered positive for Meniere's Dz? (3) |
1. 15dB improvement in threshold for at least one freq between 250 and 8000Hz or 2. 12% improvement in SDS or 3. SRT improves by > 10dB |
| Q: Emphasizing counseling to maximize amplification benefits is | A: A program that should start before the fitting |
| Acoustic reflexes are recorded at a single _______, but multiple ________ |
Air pressure setting; tones of various intensities Acoustic reflexes are recorded at a single air pressure setting. It is tested at the pressure setting that provided the peak immittance reading for that particular ear on the tympanogram. Ear canal pressure is maintained at that specific setting, while tones of various intensities are presented into the ear canal and immittance is recorded. |
| Q: "Energy can not be created or destroyed" is | A: the law of conservation of energy |
|
Suppurative OM - most often found with... - contains... - treatment: |
- found with Acute OM and chronic OM - bacteria and debris in the fluid - usually clears in 1-2 weeks without treatmen, but can be treated w/ amoxicillin which kills bacteria...but Eust tube must drain the fluid |
| Q: When adjusting the volume control, the patient must | A: find an area on the control where sounds are comfortable |
| What is failure of an acoustic reflex decay test? What does it suggest? | Loss of half of the amplitude of the reflex in 5 seconds at 1000Hz and especially at 500Hz. Suggests retrocochlear lesion. |
| What is the ratio of the area of the vibrating portion of the TM to the area of the stapes footplate? | 17:1 - vibrating portion of TM is 55mm2 and stapes footplate is 3.2mm2 |
