| Terms |
Definitions |
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T
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Temporal Lobe
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anotia
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lack of pinna
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handicap
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social consequenses of impairment
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Herpes Vesicules
on
TM
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-small conductive hear loss
-blisters
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Intrinsic Damage
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Cortical hearing problemsphonemic regressionHeredityCongenital problemsVascular Problems
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consonance vs dissonance
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pleasant perception
unplesant perception
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Intensity
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physical measurement correlating to loudness (subjective impression); measured in decibels (dB)
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Leprosy/ Hansen's Disease
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-no hearing loss
-bacterial infection
-eats away the cartilage
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Beats....?
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Periodic variations of the amplitude of a tone when a second tone of slightly different frequency is produced simultaneously.
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afferent
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sensory-The innervation of the cochlea involves both efferent and afferent neurons.
Hair cells are connected to the auditory nervous system by synapses with auditory nerve fibers within the Organ of Corti.95% of afferent neurons supply the IHCs
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Tympanic Membrane Perforation
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hole in the eardrum
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MLV
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Monitored Live Voice
introduction of a speech signal through a microphone (generally from a seperate room)
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Bullous Myringitis
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-conduction hearing loss
-cause by a virus
-bubble
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Period
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The duration of one cycle of vibration. (per second) The period is the reciprocal of frequency...the period of a 1000 Hz tone is 1/1000 second
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Sone
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The unit of loudness measurement. One sone equals the loudness of a 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB SPL
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Structure of ME
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Eustachian tube, tympanic membran, ossicluar chain,Middle Ear muscles,
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Subacute OM
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persists beyond acute stage (>22 days) but not yet chronic
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threshold
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an intensity above which an organism always responds, and below which an organism never responds.
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Carhart notch
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dip in BC at 2000 Hz
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Stapedius Muscle
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stapedius muscle contraction is often absent in active stages of Bell's Palsy
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Microtia
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no hearing loss if ear canal is open
Small pinna
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Logarithm
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Exponent that tells the power to which a number is raised; the number of times that a number (the base) is multiplied by itself.
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Q: Quantization is related to
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A: number of bits
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Q: Crystal microphones and receivers
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A: are very fragile
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Oval Window
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opening in the labyrinthine wall of the ME, leads into the scala vestibuli of the cochlea, into which the footplate of the stapes fits.
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Otosclerois
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laying down new bonees in the middle ear, usually around the footplate of the stapes.
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Level Effects on Pitch
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3000+ increase in level= +pitch
1000-3000= constant level/pitch
-1000 more level=less pitch
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temporary threshold shift
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temporary SNHL usually associated with exposure to intense noise
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Bell's Palsy
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-patient is often put on steroid treatment for Bell's Palsy
-monitoring the stapedius muscle contraction VIA acoustic reflex testing allows the physician to know if steroids are working prior to visual observation of the face
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What is an Audiometer?
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A device for determining the thresholds of hearing. Pure tones at various frequencies are generated, and their levels are increased and decreased until thresholds are found. Outputs may include earphones for air-conduction testing, a bone-conduction vibrator for bone-conduction testing, and one or more loudspeakers for sound-field testing.
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tangible reinforcement operant conditioning audiometry (TROCA)
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form of operant audiometry using rewards such as food or tokens
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Q: Calculations of amplified sound to patients MCL do not include
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A: reserve gain
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What does a tympanogram measure?
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Compliance, volume, and pressure relating to the TM
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spiral ganglion
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cell bodies of CN VIII within the modiolus
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What is peak amplitude?
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the maximum displacement of the particles in a medium.
amplitude determines the intensity of a sound and is related to the force with which the original particle disurbance was created.
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acoustic trauma notch
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hearing loss at 4000 Hz associated with noise-induced HL
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Limitations of Sound Field Testing
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1.the inability to attain thresholds from each ear separately2. no BChave a limitation of output with the speakers, may fail to obtain responses from kids who have severe to profound losses
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Longitudinal Wave
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A wave in which the particles of the medium move along the same axis as the wave
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Q: An effective verification is
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A: a measurable improvement in communication
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Q: Friends and family help patients wearing hearing instruments to hear better by
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A: combining visual clues
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Traveling wave theory
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Bekesy won the Noble Prize for his work in human cadavers.
Frequency is coded by place
there is a difference in stiffness due to width.
The apex is wider and less stiff there for it produces low frequencies
The basal end is narrower and stiffer therefore is produces high frequencies
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What is the amount of attenuation offered by the acoustic reflex?
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10-30dB depending on frequency
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Acoustic Immitance meter
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Parts of Meter: 4 tubes
1) probe tone loudspeaker
2) tiny microphone picks up reflected wave of the probe tone
3) air pump to create positive or negative pressure in the ear canal (daPa)
4) ipsilateral reflex loudspeaker
Tests performed using Immittance Meter:
1) tympanometry(middle ear and ear drum function)
2) acoustic reflex(test neural pathologies)
3) reflex decay (neural pathology)
4) eustachian tube function (how well ET reacts to pressure changes)
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Cochlea - Helicotrema
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opening at apex of the cochlea that connects scala vestibuli and scala tympani
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Q: The deeper receiver placement offers what advantage
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A: increased headroom with undistorted output
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OAE's can be absent when...
(6)
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1) hearing loss greater than 20 db(TEOAE) or 30db (DPOAE)
2) abnormal middle ear function ( fluid or -ve pressure)
3) debris in ear canal
4) noisy patient or room
5) poor probe placement
6) malfunctioning equipment
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What is longitudinal waves?
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the air molecules move parallel to the direction of the wave motion.
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Formula db SPL =
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db SPL = 20 log Pressure A/Pressure B
Pressure B = .0002 dynes/cm^2
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Q: The middle ear system is often referred to as
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A: an impedance matching transformer
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Cleft lip/palate
_-_% have a __ loss
at high risk for ___ (%)caused by ___________
treatment =
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- 50-100% of children have a conductive loss
- at high risk for OM (90%) due to poor eustachian tube function
- treament = myringotomy with tube insertion
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What is the difference between intensity and loudness?
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intensity is veiwed as objective, it can be measured.
loudness is subjective experience involving the judgement and oerceotion of the listener regarding the intensity of the sound.
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Middle Ear Bones (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)
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-carry sound waves from the air-filled external ear canal to the fluid-filled inner ear
-increases sound pressure by 25 dB; due primarily from the difference is surface area of tympanic membrane (55 mm) and the oval window membrane (3 mm)
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When is it necessary to test interoctave frequencies?
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for 25db or more difference between octave frequencies
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Q: what does the term "67 dB" mean
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A: it is meaningless without a reference level
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What is the function of the acoustic reflex?
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measure the stapedius and tensor tympani reflex generated eardrum movement in response to intense sound
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What does the Gelle test examine? How?
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Assesses if TM and ossicular chain are intact and mobile. Tuning fork is placed on mastoid, then varying amounts of pressure are applied to the TM. Nl response should be decreased hearing with increase in pressure.
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Q: a sensorineural component is the difference between
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A: BC threshold and the range of normal hearing
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A 500Hz tone at 50DBHL is at what level in SPL?
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50 + 11 = 61dB SPL
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Explain what is happening in this slide
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In this slide the results have been provided, but as practice I would like you to go through the pathways and the chart to determine the condition for the right and left ear.
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Q: Individuals with a noise induced hearing impairment can have a 'V' notch at which frequency
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A: 1) 3000
2) 4000 and/or
3) 6000 Hz
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Be able to label: Fig. 3.8 pg 65
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Be able to label: Fig. 3.10 pg 67
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Q: To calculate PTA in a hearing loss when thresholds drop 15-20 dB or more at any or all frequencies
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A: add the 2 frequencies with the least loss and divide by 2
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